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PCR Performance of a Thermostable Heterodimeric Archaeal DNA Polymerase

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PCR Performance of a Thermostable Heterodimeric Archaeal DNA Polymerase ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 07 May 2014 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00195 PCR performance of a thermostable heterodimeric archaeal DNA polymerase Tom Killelea 1,2,3, Céline Ralec 1,2,3, Audrey Bossé 1,2,3 and Ghislaine Henneke 1,2,3* 1 Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6197, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, Plouzané, France 2 Ifremer, UMR 6197, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, Plouzané, France 3 CNRS, UMR 6197, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, Plouzané, France Edited by: DNA polymerases are versatile tools used in numerous important molecular biological Zvi Kelman, University of Maryland, core technologies like the ubiquitous polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cDNA cloning, USA genome sequencing, and nucleic acid based diagnostics. Taking into account the multiple Reviewed by: DNA amplification techniques in use, different DNA polymerases must be optimized for Uli Stingl, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi each type of application. One of the current tendencies is to reengineer or to discover Arabia new DNA polymerases with increased performance and broadened substrate spectra. Dennis W. Grogan, University of At present, there is a great demand for such enzymes in applications, e.g., forensics Cincinnati, USA or paleogenomics. Current major limitations hinge on the inability of conventional PCR *Correspondence: enzymes, such as Taq, to amplify degraded or low amounts of template DNA. Besides, Ghislaine Henneke, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements a wide range of PCR inhibitors can also impede reactions of nucleic acid amplification. Extrêmes, Ifremer, UMR 6197, ZI de Here we looked at the PCR performances of the proof-reading D-type DNA polymerase la point du diable, CS 10070, 29280 from P. abyssi, Pab-polD. Fragments, 3 kilobases in length, were specifically PCR-amplified Plouzané, France in its optimized reaction buffer. Pab-polD showed not only a greater resistance to high e-mail: [email protected] denaturation temperatures than Taq during cycling, but also a superior tolerance to the presence of potential inhibitors. Proficient proof-reading Pab-polD enzyme could also extend a primer containing up to two mismatches at the 3 primer termini. Overall, we found valuable biochemical properties in Pab-polD compared to the conventional Taq, which makes the enzyme ideally suited for cutting-edge PCR-applications. Keywords: DNA polymerase, Archaea, family D, PCR, Pyrococcus INTRODUCTION PCR was developed to specifically amplify a stretch of DNA On the basis of their amino acid sequence and structural anal- prior to cloning; however, its flexibility underpins a number of ysis, DNA polymerases have been classified into seven families, applications such as site-directed mutagenesis, genetic diagnos- A, B, C, D, E, X, and Y (Delarue et al., 1990; Braithwaite tics, gene therapy, forensics, and paleogenomics. and Ito, 1993; Joyce and Steitz, 1994; Cann et al., 1998; Ishino In the PCR, DNA amplification is performed by ther- et al., 1998; Ohmori et al., 2001; Lipps et al., 2003). Despite the mostable enzymes; invariably either family A DNA poly- conserved template-directed synthesis (or editing) of a comple- merases from thermophilic and hyperthermophilic Bacteria mentary deoxyribonucleotide chain (Kornberg and Baker, 1992; (e.g., Thermus aquaticus, Taq-polA and Thermotoga maritima, Hubscher et al., 2010) and the similarity of the three-dimensional Tma-polA) or family B DNA polymerases from hyperther- organization of their polymerase domain (“palm,” “thumb,” and mophilic Archaea (e.g., Pyrococcus furiosus, Pfu-polB and “finger”) (Joyce and Steitz, 1994; Rothwell and Waksman, 2005), Pyrococcus abyssi,Pab-polB;Isis™). Family Y DNA poly- DNA polymerases differ extensively in many of their specific merase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfa- features (e.g., processivity, fidelity, rate of DNA synthesis, and taricus, Sso-polY, is also an enzyme marketed for PCR, but nucleotide selectivity) (Hubscher et al., 2010; Langhorst et al., with specialist applications (McDonald et al., 2006). Each 2012). thermostable DNA polymerases has different characteristics Beginning with the discovery and characterization of DNA (e.g., thermostability, processivity, fidelity, specificity, modified polymerase I (Family A) from Thermus aquaticus (Taq)(Chien nucleotides selection, resistance to contaminants and inhibitors, et al., 1976), a variety of thermostable DNA polymerases have slippage, pyrophosphorolysis) and to achieve optimal results, been isolated and identified from prokaryotic organisms. Besides thechoiceofaPCRenzymedependsontheapplication their crucial biological functions, thermostable DNA polymerases itself (e.g., high-yield PCR, high-fidelity PCR, routine PCR, have proven to be technically and economically important multiplex PCR, colony PCR, difficult PCR, long Range PCR, enzymes. They are versatile tools used in DNA technologies such fast PCR, incorporation of modified nucleotides). Detailed as cycle sequencing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Pavlov information about individual properties of PCR enzymes and et al., 2004). Since its invention by Saiki et al. (1985),PCR their related applications have been recently reviewed (Terpe, has become a widespread molecular biology method. Originally 2013). www.frontiersin.org May2014|Volume5|Article195| 1 Killelea et al. PCR performance of archaeal PolD Archaeal family B DNA polymerases are generally more (Pfu-polB and Pab-polB), none of the family D DNA polymerases thermostable enzymes than bacterial polymerases (Kong et al., have been reported as active enzymes in PCR or in other DNA 1993; Takagi et al., 1997; Cambon-Bonavita et al., 2000; Gueguen technologies. et al., 2001; Hogrefe et al., 2001; Moussard et al., 2006; Marsic Family D DNA polymerase from Pyrococcus abyssi shows com- et al., 2008). In addition, when accuracy is a desired property it parable nucleotide selectivity to family B, and increased fidelity leads to a preference for archaeal enzymes which possess a 3–5 with the active proofreading (Palud et al., 2008; Richardson proof-reading exonuclease activity, absent in most thermostable et al., 2013a). Family D DNA polymerase preferentially binds bacterial polymerases (Eckert and Kunkel, 1991; Cline et al., to primer/template with an affinity higher than family B, while 1996; Perler et al., 1996). On the other hand, archaeal family B showing reduced DNA synthesis of smaller DNA fragments DNA polymerases can incorporate dUTP during DNA replication (Henneke et al., 2005). The assembly of the two subunits into a but cannot copy these strands in subsequent DNA amplifica- heterodimer is required to substantially increase both polymerase tion rounds (Fogg et al., 2002). With constant development of and exonuclease activities in family D, while both activities are new techniques based on PCR, improved DNA polymerase vari- contained within the same polypeptide in the family B DNA ants are continuously being engineered including: polymerases polymerase (Castrec et al., 2010; Gouge et al., 2012). These which are thermo-activated (hot start polymerases) (Sharkey functional properties suggest that family D DNA polymerase et al., 1994), bacterial and archaeal DNA polymerase derivatives might perform PCR performance distinct than Pab-polB. In this with increased processivity (Wang et al., 2004), archaeal family paper, the ability of the recombinant family D DNA polymerase B DNA polymerase variants insensitive to uracil inhibition (Fogg from Pyrococcus abyssi (Pab-polD) to PCR-amplify DNA has et al., 2002), or thermostable enzymes proficient in the synthe- been developed in terms of biochemical and PCR performance sis of fluorescent CyDNAs (Ghadessy et al., 2004; Wynne et al., parameters (e.g., stability to heat denaturation steps, extension 2013). Error-prone PCR which creates random mutagenesis of efficiency, resistance to common PCR inhibitors). These results the parental gene relies on different strategies using either low- are compared with data acquired from commercial thermostable fidelity DNA polymerase variants (Biles and Connolly, 2004)or DNA polymerases (Pab-polB and Taq-polA) and reveal that fam- error-prone PCR conditions (McCullum et al., 2010; Le et al., ily D DNA polymerase has significant commercial value in PCR 2013). Most of these conventional marketed PCR enzymes have technology. the drawback of replicating exclusively native DNAs. Among thermostable DNA polymerases that can counteract this major MATERIALS AND METHODS limitation, archaeal translesional family Y DNA polymerases are CHEMICALS AND ENZYMES of particular interest. They are able to bypass a variety of DNA Unlabeled dNTPs were purchased from MP Biomedicals. Pab- lesions and therefore are well-suited for the PCR amplification of polD was cloned, expressed, and purified as described (Henneke ancient and damaged DNAs (McDonald et al., 2006). et al., 2005). One unit of Pab-polD corresponds to the incor- Over 14 years ago a new family of archaeal DNA polymerases poration of 1 nmol of total dTMP into acid precipitable mate- (the D-family) was discovered (Uemori et al., 1997). Despite obvi- rial per minute at 65◦C in a standard assay containing 0.5 mg ous interest in the biochemical characteristics of archaeal family (nucleotides) of poly(dA)/oligo(dT)10:1.Pab-polB(Isis DNA D DNA polymerases (Cann et al., 1998; Gueguen et al., 2001) polymerase) and Taq-polA (Taq DNA polymerase) were pur- there is limited information
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