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The Yearbook of Agriculture 195^ for Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D 82d Congress, 2d Session, House Document No. 413 The Yearbook of Agriculture 195^ For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C. Price $2.50 Insects THE YEARBOOK OF AGRICULTURE United States Department of Agriculture Washington, D. C UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE The Yearbook Committee Bureau of Entomology arid Plant F. C. BISHOPP, chairman Quarantine G. J. HAEUSSLER H. L. HALLER W. L. POPHAM B. A. PORTER E. R. SASSGER J. S. WADE Bureau of Animal Industry BENJAMIN SCHWARTZ Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and KARL S. QUISENBERRY Agricultural Engineering Office of Experiment Stations E. R. MGGOVRAN Office of Information ALFRED STEFFERUD, editor Foreword THIS PRACTICAL BOOK GIVES farmers and many other persons a great deal of information about the useful insects, as well as the harmful ones which are estimated to cost us four billion dollars a year. It is a timely book. In helping us combat our insect enemies it helps us produce more food, feed, fiber, and wood, all of which we need more than ever before. It is also a disturbing book—and that, to me, is one of its virtues. Although the science of entomology has made great progress in the past two decades, the problems caused by insects seem to be bigger than ever. We have more insect pests, although we have better insecticides to use against them and better ways to fight them. Effective though our quarantines are against for- eign pests, some of them are slipping through and require vigorous attention. Many aspects need to be considered in the control of insects. We must stop the destruction of our crops and forests, but the insecticides we use must leave no dangerous residues on foods, destroy no beneficial wildlife, and do no damage to our soils. We thought we had some of the problems solved when we got such good results from the new insecticides. DDT, for example, made medical history in 1943 and 1944 when an outbreak of typhus in Naples was controlled in a few weeks by its use. Entomologists hoped then that DDT could end all insect-borne diseases and even eradicate the house fly. In less than a decade, however, DDT was found to be a failure against the body louse in Korea, and the specter of typhus hung over that area. DDT and the insecticides substi- tuted for it failed to control mosquitoes in some places. In 1952 the house fly was no longer controlled in many places by any of the residual-type insecti- cides in use, and it seemed likely that other pests (those of agricultural, as well as medical, importance) in time would develop resistance. The answer, like the challenge, is clear. We dare not think of any knowledge—least of all knowledge of living things—as static, fixed, or finished. We need to push on to new horizons of thinking and investigation and, reaching them, see newer horizons. We need a longer view in research and an appreciation that it can have two goals: First, practical, everyday results that can be expressed in terms of definite methods, tools, and advice, and, second, fundamental, basic knowledge, on which the applied science rests. A book like this and the long research that made it possible exemplify the first goal. But if we are to progress further in this vital work, we need to keep the second goal always before us, remembering that science and knowledge are ever-growing and ever-changing. CHARLES F. BRANNAN, Secretary of Agriculture, Preface INTO THIS YEARBOOK HAVE GONE the results of nearly loo years of the study of insects. The Bureau of Ento- mology and Plant Quarantine, which was responsible in large measure for the book, traces its origins that far back. The century has seen great changes in farming methods, the intensiveness and extent of agriculture, transporta- tion, and crops. All have affected profoundly our relationships with insects. We hope this Yearbook will be a contribution to the general understanding of those relationships and to the efficiency and well-being of American farming and living. Insects takes its place in the new Yearbook series that began in 1936 and has dealt successively with plant and animal genetics, soils, nutrition, eco- nomics, climate, livestock diseases, developments in agricultural sciences, grass, trees, and the processing of farm products. Some of those volumes can be bought from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. He will quote the prices on request. No person in the Department of Agriculture has copies for general distribution. Some of them are out of print—that is, they cannot be bought from the Government Printing Office. (They are available in nearly every public library in the country, however, and used copies are not very hard to come by. ) Sometimes we are asked why we do not reprint the old books. We give several reasons. Although the information in them remains basically correct, recent scientific developments would make certain revisions necessary. Even small changes and additions very likely would mean new plates for many pages, and the cost of the second edition might be the same as that of the first. Also, many subjects of great importance to farmers and other citizens are waiting to be treated in Yearbooks. Among them, for example, are plant diseases, marketing of farm goods, the farm home, the small farm, and water. We look upon the published and the projected Yearbooks all together as an inclusive, authoritative agricultural library. We select the Yearbook subjects (two or three years in advance) on the basis of need and interest, as indicated in communications and comments from farmers and others, as well as the availability of research findings and writers. We try to avoid duplicating material to which farmers have easy access elsewhere. A number of persons contributed greatly to this book. C. F. W. Muesebeck and A. M. Vance, of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, gave valuable advice and help on a number of technical matters. Arthur D. Cushman, also of that Bureau, made most of the color illustra- tions, many of the line drawings, and the end papers. Edwin Way Teale took seven of the eight photographs. The eighth was supplied by Frank M. Carpenter. ALFRED STEFFERUD, Editor of the Yearbook, Contents The Yearbook Committee, v Charles F. Brannan Foreword, vii Alfred Stefferud Preface, ix Introducing the Insects Curtis W. Sabrosky How Many Insects Are There? i Edwin Way Teale Oddities of the Insect World, 8 Frank M. Carpenter Fossil Insects, 14 E. O. Essig How Insects Live, 20 Frank H. Bah er s Life Processes of Insects, 30 John J. Pratty Jr, Charles T. Brues How Insects Choose Their Food Plants, 37 How To Know an Insect C. F. W. Mueseheck What Kind of Insect Is It? 43 C. F. W, Mueseheck Progress in Insect Classification, 56 Clarence E. Mickel Values of Insect Collections, 60 Paul W. Oman How To Collect and Preserve Insects for Study, 65 Insects as Helpers F. C. Bishopp Insect Friends of Man, 79 George,H. Vansell Honey Bees as Agents of Pollination, 88 W. H. Griggs George E. Bo hart Pollination by Native Insects, 107 Otto Mackensen William C. Roberts Breeding Bees, I2í2 Frank E. Todd Insecticides and Bees, 131 S. E. McGregor James K. Holloway Insects To Control a Weed, 135 C. B. Huffaker Page XÎ Insects as Destroyers G. J. Haeussler Losses Caused by Insects, 141 F. C. Bishopp Carriers of Human Diseases, 147 Cornelius B, Philip Gerard Dikmans A. O. Foster Carriers of Animal Diseases, 161 C. D. Stein L. T. Giltner Everett E. Wehr Insects and Helminths, 169 John T, Lucker L, D. Christenson Insects and the Plant Viruses, 179 Floyd F, Smith /. G, Leach Insects, Bacteria, and Fungi, 191 The Nature of Insecticides Clay Lyle Can Insects Be Eradicated? 197 R. C. Roark How Insecticides Are Developed, 200 H. L. Haller How Insecticides Are Mixed, 20;> John J. Pr-att, Jr. How Insecticides Poison Insects, 205 Frank H. Babers C, V. Bowen The Organic Insecticides, 209 S. A. Hall R. H. Carter The Inorganic Insecticides, 218 Louis Feinstein Insecticides From Plants, 222 P. J. Chapman L. A, Riehl Oil Sprays for Fruit Trees, 229 G. W, Pearce W. N. Sullivan R. A. Fulton Aerosols and Insects, 240 Alfred H. Yeomans Applying Insecticides E. J. Newcomer W, E. Westlake Using Insecticides Effectively, 245 B. /. Landis Kenneth Messenger From o to 5,000 in 34 Years, 250 W. L. Popham Page xii /. s. Yuilí D. A, hier Research on Aerial Spraying, 252 George D. Childress Howard Ingerson Machines for Applying Insecticides, 258 Frank Irons T. E. Branson Choosing and Using Hand Equipment, 262 Earl D. Anderson Warnings as to Insecticides F. C. Bishopp The Safe Use of Insecticides, 271 John L. Horsfall R. D. Radeleff R. C. Bushland Toxicity to Livestock, 276 H. V. Ciaborn Victor R, Bo swell Residues, Soils, and Plants, 284 B. A. Porter Residues on Fruits and Vegetables, 297 J. E. Fuhey Allen B. Lemmon State Pesticide Laws, 302 W. G. Reed The Federal Act of 1947^ 310 P. B. Dunbar Insecticides and the Pure Food Law, 314 Resistance to Insecticides B. A. Porter Insects Arc Harder To Kill, 317 W. N. Bruce Insecticides and Flies, 320 W. V. King Mosquitoes and DDT, 327 Fumigants Robert D. Chis holm Nature and Uses of Fumigants, 331 Randall Latta Fumigating Soils and Plants, 340 M, C. Lane R, T, Cotton Fumigating Stored Foodstuffs, 345 Quarantines Ralph B. Swain How Insects Gain Entry, 350 George G, Becker An Agricultural "Ellis Island", 355 Herbert /. Conkle Our Domestic Quarantines, 360 E.
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