The Yearbook of Agriculture 195^ for Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D

Home , Automeris io, Ceratomia, Colorado potato beetle, Cotinis nitida, Cricket (insect), DFDT

82d Congress, 2d Session, House Document No. 413

The Yearbook of Agriculture 195^ For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C. Price $2.50 Insects

THE YEARBOOK OF AGRICULTURE

United States

Department of Agriculture

Washington, D. C

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

The Yearbook Committee

Bureau of Entomology arid Plant F. C. BISHOPP, chairman Quarantine

G. J. HAEUSSLER

H. L. HALLER

W. L. POPHAM

B. A. PORTER

E. R. SASSGER

J. S. WADE

Bureau of Animal Industry BENJAMIN SCHWARTZ

Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and KARL S. QUISENBERRY Agricultural Engineering

Office of Experiment Stations E. R. MGGOVRAN

Office of Information ALFRED STEFFERUD, editor

Foreword THIS PRACTICAL BOOK GIVES farmers and many other persons a great deal of information about the useful insects, as well as the harmful ones which are estimated to cost us four billion dollars a year. It is a timely book. In helping us combat our insect enemies it helps us produce more food, feed, fiber, and wood, all of which we need more than ever before. It is also a disturbing book—and that, to me, is one of its virtues. Although the science of entomology has made great progress in the past two decades, the problems caused by insects seem to be bigger than ever. We have more insect pests, although we have better insecticides to use against them and better ways to fight them. Effective though our quarantines are against foreign pests, some of them are slipping through and require vigorous attention. Many aspects need to be considered in the control of insects. We must stop the destruction of our crops and forests, but the insecticides we use must leave no dangerous residues on foods, destroy no beneficial wildlife, and do no damage to our soils. We thought we had some of the problems solved when we got such good results from the new insecticides. DDT, for example, made medical history in 1943 and 1944 when an outbreak of typhus in Naples was controlled in a few weeks by its use. Entomologists hoped then that DDT could end all insect-borne diseases and even eradicate the house fly. In less than a decade, however, DDT was found to be a failure against the body louse in Korea, and the specter of typhus hung over that area. DDT and the insecticides substituted for it failed to control mosquitoes in some places. In 1952 the house fly was no longer controlled in many places by any of the residual-type insecticides in use, and it seemed likely that other pests (those of agricultural, as well as medical, importance) in time would develop resistance. The answer, like the challenge, is clear. We dare not think of any knowledge—least of all knowledge of living things—as static, fixed, or finished. We need to push on to new horizons of thinking and investigation and, reaching them, see newer horizons. We need a longer view in research and an appreciation that it can have two goals: First, practical, everyday results that can be expressed in terms of definite methods, tools, and advice, and, second, fundamental, basic knowledge, on which the applied science rests. A book like this and the long research that made it possible exemplify the first goal. But if we are to progress further in this vital work, we need to keep the second goal always before us, remembering that science and knowledge are ever-growing and ever-changing.

CHARLES F. BRANNAN, Secretary of Agriculture,

Preface INTO THIS YEARBOOK HAVE GONE the results of nearly loo years of the study of insects. The Bureau of Ento- mology and Plant Quarantine, which was responsible in large measure for the book, traces its origins that far back. The century has seen great changes in farming methods, the intensiveness and extent of agriculture, transportation, and crops. All have affected profoundly our relationships with insects. We hope this Yearbook will be a contribution to the general understanding of those relationships and to the efficiency and well-being of American farming and living. Insects takes its place in the new Yearbook series that began in 1936 and has dealt successively with plant and animal genetics, soils, nutrition, eco- nomics, climate, livestock diseases, developments in agricultural sciences, grass, trees, and the processing of farm products. Some of those volumes can be bought from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. He will quote the prices on request. No person in the Department of Agriculture has copies for general distribution. Some of them are out of print—that is, they cannot be bought from the Government Printing Office. (They are available in nearly every public library in the country, however, and used copies are not very hard to come by. ) Sometimes we are asked why we do not reprint the old books. We give several reasons. Although the information in them remains basically correct, recent scientific developments would make certain revisions necessary. Even small changes and additions very likely would mean new plates for many pages, and the cost of the second edition might be the same as that of the first. Also, many subjects of great importance to farmers and other citizens are waiting to be treated in Yearbooks. Among them, for example, are plant diseases, marketing of farm goods, the farm home, the small farm, and water. We look upon the published and the projected Yearbooks all together as an inclusive, authoritative agricultural library. We select the Yearbook subjects (two or three years in advance) on the basis of need and interest, as indicated in communications and comments from farmers and others, as well as the availability of research findings and writers. We try to avoid duplicating material to which farmers have easy access elsewhere. A number of persons contributed greatly to this book. C. F. W. Muesebeck and A. M. Vance, of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, gave valuable advice and help on a number of technical matters. Arthur D. Cushman, also of that Bureau, made most of the color illustrations, many of the line drawings, and the end papers. Edwin Way Teale took seven of the eight photographs. The eighth was supplied by Frank M. Carpenter. ALFRED STEFFERUD, Editor of the Yearbook,

Contents

The Yearbook Committee, v Charles F. Brannan Foreword, vii Alfred Stefferud Preface, ix

Introducing the Insects

Curtis W. Sabrosky How Many Insects Are There? i Edwin Way Teale Oddities of the Insect World, 8 Frank M. Carpenter Fossil Insects, 14 E. O. Essig How Insects Live, 20 Frank H. Bah er s Life Processes of Insects, 30 John J. Pratty Jr, Charles T. Brues How Insects Choose Their Food Plants, 37

How To Know an Insect

C. F. W. Mueseheck What Kind of Insect Is It? 43 C. F. W, Mueseheck Progress in Insect Classification, 56 Clarence E. Mickel Values of Insect Collections, 60 Paul W. Oman How To Collect and Preserve Insects for Study, 65

Insects as Helpers

F. C. Bishopp Insect Friends of Man, 79 George,H. Vansell Honey Bees as Agents of Pollination, 88 W. H. Griggs George E. Bo hart Pollination by Native Insects, 107 Otto Mackensen William C. Roberts Breeding Bees, I2í2 Frank E. Todd Insecticides and Bees, 131 S. E. McGregor James K. Holloway Insects To Control a Weed, 135 C. B. Huffaker Page XÎ Insects as Destroyers

G. J. Haeussler Losses Caused by Insects, 141 F. C. Bishopp Carriers of Human Diseases, 147 Cornelius B, Philip Gerard Dikmans A. O. Foster Carriers of Animal Diseases, 161 C. D. Stein L. T. Giltner Everett E. Wehr Insects and Helminths, 169 John T, Lucker L, D. Christenson Insects and the Plant Viruses, 179 Floyd F, Smith /. G, Leach Insects, Bacteria, and Fungi, 191 The Nature of Insecticides

Clay Lyle Can Insects Be Eradicated? 197 R. C. Roark How Insecticides Are Developed, 200 H. L. Haller How Insecticides Are Mixed, 20;> John J. Pr-att, Jr. How Insecticides Poison Insects, 205 Frank H. Babers C, V. Bowen The Organic Insecticides, 209 S. A. Hall R. H. Carter The Inorganic Insecticides, 218 Louis Feinstein Insecticides From Plants, 222 P. J. Chapman L. A, Riehl Oil Sprays for Fruit Trees, 229 G. W, Pearce W. N. Sullivan R. A. Fulton Aerosols and Insects, 240 Alfred H. Yeomans Applying Insecticides E. J. Newcomer W, E. Westlake Using Insecticides Effectively, 245 B. /. Landis

Kenneth Messenger From o to 5,000 in 34 Years, 250 W. L. Popham Page xii /. s. Yuilí D. A, hier Research on Aerial Spraying, 252 George D. Childress Howard Ingerson Machines for Applying Insecticides, 258 Frank Irons T. E. Branson Choosing and Using Hand Equipment, 262 Earl D. Anderson Warnings as to Insecticides F. C. Bishopp The Safe Use of Insecticides, 271 John L. Horsfall R. D. Radeleff R. C. Bushland Toxicity to Livestock, 276 H. V. Ciaborn Victor R, Bo swell Residues, Soils, and Plants, 284 B. A. Porter Residues on Fruits and Vegetables, 297 J. E. Fuhey Allen B. Lemmon State Pesticide Laws, 302 W. G. Reed The Federal Act of 1947^ 310 P. B. Dunbar Insecticides and the Pure Food Law, 314 Resistance to Insecticides B. A. Porter Insects Arc Harder To Kill, 317 W. N. Bruce Insecticides and Flies, 320 W. V. King Mosquitoes and DDT, 327 Fumigants Robert D. Chis holm Nature and Uses of Fumigants, 331 Randall Latta Fumigating Soils and Plants, 340 M, C. Lane R, T, Cotton Fumigating Stored Foodstuffs, 345 Quarantines Ralph B. Swain How Insects Gain Entry, 350 George G, Becker An Agricultural "Ellis Island", 355 Herbert /. Conkle Our Domestic Quarantines, 360 E. A. Burns Inspection in Transit, 365 A. P. Messenßer Inspection at Terminals, 371 Page xiii Other Controls Barnard D. Burks Insects^ Enemies of Insects, 373 C. P. Clausen Parasites and Predators, 380 Edward A. Steinhaus Infectious Diseases of Insects, 388 Ira M, Hawley Milky Diseases of Beetles, 394 A. C. Baker The Vapor-Heat Process, 401 Henry H. Richardson Cold Treatment of Fruits, 404 Howard Baker Traps Have Some Value, 406 T. E. Hienton Alfred H. Yeomans Radiant Energy and Insects, 411 Harlow B. Mills Weather and Climate, 422 C. M. Packard Resistant Crops, the Ideal Way, 429 John H. Martin W. A. Baker Good Farming Helps Control Insects, 437 O, R. Mathews Economic Entomology J. J. Davis Milestones in Entomology, 441 G. J. Haeussler Surveys of Insect Pests, 444 R. W. Leiby Lea S. Hitchner The Insecticide Industry, 450 Ed. M. Searls The Industrial Entomologist, 455 M. P. Jones Extension Work in Entomology, 457 Helen Sollers Entomologists in Washington, 462 Insects, Man, and Homes L. S. Henderson Household Insects, 469 Harry H, Stage Mosquitoes, 476 E. F. Knipling The Control of Insects Affecting Man, 486 Insects on Cotton C, F. Rainwater Progress in Research on Cotton Insects, 497 R, C. Gaines The Boll Weevil, 501 L. F. Curl The Pink BoUworm, 505 R, W, While

K. P. Ewing The BoUworm, 51 î Page xiv Insects and Vegetables i?. L. Wallis The Potato Psyllid, 515 W, A. Shands Potato Aphids, 519 B. J. Lan dis R, A. Roberts Sweetpotato Weevil, 527 T, A. Brindley The Pea Weevil, 530 Joseph C. 'Chamberlin John E. Dudley^ Jr. The Pea Aphid, 538 William C. Cook J. R. Douglass William C. Cook The Beet Lcafhopper, 544 Insects on Fruit Walter Carter The Oriental Fruit Fly, 551 P, A, Hoidale The Mexican Fruit Fly, 559 Howard Baker Spider Mites, Insects, and DDT, 562 Charles H, Hadley Walter E. Fleming The Japanese Beetle, 567 William Middleton Timothy C. Cronin Off Limits for Beetles, 574 Insects on Field Crops C M. Packard Cereal and Forage Insects, 581 J. R.Parker Grasshoppers, 595 Claude Wakeland J. R. Parker The Mormon Cricket, 605 R. A. Roberts White-Fringed Beetle, 608 Claude Wakeland The Chinch Bug, 611 Wm. G. Bradley The European Corn Borer, 614 D. J. Caffrey Insects That Attack Tobacco, 621 R. T. Cotton Wallace Ashby Insect Pests of Stored Grains and Seed, 629 Pests on Ornamentals C. A. Weigel R. A. St. George Insect Pests of Flowers and Shrubs, 640 Floyd F. Smith Spider Mites and Resistance, 652

Page XV Livestock and Insects Gaines W. Eddy Flics on Livestock, 657 E, F. Knipling Ticks, Lice, Sheep Keds, Mites, 662 W, G. Bruce Screw-worms, 666 Ernest W. Laake ^ 1 ^ , /- j • TT r» 7 j. Cattle Grubs, 672 Irwin H. Roberts ' Forests, Trees, and Pests Curtis May White ford L. Baker Ii^sects and Spread of Forest-Tree Diseases, 677

R. C. Brown The Spruce Budworm, 683 F. P. Keen Bark Beetles in Forests, 688 John M. Corliss The Gypsy Moth, 694 Insects and Wildlife

Oliver B. Cope Insects and the Lower Vertebrates, 699

I. P. Linduska r. T T^ r^AT-inT ArthurA *L TA/W. Lindquist7 • j • X Some Insect Pests 01 Wildlife,' 708' E. R. Kalmbach Birds, Beasts, and Bugs, 724 Bibliography and Appendix

Ina L, Hawes . _ , , ^ . r T^ 11. 7 c U7 j A Selected List of Publications, 732

David G. Hall How To Get Further Information on Insects, 737 R, H. Nelson Conversion Tables and Equivalents, 743 Ralph W, Sherman Summary of Federal Plant Regulatory Legislation, 747 Insecticides, 748 Index, 751 Some Important Insects

Color Plates, following the index.

Page xvi Some Important Insects

COLOR PLATE i Boll Weevil ii Bollworm iii Cotton Aphid iv Cotton Fieahopper V Cotton Leafworm vi Pink Bollworm vii Spider Mites viii Japanese Beetle ix Effect of Milky Disease on Japanese Beetle Grubs X Oriental Fruit Moth xi Apple Maggot xii Codling Moth xiii Plum Gurculio xiv Two-Spotted Spider Mite^ European Red Mite XV San Jose Scale xvi Gypsy Moth xvii Elm Leaf Beetle xviii Ips Bark Beetles xix Old House Borer XX Subterranean Termites xxi Carpenter Ants xxii Red-Headed Pine Sawfly xxiii Roaches xxiv Cattle Grub xxv Horn Fly xxvi Irrigation-Water Mosquitoes xxvii Screw-worm xxviii Fabric Pests xxix House Ants XXX Pantry Pests xxxi Hornworms on Tomato xxxii Mexican Bean Beetle xxxiii Colorado Potato Beetle Page xvii 070134°—52 2 COLOR PLATE XXXIV Harlequin Bug XXXV Gladiolus Thrips xxxvi Striped Cucumber Beetle xxxvii Potato Leafhopper xxxviii Imported Cabbage worm xxxix Squash Vine Borer xl Tomato Fruitworm xli Sweetpotato Weevil xlii Seed-Corn Maggot xliii Pea Weevil xliv Beet Leafhopper xlv Pacific Coast Wireworm xlvi Tuber Flea Beetle xlvii Onion Thrips xlviii Clay-Backed Cutworm xlix Pea Aphid 1 Citrus Mealybug li Pickleworm lii Alkali Bees liii Tobacco Hornworm and a Natural Enemy liv Praying Mantid Iv Squash Bug, Tricopoda Pennipes (a Parasite) Ivi Stink Bugs Ivii Corn Earworm Iviii Fall Armyworm lix European Corn Borer Ix White-Fringed Beetle Ixi Alfalfa Weevil Ixii Lygus Bugs Ixiii Chinch Bug Ixiv White Grubs Ixv Wheat Stem Sawfly Ixvi Hessian Fly Ixvii Mormon Cricket Ixviii Wheat Joint worm Ixix Velvetbean Caterpillar Ixx Potato Leafhopper on Alfalfa Ixxi Lesser Migratory Grasshopper Ixxii Differential Grasshopper Page xviii Insecticides

The following list of names and symbols was compiled by a committee of the American Association of Economic Entomologists and issued January lo, 1952. The terms designated by two asterisks are common names approved by the Interdepartmental Committee on Pest Control. Those designated by one asterisk are trade names; sometimes they are followed by a letter or a number or both, which indicate a product of specific composition.

Name Definition Other designations aldrin**. not less than 95 percent of 1,2,3,4,- compound 118. I o, I o-hexachloro-1,4,43,5,8,83,- hexahydro-1,4,5,8-dimethano- naphthalene. allethrin** i//-2-ailyi-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-3- allyl homolog of cinerin I. cyclopenten-1-one esterified with synthetic pyrethrins. a mixture of eis and trans dl- chrysanthemum monocarboxylic acids. Aramite* product containing 2-{p-tert-huXy\- phenoxy)-i-methylethyl 88R falkyi aryl sulfite). 2-chloroethyl sulfite.

BHC 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane, benzene hexachloride. consisting of several isomcrs and 666. containing 12 to 14 percent of the Gammexane.* gamma isomer. chlordane** i,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-2,3,3a,4,- Velsicol 1068.* 7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methanoindene. Octachlor.* Octa-Klor.* bis(/>-chloro- K-1875. phenoxy)- Neotran.* methane. di (4-chlorophenoxy)- methane. /)-chIorophenyl K.-645 ^ • ji?-chlorobenzene Ovotran,* sulfonate. compound 923 2,4-dichlorophenyl ester of benzene Genitol 923. sulfonic acid, compound 22008.. . . 3-methyl-i-phenyl-5-pyrazolyl G~220o8. dimethylcarbamate.

CS-645A* i,i-bis(/>-chlorophenyl)-2-nitro- Prolan.* propane.

CS-674A*. . r,i-bis(/?-chlorophenyl)-2-nitro- Bulan.* butane.

CS-708* mixture of i part 1,1-bis(/»-chloro- Dilan.* phenyl)-2-nitropropane (CS-645A) and 2 parts i, i -bis (j&-chlorophenyl) - í2-nitrobutane (CS-674A). 748 Insecticides 749 Name Definition Other designations D-D mixture mixture of 1,2-dichloropropane and D-D.* 1,3-dichloropropene.

DDT Commercially available dichloro-di- chlorophenothane (U. S. phenyl-trichlorocthane, the princi- Pharmacopoeia 14:136. pal constituent of which is 1,1, i- 1950). trichloro-2,2-bis(/?-chlorophcnyl)- ethanc. DFDT i,i,i-trich]oro-2,2-bis(/»-fluoro- fluorine analog of DDT. phenyl) ethane. dieldrin** not less than 85 percent of 1,2,3,4,- compound 497. I o, I o-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,- 4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4,5,8- dimethanonaphthalenc. diisopropyl j&-nitro- 0,0-diisopropyl 0-/?-nitrophcnyi compound 3456. phenyl thiophos- thiophosphatc. phate. dimethyl car bate dimethyl ester of cis-bicyclo(2.2.i)- 5-heptene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid. DMG 4,4.dichloro-alpha-methylbenz- di(j&-chlorophenyl)methyl- hydrol. carbinol. I, I -bis (ji?-chlorophenyl) - cthanol. Dimite.*

E-1059 0-[2-(ethylmercapto)ethyl] 0,0-di- a trialkyl thiophosphatc. ethyl thiophosphatc, sec Systox.

EPN* O-ethyl 0-j&-nitrophcnyl benzene- thiophosphonate.

2-ethyl-i, 3- Rutgers 612.* hexanediol. ferbam*^ ferric dimethyl dithiocarbamate Fermate.* Kerbam.*

heptachlor** i (or 3a),4,5,6,7,8,8-heptachloro-3a, Velsicol 104.* 4,7,7a-tctrahydro-4,7-methano- E-3314. indenc. HETP mixture of ethyl polyphosphates con- hexaethyl tetraphosphate. taining 12 to 20 percent of tetra- cthyl pyrophosphate. Indalone* butyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2,2-di- n-hutyl mesityl oxide oxalatc. methyl-4-oxo-2H-pyran-6-carbox- Butopyronoxyl (U. S. Phar- ylic acid. macopoeia 14:91.1950).

lindane**. gamma isomer of benzene hexachloride of not less than 99 percent pur- ity. malathon** 0,0-dimethyl dithiophosphate of compound 4049. dicthyl mcrcaptosuccinate. S-(r ,2-dicarbethoxyethyl) 0,0-dimcthyl dithiophosphate. Metacidc* product containing methyl parathion and parathion. methoxychlor**. ... i,i,i-trichloro-2,2-bis(/>-methoxy- Marlate.* phenyl)ethane. DMDT. i.)70184°—52 4Í) 750 Yearbook of Agriculture 1952 Name Definition Other designations methyl parathion... 0,0-dimethyl 0-/>-nitrophenyl thio- methyl homolog of parathion. phosphate.

4-methylumbellifcr- 0,0-diethyl thiophosphoric one 0,0-diethyl acid ester of 7-hydroxy- thiophosphate. 4-mcthylcoumarin. Potasan.* E-838.

MGK-264* N-(2-cthylhexyl)bicyclo(2.2.i)-5- N-octylbicyclo (2.2.i)-5- heptene-2j3-dicarboximide. heptene-2,3-dicarboximide, Octacide 264.* Van Dyk 264.* nabam** disodium ethylene bisdithiocarbamate Dithane.* para-oxon diethyl ji?-nitrophenyl phosphate oxygen analog of parathion. E-600. parathion** 0,0-diethyl 0-/>nitrophenyl thiophos- E-605. phate. compound 3422. piperonyl butoxide. . product containing as its principal (butyl carbitol) constituent alpha-[2-(2-butoxyeth- (6-propylpiperonyl) oxy)ethoxy]-4,5-methylenedioxy- ether. 2-propyl toluene. compound 312. piperonyl mixture of 3-alkyl-6-carbethoxy-5(3, piperonyl cyclohexe- cyclonene. 4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-cyclo- none. hexen-i-one and 3-alkyl-5(3,4- methylenedioxyphenyl) -2-cyclo- hexen-i-one. Q-137 i,i-dichloro-2,2-bis(/?-ethylphenyl)- ethane. R-242 70 percent of/»-chlorophenyl phenyl Sulphenone.* sulfone plus 30 percent of related sulfones.

schradan octamethyl pyrophosphoramide bis(bis-dimethylamino)- phosphonous anhydride. OMPA. Pestox III.*

sulfotepp tetraethyl dithiopyrophosphate dithione.

Systox* product containing E-1059.

TDE commercially available dichloro- DDD. diphenyl-dichloroethane, the Rhothane.* principal constituent of which is I ,I-dichloro-2,2-bis(/;-chlorophenyl)ethane.

TEPP tetraethyl pyrophosphate TEP.

thiram** tetramcthylthiuram disulfide.

toxaphene** chlorinated camphene having a compound 3956. chlorine content of 67-69 percent.

zincb** zinc ethylene bisdithiocarbamate. ziram** zinc dimethyl dithiocarbamatc. ant

The colored picture sheets that follow illustrate a selected group of insects that are commonly found in the United States. Some are of great economic importance. Information is provided on the distribution, habits, nature of damage caused, and methods of preventing or controlling the infestations. It is hard here to give recommendations that will apply equally well throughout the country: Variations in crop practices, soils, and weather conditions cause insect problems to be much more acute in one area than another, and frequently different control measures and timing therefore are required. Accordingly it is often wise to consult county agents. State officials, or other authorities to ascertain which methods and procedures would be most satisfactory to use locally. Their addresses are given in the appendix. Although greatest reliance is placed upon insecticides for the control of injurious insects today, one should remember that other methods of control are important. The primary aim today, however, should be the development of practices that will prevent insects from causing damage to crops. Our hope is that these pictures will enable the reader to recognize the most destructive insects and stimulate him to apply effective control measures promptly. Such action results in economical control. Cooperative community and widespread control programs have an important place in safeguarding our people's health and supply of food and fiber. Insect control is also an integral part of the increased food production that is vitally needed during emergency periods for our own welfare and to fulfill commitments made to other free countries of the world. All the insecticides here recommended to control the insects pic- tured are poisons. Handle them with caution. Follow carefully the directions and warnings given on the containers. Store insecticides in plainly labeled, closed containers, in a dry place away from food products, and where children or animals cannot reach them. When mixing or applying insecticides, avoid inhaling dusts or sprays. Protect the hands with leather or rubber gloves. Keep the hands away from the mouth and wash them thoroughly before eating. Bury any waste material. Thoroughly wash out containers that have been used in mixing insecticides. Oils used in making insecticide solutions are inflammable. Do not mix or apply them near an open flame. BOLL isomer in the finished dust plus 5 percent of WEEVIL DDT (sometimes referred to as "3-5-0"); (2) calcium arsenate applied alternately Boll weevils pass the winter as adults with calcium arsenate plus 2 percent of in woods trash or other protected places nicotine; (3) calcium arsenate applied near cottonfields. They return to cotton- alternately with a mixture of benzene fields in the spring and remain there until hexachloride (3 percent gamma isomer) frost. Boll weevils prefer to feed on and to and 5 percent of DDT; (4) lime-free cal- lay their eggs in squares, but they also at- cium arsenate plus 1 percent of paraihion; tack bolls. Eggs are laid singly in deep (5) lime-free calcium arsenate plus 1 per- punctures within the squares or bolls. After cent of parathion and 5 percent of DDT; 3 to 5 days they hatch into white larvae, or (6) toxaphene 20 percent; (7) aldrin 2.5 grubs. The grubs feed for 7 to 14 days percent; (8) aldrin 2.5 percent plus 5 per- within the squares or bolls in which they cent of DDT; (9) dieldrin 1.5 or 2.5 per- hatch and then change into pupae. The cent; (10) dieldrin 1.5 or 2.5 percent plus adults emerge from the pupae in 3 to 5 5 percent of DDT; (11) chlordane 10 per- days and cut their way out of the squares. cent plus 5 percent of DDT. (This mixture After feeding on blooms, squares, or bolls is recommended only in areas where it has for 3 to 4 days, the females are ready to lay given good control. It has given erratic eggs. The cycle from egg to adult weevil results in some areas, perhaps because of takes about 3 weeks. There may be seven high temperatures and humidity.) generations a year. In areas where spider mites are a prob- The leaflike bracts at the base of squares lem, dust formulations of organic insecti- punctured by boll weevils open up, or cides should contain sulfur or some other flare, and the squares turn yellow and die. suitable miticide. Most of the punctured squares and small The following treatments with sprays bolls are shed. Large punctured bolls are made from emulsion concentrates have not shed, but the lock in which a grub given favorable results and are approved feeds fails to develop properly, and the where recommended: (1) Toxaphene at the lint is cut, stained brown, and decayed. rate of 2 to 3 pounds of the technical ma- Low winter temperatures and hot, dry terial per acre; (2) toxaphene and DDT summers help control the boll weevil. in the ratio of 2 to 1 applied at the rate of Watch for a rapid increase of weevils and 2 to 3 pounds of technical toxaphene per severe damage during rainy periods. acre; (3) a mixture to give 0.3 to 0.5 pound Farming practices that help set bolls of the gamma isomer of benzene hexa- quickly will help control weevils. The prac- chloride and 0.5 pound or more of techni- tices are: Plant cotton on good land that cal DDT per acre; (4) aldrin at the rate of has been well prepared. Use fertilizer 0.25 to 0.5 pound of the technical material recommended for your locality. Select an per acre; (5) a mixture to give 0.25 to 0.5 early-maturing variety suited for growing pound of technical aldrin and 0.5 pound in your locality. Plant early, space closely, or more of technical DDT per acre; (6) and cultivate frequently. Pick early and dieldrin at the rate of 0.15 to 0.4 pound of cleanly. After the cotton has been picked, technical material per acre; (7) a mixture stop further fruiting by plowing out, cut- to gvvc 0.15 to 0.4 pound of technical ting, or grazing the cotton stalks as early dieldrin and 0.5 pound or more of tech- as possible in the fall, to reduce the num- nical DDT per acre. In areas where it has ber of weevils in next year's crop. proved satisfactory and where it is recommended, a mixture of 1 pound of technical Control with dusts and sprays: Benzene chlordane and 0.5 pound or more of tech- hexachloride, calcium arsenate, toxaphene, nical DDT per acre may be used. aldrin, and dieldrin can control the boll Control measures directed against the weevil, but when they are so used, other boll weevil should be applied when defi- insect problems must be considered; in- nite need is indicated. Except where early- festations of the cotton aphid, the boll- season control measures are practiced, in- worm, and spider mites may develop secticides should be applied at intervals of when some of them are used alone. 4 to 5 days until the infestation is brought The following dusts have been approved under control. Thereafter the fields should for use in some areas: (1) Benzene hexa- be inspected weekly and applications made chloride to give 3 percent of the gamma when necessary.

{PLATE T BOLL WEEVIL THE worms to appear, examine the tops of the EOLLWORM plants frequently for eggs and small worms. When 20 to 25 eggs that are be- The bollworm, also known as the ginning to hatch (or that number of eggs tomato fruitworm and the corn earworm, and very small worms) are found per 100 damages cotton wherever it is grown in plants, it is time to begin applying in- the United States, but the losses are usually secticides. Snccessjnl control of boll- greatest in Texas, Oklahoma, and Louisi- worms requires heavy applications of dusts ana. It also feeds on many plants besides or sprays while the eggs are hatching and cotton, especially corn and tomato. Cotton before the tvorms enter the bolls. is not the preferred food plant. Bollworm At 5-day intervals apply 10 to 15 pounds infestations usually develop rather late in per acre of a 10 percent DDT dust or the the season. equivalent in spray form; a dust contain- Each bollworm destroys a large number ing 5 percent of DDT plus sufficient ben- of squares and bolls. When boUworms are zene hexachloride to give 3 percent of the numerous a crop of cotton can be ruined gamma isomer; or a 20 percent toxaphene in a short time. Damage often occurs so dust. Calcium arsenate, lead arsenate, and late in the season that the plants do not cryolite are less effective. Whenever the have time to mature another crop of bolls. spider mites must also be controlled, any The bollworm moths prefer rapidly mixture containing organic insecticides growing, succulent cotton in which to lay should include at least 40 percent of sul- their eggs. The eggs are laid singly on the fur or some other suitable miticide. Use tender growth and newly formed squares. more pounds per acre when the infestation They are smaller than the head of an is heavy and the plants are large. Two or ordinary pin, and pearly white when first three applications will usually control a laid, but change to a dark color before brood of bollworms, but there may be hatching. The small larvae, or "worms," more than one brood or a steady move- feed for a few days on the tender buds or ment of egg-laying moths to cotton from leaves and on the outside of squares before other crops, with no distinct broods. In burrowing into squares or bolls, usually such cases several additional applications near the base. Large worms feed almost may be needed to keep the plants covered entirely inside the bolls, so that it is very with insecticides to kill the newly hatched difficult, if not impossible, to control them. worms. Lady beetles and other natural Full-grown larvae enter the soil and enemies or extremely hot, dry, windy change to the pupal, or resting, stage. weather often destroy enough eggs and There are several broods a year. The last young bollworms to control a threatening brood passes the winter in the under- infestation without the use of insecticides. ground pupal cells. Nicotine or benzene hexachloride may be added to the insecticides to prevent aphids Control: When it is about time for boll- from becoming injurious.

fPLATE 11 jl...3Kmar. 'Ij-

a. Eggs; b. egg ( 15 times natural size) ; c, young lar\a on square; a. damaged square; e. full-grown larvae showing color differences:/, pupa in soil; g. adult, {a, Í-. d. e. f. and g. about natural size.) COTTON be severe on seedling cotton where no in- APHID secticides have been applied. The following dust treatments, which The cotton aphid, also known as the are recommended for general use against cotton louse and the melon aphid, is found cotton insects, will usually prevent a all over the United States. It is a general build-up of aphids: feeder on cotton, okra, melons, squash, 1. A mixture containing 3 percent of the cucumbers, and other cucurbits. It is a gamma isomer of benzene hexachloride small, soft-bodied, sucking insect. Its color and 5 percent of DDT in every application is light yellow to dark green or almost at the rate of 10 to 12 pounds per acre. black. In Northern States, both sexes occur 2. A mixture containing 3 percent of the and eggs are laid; in the South only females gamma isomer of benzene hexachloride that give birth to living young are known. and 5 percent of DDT at the rate of 10 Some adults are winged; others are wing- to 12 pounds per acre in alternate applica- less. The aphids spend the winter on vari- tions with calcium arsenate. ous weeds, from which they spread to cot- 3. Nicotine 2 percent in regular calcium ton in early spring. Reproduction is con- arsenate at the rate of 10 to 12 pounds per tinuous in the South and becomes rapid acre alternated with calcium arsenate during warm weather. There are no dis- alone. tinct broods; aphids of all sizes are present 4. Parathion 1 percent in lime-free cal- on the under side of the leaves and on the cium arsenate at the rate of 10 pounds per stems of plants. Lady beetles and other acre. predators, parasites, diseases, and unfavor- 5. Toxaphene at the rate of 2 to 3 able weather are natural factors that help pounds of the technical material per acre control aphids. in every application (where toxaphene is Aphids are present in almost every field not formulated with DDT). of growing cotton. During cool, wet When heavy infestations of the cotton springs they often cause curling of the aphid occur and if the need for rapid kill leaves, stunting of growth, or death of is indicated, the following treatments are cotton seedlings. They do more damage effective: later in the season by causing the leaves 1. Benzene hexachloride, applied as to curl and fall from the plants before the either a dust or spray, to give 0.5 pound of bolls are mature, thereby reducing the the gamma isomer or an equivalent amount yield and grade of cotton. Aphids secrete of lindane per acre. a sticky substance known as honeydew, 2. A 1 percent parathion dust applied which drops on the leaves and bolls and at the rate of 12 to 15 pounds per acre. gives the plants a glossy appearance. 3. Nicotine 3 percent in hydrated lime Honeydew falling on the open bolls makes applied as a dust at the rate of 10 to 15 the lint gummy and difficult to gin. A pounds per acre. fungus often develops in the honeydew, Another insecticide which will give which causes the plants to appear black or quick control of heavy infestations of the sooty. cotton aphid, but which is not generally recommended because of its toxicity and Control: Heavy infestations of the cotton low residual action, is 0.5 pint per acre of aphid often occur on cotton after the use 40 percent tetraethyl pyrophosphate, or its of certain insecticides. Infestations may also equivalent, applied as a spray.

{PLATE m COTTON APHID

C -.

a, Curled infested leaves; b, aphids on under side of leaf; t. aphids on stem; d, honeydew on leaf; e, winged female;/, wingless female;^, young, {a, b, c, and d, natural size; females and young, about 14 times natural size.) COTTON plants to bloom is sometimes attributed TLEAHOPPER to weather or other unfavorable conditions. The infested plants grow taller and more The cotton fleahopper infests cotton whiplike; they have fewer large branches throughout the Cotton Belt. It causes the than normal plants and usually produce greatest damage in Texas. Oklahoma, and only a few bolls near the tops. Louisiana, but in some years losses are also serious in other States. This pest often Control: If cotton is not squaring prop- becomes sufficiently numerous on cotton erly, or if young cotton fails to set small to cause almost complete loss of the crop. squares, the terminal buds should be ex- The cotton fleahopper lays eggs in the amined for fleahoppers. Dusting should be fall in the stems of crotón (goatweed), started when 15 to 25 fleahoppers are found other weeds, and to some extent in cotton. per 100 terminal buds. The eggs hatch early in the spring, and The cotton fleahopper can be controlled the population builds up rapidly on certain by any one of the following dusts: DDT 5 tender weeds, such as horsemint, crotón, percent; toxaphene 10 percent; dieldrin and evening primrose. The movement to 1.5 percent; aldrin 2.5 percent; benzene cotton increases as the weed hosts become hexachloride (gamma isomer 1 percent); tough. Rainfall is favorable to the breeding chlordane 2 percent. When spider mites on cotton, which continues as long as the are likely to be a problem, 40 percent or plants are succulent. When the squaring more of sulfur or a suitable miticide should season is over, the leafhoppers return to be added to organic insecticide formula- weeds to feed and to lay their eggs. A gen- tions. Less effective control of the cotton eration of fleahoppers spans 2 to 3 weeks. fleahopper may be obtained with sulfur The winged adults and the wingless alone or with a 1:1 or 2:1 mixture of young fleahoppers alike are very active calcium arsenate and sulfur. and are hard to see. Both stages feed on Any of the following materials applied the juices of the tender parts of the cotton as low-gallonage sprays at the rates indi- plants, especially the terminal buds and cated per acre will gi\e good control of the small squares. The leaves become deformed cotton fleahopper: 0.5 pound of DDT; 1 and somewhat ragged in appearance, but pound of toxaphene; 0.5 pound of toxa- the greatest damage is caused to the small phene plus 0.25 pound of DDT; 0.1 pound squares. Many of the squares are killed of dieldrin; 0.2 pound of aldrin; 0.5 pint when they are no larger than a pinhead; of 40 percent tetraethyl pyrophosphate. they turn brown or black and fall from the plants. Because they are so small they are Sometimes cotton aphids develop after frequently overlooked; the failure of the the use of DDT dust or spray.

{PLATE IV COTTON ^-^ '^FLEAHOPPERJ

Cotton fleahopper damage: . a, blasted square; b, whiplike plant and lack of fruit resulting from blasted squares; c, injured leaf. (nymph, 15 times natural size.) COTTON bolls from maturing and reduces the yield LEAFWORM and quality of the cotton. The stripping of the leaves by leafworms after most of the The cotton leafworm is a tropical insect bolls are mature may be beneficial; by ad- not known to survive the winters in the mitting more sunlight to the plants and United States. New infestations are started permitting better circulation of air, the each spring by moths that fly in from the stripping may prevent boll weevils from south and lay their eggs on cotton. The increasing and keep the bolls from rotting first leafworms generally appear in April, on rank cotton. May, or June, usually in southern Texas but sometimes in Florida. As the leaf- Control: Small cotton leafworms can be worms increase in numbers, the moths fly controlled easily by dusting or spraying to other areas, and in some years invade with any of the arsenical insecticides. all the cotton States except California. The Large worms are harder to control and moths often reach the Northern States and may cause considerable stripping before Canada and feed on ripe fruit, such as they are killed. Dusting with calcium peaches or grapes. The larvae, or "worms," arsenate or lead arsenate at the rate of 5 feed only on cotton. The small leafworms to 7 pounds per acre will control leaf- feed on the under side of the leaves and do worms. Other effective formulations are a not cut through the upper surface. The 20 percent toxaphene dust; a mixture of larger worms eat the entire leaves. When 20 percent toxaphene dust and 5 percent abundant they completely strip, or "rag," DDT; a benzene hexachloride dust con- the leaves and then gnaw on the squares, taining 3 percent of the gamma isomer; bolls, and bark until the field looks as if it and a mixture containing 5 percent of had been swept by fire. The brown pupae DDT plus sufficient benzene hexachloride are found within folded leaves or are at- so that the dust contains 3 percent of the tached by silken cords to the stems and ribs gamma isomer. These formulations are of the leaves. equally effective in spray form. If a quick The spread of the leafworm varies kill of large worms is needed to prevent greatly from year to year. Damage usually stripping, add 7 or 8 pounds of paris green is greater west of the Mississippi River, but to each 100 pounds of calcium arsenate, control often is needed in the Eastern or use 8 to 10 pounds of paris green plus States. Early ragging of the plants prevents 100 pounds of lime.

{PLATE V COTTON LEAFWORM

A. Cotton stalk showing leafworm damage; larva; e, egg. C, Adult. (All about natural size, except e, which is greatly magnified.) PINK plication as a dust or spray of 1.5 to 2 BOLLWORM pounds of technical DDT per acre. In southern Texas, pink bollworm infesta- The pink bollworm is a serious pest of tions early in any season are in proportion cotton in many parts of the world. It was to the number of insects that survive the first discovered in the United States in period between crops. The longer this pe- Texas in 1917. In 1951 it was present in riod the fewer insects will survive. There- 6 of the 20 cotton-growing States—Ari- fore the number of overwintering insects zona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, may be reduced by destroying cotton stalks Louisiana, and Florida. Infestations in at the earliest possible date. The best pro- Georgia have been eradicated. cedure is to cut the stalks with a stalk cut- The small pinkish caterpillars eat out ter, which crushes them to the ground. If the seeds of the cotton plant and thus re- this operation is carried out early enough, duce the yield, weight, vitality, and oil a high mortality of pink boUworms results content of the seeds. They also reduce the from exposure to heat of the sun. The roots quantity and quality of the lint. Severe in- should be plowed out promptly and the festations cause squares and small bolls to crop debris plowed under. All seedlings or shed. The female lays 100 to 200 tiny eggs. sprouted cotton plants developing after The young caterpillar bores into a square the plowing should be eliminated before or boll, where it feeds 10 to 14 days. When fruiting so as to create a long host-free full-grown, it cuts a round hole through period betw^een crops. For best results these the boll and either changes to a pupa cultural practices should be carried out on within the boll or drops to the ground to an area-wide basis with the cooperation of pupate. Development from egg to adult all cotton growers. Cultural practices used takes 25 to 30 days in midsummer. There to control the pink bollworm will also may be as many as four to six generations a control the boll weevil. year in sections with long growing seasons. In regions where temperatures of 10° F. Larvae that develop late in the season may or lower are expected during the winter pass the winter in seed, old bolls, trash in the stalks should be left standing. the fields or at the gins, and in cracks in If you find an insect resembling the pink the soil. bollworm in areas thought to be free of it, you will help in the ceaseless fight against Control: Methods of controlling the pink it if you place it in a bottle of diluted bollworm include destruction of cotton alcohol and send it to the Bureau of En- stalks immediately after the harvest; heat tomology and Plant Quarantine, Washing- treatment of cottonseed; burning of gin ton 25, D. C, with full information as to waste; compression of lint; and the ap- date and place of collection and your name.

{PL AT F VI PINK BOLLWORM

( :otton bioom resetted by Feeding of the pink liollworm. Green cotton with the boll sectioned; ¡i. Kggs laid inside le calyx ot cotton boll; h, entrance hole made by newly hatched larva (invisible to naked eye); c, larvae in cotton seed; d. hole in partition made by a larva traveling from one lock to another; t. exit holes of larvae. C. Mature larva. D Pupa. /:'. Adult. /'. Damaged open boll. (A. B. /■. tu ice natural size; D and li. three and one-halt times natural si/e; C. five times natural size.) SPIDER The entire leaf then reddens or turns rusty MITES brown (as in the case of potash deficiency), curls, and drops from the plant. The loss Spider mites are so small that they can of leaves causes shedding of small bolls hardly be seen without a magnifying glass. and may prevent the lint from developing At least seven species are known to attack properly in large bolls. cotton. They may be greenish or yellowish in color, but the females are usually red- Control: The spread of spider mites to dish to carmine and the smaller males red- cotton may be prevented by destroying dish yellow. Spider mites multiply rapidly. weeds around the fields and by controlling There may be as many as 17 generations the pest on dooryard plants. An infestation a year. Hot, dry weather is most favorable can often be stamped out by pulling out for rapid multiplication. A heavy rain and destroying the first few cotton plants often checks an outbreak. They are found that become infested. Dusting cotton with throughout the Cotton Belt. They feed on finely ground sulfur at the rate of 10 to almost 200 kinds of plants, including many 25 pounds per acre is the most practical garden and field crops, ornamentals and direct-control measure. A second applica- weeds. Jn the South they pass the winter tion a week later is necessary to kill the on leaves that remain green, such as wild spider mites that hatch after the first ap- blackberry, Jerusalem-oak, wild vetch, and plication. The under side of the leaves violet. They move to cotton early in the should be covered thoroughly with the summer. When cotton is no longer suitable dust. for food they return to weeds or other In areas where spider mites are a pest, plants. They crawl on the ground and are dust mixtures of organic insecticides used carried by wind or rainwater. against cotton insects should contain at Spider mites live on the under side of least 40 percent of sulfur, or 1 percent the leaves, where they lay their eggs and parathion, or some other organic phos- spin delicate webs. They suck the sap from phorus compound, to prevent spider mite the leaves causing the under surfaces to be- increase. come thickly dotted with whitish feeding lEPP at the rate per acre of 0.5 pint punctures. Spider mite injury, often called of 40 percent concentrate in a spray, or its rust, is first indicated when blood-red spots equivalent, effectively controls heavy popu- appear on the upper surface of the leaves. lations of spider mites.

{PLATE VIT SPIDER MITES

a, Spider mites (natural size) on under side of leaf showing typical type of injury; b, adult and young (40 times natural size) ; c, leaf showing both spider mite injury and potash deficiency. JAPANESE IYJ fluid ounces (5 tablespoonfuls); water, BEETLE 10 gallons (for shade tiees and shrubs). 3. Powdered derris (4 percent rotenone), Japanese beetles are destructive to the 5 ounces (30 tablespoonfuls); water, 10 leaves, blossoms, and fruits of more than gallons (for apple, plum, cherry, and peach 275 plants, shrubs, and trees. In 1952 trees, grapes, and small fruits when fruit they wêre wîdely distributed in States is about to ripen, and flowering plants). along the Atlantic seaboard from Massa- If spray equipment is not available, chusetts to South Carolina. They occurred apply a 5 percent DDT dust or hydrated also at scattered points in adjoining States dusting lime. Apply the spray or dust when and through much of the Midwest east of the beetles first appear. Repeat as needed the Mississippi. The grubs feed in the to maintain a protective coating on all ground on the roots of various plants and parts of the plant subject to attack, until often cause serious damage to turf in lawns, the beetles disappear. Dusts must be ap- parks, golf courses, pastures, and other turf plied more often than sprays. areas. Lawns can be protected from injury by Japanese beetles spend about 10 months the grubs for at least 6 years wîth one ap- as grubs in the soil. In late May or early plication of DDT, for at least 3 years with June the grubs stop feeding and go through one application of chlordane, and indefi- a short resting, or pupal, stage, after which nitely with one application of milky dis- they become beetles. The adults dig their ease spore dust. If enough grubs are pres- way out of the soil. By early July they are ent to cause noticeable turf injury, use one flying about in numbers and feeding on of the insecticides. They are faster in action trees and plants. During July and August than milky disease, which usually takes the females periodically go into the ground two or more years to become fully effective. and lay eggs. Use 6 pounds of a 10 percent DDT powder or 2^4 pounds of a 10 percent chlordane Control: The foliage of trees, shrubs, powder to each 1,000 square feet of lawn. and flowering plants can be protected Mix the material with several times its from beetle attack with the following volume of slightly moist sand, soil, or other sprays: inert material, and apply evenly to the 1. DDT (50 percent wettable powder), lawn wîth a garden-type fertilizer distrib- 3 ounces (16 tablespoonfuls); water, 10 utor or by hand. Wash the material in gallons (for fruit and shade trees, shrubs, with a hose. and flowering plants). Do not spray fruits with DDT or lead 2. Lead arsenate, 10 ounces (30 table- arsenate later than 4 weeks before picking. spoonfuls); wheat flour, 6 ounces (24 Scrub or peel sprayed or dusted fruits or tablespoonfuls), or light-pressed fish oil. vegetables before eating them.

(PLATE VIII A, Mature grub in spring feeding on roots in underground burrow. B, Pupa in underground cell. C, Adult beetle emerged from earth. D, Beetles feeding on smart- weed. E, Beetles feeding on grape leaves. P, Beetles feeding on apple leaves. G, Female beetle depositing eggs in soil at bottom of shallow burrow. H, Egg. /, Egg hatching and young grubs. /, Partly grown grub in fall. MILKY treated area; adult beetles will not be DISEASE affected by it nor prevented from flying in from an untreated area. The milky disease of grubs of the Japa- nese beetle has caused marked reductions Application: The spore dust may be ap- in the abundance of the pest in the older plied to lawns or other grass areas (com- infested areas. The disease is caused by paratively small numbers of grubs are germs, which the grubs take in as they found in cultivated soil, unless sod or turf work their way through the soil and feed has recently been turned under for garden on plant roots. The germs multiply rapidly purposes) in spots spaced at regular in- within the grubs and form tiny bodies tervals or broadcast. In the spot-treatment known as spores. The spores are long- method, apply 1 level teaspoon ful (about 2 lived and can stand dryness, heat, cold, and grams) at intervals of 3 feet (at 3-foot in- other unfavorable conditions. Billions of tervals in rows 3 feet apart), 5 feet, or 10 spores are ¡produced in the blood of the ÍQQt, depending on the degree of infesta- grubs, which is normally clear but then tion. A teaspoon or an ordinary hand corn becomes milky in appearance—hence the planter with a rotary disk seeder, adjusted name "milky disease." Under favorable to deposit the desired amount of material conditions the disease kills a high percent- each time it is tripped, may be used to age of the grubs of the Japanese beetle and apply the spore dust. The 3-foot intervals some of the grubs of closely related insects. will require about 20 pounds of material It has no effect on other insects, warm- to treat 1 acre; the 5-foot intervals about blooded animals, earthworms, plants, or IV2 pounds, and the 10-foot intervals about human beings. Once established it protects IVA, pounds. The broadcast method of treated areas indefinitely and spreads to treatment is less eiïective. If it is used, apply new areas. Milky disease spores are proc- at least 10 pounds of spore-dust material essed with talc to make a spore-dust to treat 1 acre and spread it by hand or powder that is available commercially. with a fertilizer distributor. In either case Milky disease usually works slowly, and mix the spore dust with several times its its full effect may not be evident for several volume of topsoil, fairly coarse sand, or years. The first noticeable effect will be a commercial fertilizer before spreading the reduction in the grub population in the dust.

{PLATE IX

ORIENTAL Control: Sprays containing 2 pounds of FRUIT MOTH 50 percent DDT or IVi to 2 pounds of 15 percent parathion wettable powder per The oriental fruit moth occurs generally 100 gallons of water are effective in pro- throughout the United States. But it is tecting twigs and fruit. Apply three appli- most destructive in the East and Mid- cations at 10- to 12-day intervals begin- west. It favors peaches and quinces but ning at the petal-fall or shuck-split stage may attack other deciduous fruits. In the of fruit development to prevent injury larval stage the insect injures both twigs from first-brood larvae. To control injury and fruit. Early in the season the larvae, from second- and third-brood worms, or worms, bore into the tips of tender twigs apply one spray 7 to 8 weeks and another and cause them to wilt and dry up. Later, as 3 to 4 weeks before harvest. Control of the the twigs harden and the fruit near s ma- first brood may give control for the entire turity, most of the worms bore into and season in orchards not subject to reinfesta- injure the fruit. Moths first appear about tion from nearby untreated orchards. the time peach trees are in bloom. The Many growers have protected their fruit females usually lay their eggs on the from injury by making only the applica- leaves. tions suggested for controlling the second The newly hatched worms feed in twigs and third broods. or fruit until mature and then spin cocoons Do not spray fruits later than 3 weeks in a protected place on the tree or ground. before picking. Scrub or peel sprayed or Usually there are four or five generations dusted fruits before eating them. Para- each year. The insect passes the winter as thion is especially dangerous to handle; a full-grown worm in a cocoon in a pro- when you use it, follow all safety precau- tected place on the tree or ground. tions printed on the package.

{PLATE X ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH

,1. Life stages: a. young larva; b, mature larva; c. pupa; d. adult. B, Damage to tender new tips. C. External evidence of fruit moth damage to ripe peach. D, Internal damage with e, larva and frass next to the stone. (A, six times natural size; B, C. and D, natural size.) APPLE pounds of lead arsenate alone or with an MAGGOT equal amount of hydrated lime, or three applications of 2 pounds of a 50 percent The apple maggot, or railroad worm, DDT wettable powder per 100 gallons of causes brown tunnels or burrows inside water (for small quantities of either ma- the apple. After an infested apple has terial this strength equals 8 tablespoonfuls fallen or is picked from the tree, the flesh per 5 gallons) 10 to 14 days apart. Spray usually breaks down and becomes a thoroughly all trees, including any that brownish, pulpy mass. The adult apple may not have a crop. In a season when the maggot is a fly, about the size of a house flies appear late, an additional application fly. It appears in the largest numbers in is sometimes required. The timing of the July in orchards throughout the North- sprays is important. In the small home eastern States and northern part of the orchard, gather and promptly destroy Midwest. The flies lay their eggs in the wormy, fallen fruit; pick up fruit of early- flesh of apples, preferably sweet and sub- maturing varieties every 3 or 4 days, and acid varieties that ripen during the sum- later-maturing ones every 7 to 10 days. mer or fall. The legless white maggots, or Ask your State experiment station, Exten- worms, develop in the flesh of the fruit. sion entomologist or county agricultural The insect passes the winter in the resting, agent for information on when the apple or pupal, stage in the soil. maggot flies are expected to appear in your locality and the best time to apply the Control: Keep the foliage and fruit cov- first spray. ered with lead arsenate or DDT during Do not spray fruits later than 4 weeks July to destroy the flies before they lay before picking. Scrub or peel sprayed or their eggs. Make two applications of 3 dusted fruits before eating them.

{PLATE XI APPLE MAGGOT CODLING nearly complete generations (and a part of MOTH a fourth) in the southernmost producing The codling moth, or appleworm, is the dirty-white or pinkish caterpillar or Control: Spray the trees thoroughly with worm that is so often found in apples in 50 percent DDT wettable powder, 2 all sections of the United States. It causes pounds per 100 gallons of water or 8 level the worm holes on the sides and blossom tablespoonfuls per 5 gallons, (a) just after ends of apples that lead to the core. The the blossom petals have fallen, (b) 3 weeks holes are often filled with dark-colored later, (c) 3 weeks later, and (d) 5 weeks masses, coarse brown or black pellets, later. Lead arsenate, 3 pounds per 100 which sometimes project out of the hole. gallons of water or 8 level tablespoonfuls The codling moth is also a pest of pears, per 5 gallons, plus an equal amount of quinces, English walnuts, and occasionally hydrated lime, may be substituted for DDT other fruits. The worms pass the winter in but will be less effective. DDT and lead cocoons in crevices under the bark and arsenate can be used in combination with in other protected places, usually on or most other insecticides and fungicides beneath the tree. The moths begin to ap- needed to control other insects and dis- pear about the time apple trees bloom and eases of apples. Spray schedules vary some moths are present most of the rest of widely according to local conditions; there- the growing season. The tiny white eggs fore, consult your State experiment station are usually laid on leaves near fruit or on or Extension entomologist for such a the fruit. The first worms normally begin schedule for your own locality. to enter the small apples 3 to 4 weeks after the blossom petals have fallen. The num- Do not spray fruits with DDT or lead ber of generations in a season ranges from arsenate later than 4 weeks before picking. one (with a small part of a second) in the Scrub or peel sprayed or dusted fruits be- northern apple-growing areas to three fore eating them.

{PLATE XU A. Adult moth (about three and one-half times natural si/e). B, Twig and fruits showing a, eggs on under side of leaves; I), larva and internal damage; 1, "sting"; i/. surface breakdown and trass from interi\al leeding; e. frass-plugged emergence hole. (.. Section of bark from trunk or large branch showing /. hibernating larva and g. pupal skin from which adult has emerged. (B and C. about natural size. ) PLUM in the season falls to the ground or is CURCULIO scarred, dwarfed, and deformed. Fruit injured later remains on the tree, but is The plum curculio is a common and scarred and wormy. serious pest of peaches, plums, cherries, and apples in the States east of the Rocky Control: On apples, spray the trees with Mountains. The surface of the fruit is lead arsenate, 3 pounds, or with a com- scarred or distorted by the feeding and egg- bination of lead arsenate, 2 pounds, and 50 laying punctures of the adult curculios. percent DDT wettable powder, 2 pounds, The inside is injured by the burrowing of per 100 gallons of water, (a) at petal fall, the larvae or grubs. The adults are small, (b) 7 to 10 days later, and (c) about 2 hump-backed, and brownish snout beetles weeks later. about one-fourth inch long that spend On peaches and other stone fruits, spray the winter in protected places on the the trees with lead arsenate, 2 pounds, plus ground in and near orchards. They move hydrated lime, 8 pounds, or with 15 per- to the trees about the time peaches bloom cent parathion wettable powder, 2 pounds or a little later and feed on the leaves per 100 gallons of water, (a) at shuck split, and blooms. They attack the fruit soon (b) 7 to 10 days later, (c) 7 to 10 days after it sets and attack it intensively for after (b), and (d) if parathion is used, 12 about 3 weeks. The feeding punctures to 14 days later. In areas where a second are small circular holes. The eggs are brood occurs, spray (a) just after the petals laid in crescent-shaped cuts, which the have fallen, (b) when the shucks are shed- females make in the fruit. Eggs hatch in ding, (c) 7 to 10 days after (b), and (d) about a week. The yellowish-white grubs about 1 month prior to harvest. If para- become full-grown in 2 weeks or more. The thion is used, put on application (d) 5 mature grubs leave the fruit and go into weeks before harvest and (e) 3 weeks be- the ground, where they complete their de- fore harvest. velopment into adult beetles. Two genera- Do not spray fruits with lead arsenate tions are often completed in the southern or DDT later than 4 weeks before picking. range of the insect, but there is only one Do not spray them with parathion later in the northern range. In an intermediate than 3 weeks before harvest. Scrub or peel zone (latitude of Delaware to Virginia) sprayed or dusted fruits before eating them. there may be a partial second generation. Parathion is especially dangerous to The second generation develops in matur- handle; follow all the safety precautions ing fruit. Most of the fruit injured early printed on the package.

fPLATE XIII PLUM CURCULIO

A, Life stages (greatly enlarged): a, larva; b, pupa; and c, adult. B, Peach "mummy" with larva inside. C, Small apple showing curculio scar. D, Small peach with gum oozing from curculio puncture. £ and F, Mature apple and plum showing appearance of curculio scars at time of harvest. (B, C, D, E. and F, natural size.) ORCHARD season will destroy the overwintering eggs MITES of the European red mite and of the clover mite. Mites may be controlled during the Tiny, eight-legged sucking pests, closely summer with the following insecticides related to insects, known as mites and often (per 100 gallons of spray): 1 pound of 15 called spider mites because of their re- percent parathion wettable powder; V^ semblance and relationship to spiders, pint of 40 percent tetraethyl pyrophosphate cause major damage to orchard trees (TEPP) liquid; V/z to 2 pounds of 15 per- throughout the United States. Many kinds cent 2-(/?-/i?r/-butylphenoxy)-l-methylethyi of mites suck the sap from the leaves of 2-chloroethyl sulfite (Aramite) wettable deciduous fruit trees (apples, pears, powder; 1/2 pound of 27 percent O-ethyl peaches, plums, and cherries), causing them 0-/?-nitrophenyl benzene-thiophosphonate to become bronzed or brown and dry. (EPN) wettable powder; or 1 pint of When injury is extensive, many of the 25 percent l,l-bis(/?-chlorophenyl)ethanol leaves drop off and the fruit is small and (DMC) liquid. The summer mite-control poorly colored. program may be preventive (if you in- The habits and life history of most such clude a recommended material in two or mites are much the same. The most im- three early-season sprays applied for other portant differences are that some spin webs pests) or it may be corrective—if you delay on the leaves and about the twigs and until mites begin to increase noticeably, some do not. Some (like the clover mite, usually the last of June or later but before which attacks many kinds of plants as well injury reaches the bron2Íng stage. In a cor- as fruit trees) and the European red mite rective program at least two applications, overwinter in the egg stage on the trees. 7 to 10 days apart, are usually necessary. Others (like the two-spotted spider mite Occasionally, if infestation persists, a third and the Pacific mite) overwinter as adult application may be needed. The spraying females in protected places, mostly on the must be thorough. ground. Mites may develop from egg to adult in a week or 10 days. There are sev- Parathion and TEPP are especially dan- eral generations a year. Hot, dry weather gerous to handle; the safety precautions speeds up development and favors a rapid on the package must be followed. EPN is increase to outbreak numbers. Mites are also dangerous to handle. Be careful with usually most numerous in July and August. it. Do not spray fruits later than 3 weeks before picking. Scrub or peel sprayed or Control: Application of a 3 percent lubri- dusted fruits or vegetables before eating cating oil emulsion late in the dormant them.

{PLATE XIV A, Peach twig showing typical "russeting" of foliage by mites. B, Life stages of two-spotted spider mite: a, egg; b, young (note 6-legged at this stage); c, half grown; d, adult male; e, adult female; and/, overwitjtering female. C, "Russet- ing" of apple foliage. D, Stages of European red mite: g, egg; h and /', nymphs; and k, adult female. (B and D, very greatly magnified.) SI- SAN JOSE which overlap greatly, number one or two SCALE in northern fruit areas and three or four or more farther south. The San Jose scale is a tiny insect that In some areas, particularly the Midwest, sucks the sap from the wood, leaves, another insect—the Forbes scale—may be and fruit of apple, pear, peach, and other confused with San Jose scale. The general fruit trees. It occurs throughout the United appearance, seasonal history, and habits of States. Large numbers of scales lower the the two scales are similar. vitality of the tree and may gradualh' kill individual branches or even the tree itself. Control: Spray the trees early in the The mature female insect is yellow and spring, before the buds open, with a petro- about the size of a pinhead. It lives under leum oil emulsion. Dilute it to provide 4 a protective covering that is formed over percent oil in a spray for use in the Pacific it as it grows. Small reddish discolorations Northwest and 3 percent oil in other areas. often are found at the point of feeding, Parathion, one-half pound of 15 percent particularly on new, tender wood and fruit. wettable powder per 100 gallons, in two or Heavily infested trees have a roughened three or more summer spray applications appearance. The insect remains in one will also control San Jose scale effectively place except during the first few hours of and do away with need for the early spring its life and the short time adult males are application of oil. active. The tiny, newly emerged young, Forbes scale, if present, can be held in called crawlers, move around on the tree check by the treatments used for San Jose and are sometimes blown or carried to scale. trees some distance away. Partly grown Parathion is a dangerous poison; all scales survive the winter better than very safety precautions noted on the label young or mature ones. The generations. should be observed in using it.

(PLATE XV SAN JOSE SCALE

A and B, Infestation on fruit; C, typical damage to new growth; D, a small cluster císcales (greatly magnified). GYPSY Control: The gypsy moth can be con- MOTH trolled most effectively with DDT. An oil solution or an emulsion containing this in- The gypsy moth is a serious foe of forest secticide is applied as a spray while the and shade trees in New England and insect is in the caterpillar stage. eastern New York State. The caterpillars, Large forested areas usually are sprayed or larvae, of these moths eat the leaves. from aircraft. For use along highways and The defoliation retards the growth and residential areas, mist blowers or hydraulic otherwise weakens the trees. Repeated com- sprayers are suitable. For treating low plete defoliation may kill the trees. growth along stone walls and fences, This moth was accidentally introduced sprayers of the knapsack type can be em- into this country in 1869. It spread rapidly ployed. Early in the season the spray through several Northeastern States. For should be applied at the rate of I pound many years the infested area has been under of actual DDT per acre; after the foliage Federal quarantine. In part of the area has developed, three-fourths pound per suppressive measures have been carried out acre is sufficient. by State, local, and Federal agencies. The gypsy moth larvae usually appear Because of the many difficulties in- about the first of May. By the middle of volved in formulation, it is best to obtain June they are about 2 inches long. They proprietary DDT insecticides and prepare have several pairs of red and blue dots on them according to the manufacturers' in- their backs. Late in June or early in July structions. Concentrated DDT solutions they become mature and seek shady places, for use in blowers or aircraft are available such as on trees or rocks, in which to on the market in 9- and 12-percent solu- pupate and transform into moths. The tions. Apply at the rate of I gallon per moths emerge about a month later. The acre to give, respectively, either the three- males are strong daytime fliers, but the fourths or 1 pound dosage of actual DDT. females cannot fly and so lay their eggs If emulsion concentrates are used they close to the place where they issued as should be diluted with water in the moths- The eggs are laid in clusters of 400 amounts suggested on the package to pro- or more, which are covered with brownish duce the desired three-fourths or 1 pound hairs. The winter is passed in the egg stage. per acre coverage.

{PLATE XVI male; c, female pupa; c/, male pupa; e, old egg mass. Larvae on oak leaf: /, First instar; g, second instar; h, fourth instar; /. sixth instar, or mature larva. Egg masses, ¿/under branches and on rock; /, young larvae spinning down, {a to /, about natural size; k and /, reduced.)

-^usr^rn/.. íA, ELM LEAF spraying the under side of the leaves, when BEETLE they are about two-thirds grown, with either lead arsenate or DDT. Lead arsenate The elm leaf beetle feeds on all species spray is prepared by mixing IV^ level of elms. Repeated defoliations cause a tablespoonfuls of the powder in 1 gallon weakening or death of the trees. The of water (or 3 pounds in 100 gallons) and beetle lives over winter as an adult. In the adding three-fourths teaspoonful of lin- spring it eats holes in the young leaves seed oil per gallon, or three-fourths pint and lays its eggs on the under sides of them. (12 ounces) per 100 gallons of the spray The eggs hatch in about a week, and the mixture. DDT spray is prepared by mix- young larvae skeletonize the foliage, causing 2 teaspoonfuls of a 25 percent DDT ing it to dry, turn brown, and fall to the emulsion concentrate, or three-fourths tea- ground. Full-grown larvae pupate in the spoonful of a 50 percent DDT wettable ground or in crevices in the bark of the powder per gallon of water. To make 100 lower trunk. In about a week they become gallons, use 1 quart or 1 pound, respec- adults and emerge. Around Washington, tively. These sprays are applied with hy- D. C, there are two generations a year; in draulic equipment. Oregon there may be three. The beetle occurs in the United States For mist-blower applications, a concen- from Maine to North Carolina and west- trated lead arsenate spray is made up of ward to Arkansas and Michigan. It oc- the following materials: Lead arsenate, IÎ/2 curs also in Idaho and along the Pacific pounds; cottonseed oil or fish oil, 4^/2 coast from Washington to California. ounces; and enough water to make 1 gallon. A DDT spray is prepared for appli- Control: Pupae and young beetles can cation by mist blowers by formulating the be killed by soaking the ground and the following: DDT 1 pound, xylene lYz trunk of the tree with a spray containing pints, Triton X-100, Wi ounces (3 table- nicotine sulfate. For small amounts, mix spoonfuls), and water to make 1 gallon; 1 pint of summer oil and 4 tablespoonfuls or DDT 50 pounds, xylene 15^ gallons, of nicotine sulfate (40 percent) in 614 Triton X-100 Ys gallon, and water to gallons of water. For larger amounts, mix make 100 gallons. The Triton X-100 acts 2 gallons of the oil and 1 quart of nicotine as a spreader. Only 2 quarts of a 6-percent sulfate in 100 gallons of water. emulsion of DDT are needed to treat a The foliage of elms can be protected by 50-foot elm tree with a mist blower.

{PLATE XVII ■riMlHVJ'v^MmHnnB.'K. ^^ ELM LEAF BEETLE

^f A, Undamaged elm leaf. J^ ß, Elm leaf showing typical feeding damage, skeletonization, and perfora- tion; a. egg mass; b, larvae; c. pupa; and d, adult elm leaf beetle. (All about two and one-half times natural size. BARK smaller than turpentine beetles and at- BEETLES tack the entire trunks of trees. Sometimes they attack the upper parts of trees that Ips engraver and turpentine beetles are are infested lower down with turpentine occasional pests of pines and other conifer- beetles. Tunnels made for egg-laying by ous trees grown in the vicinity of dwell- Ips are elongate and generally in the direc- ings, summer-home sites, and in recrea- tion of the grain of the wood. When the tional areas in various parts of the country. eggs hatch, the larvae make galleries at These bark beetles are usually found only right angles to the tunnels. The tunnels in trees weakened by drought, mechanical and galleries ¿L\e the inner bark and outer injury, severed roots, sunscald, or like con- surface of the wood an engraved appear- dition. Sunscald is caused by excessive ex- ance. posure to the sun following sudden re- moval of many of the surrounding trees. Control: Small infestations of turpentine The beetles seldom attack and kill healthy beetles—only three or four attacks in a trees, but may do so when they are present large-size tree—can be disregarded. But if in large numbers. If only a few turpentine five or more attacks occur per square foot beetles are present in a tree, it may survive of bark, the tree may be killed. To save it, through its ability to secrete sufficient resin remove the resinous masses and flood each to drown the adult beetles or their young tunnel with a 2 percent chlordane emul- in their tunnels. Such wounds heal over sion or with ethylene dichloride. Or one later. If engraver or turpentine beetles at- can inject into each tunnel about a tea- tack and make holes in the bark entirely spoonful of carbon disulfide, which is around the trunk of a tree, the tree is highly inflammable and dangerous to in- killed. hale. Household insect sprays in which 2 Turpentine beetles emerge from infested tablespoonfuls of naphthalene flakes per trees in the spring, fly to green, uninfested half pint of spray are dissolved are also ones and bore holes in the bark on the effective. lower part of the trunk. The female beetles Danger from bark beetles is great in deposit their eggs in groups in the inner droughty periods. Weakened trees should bark. The eggs hatch in a few days and the be watched closely for signs of beetle activ- larvae feed side by side on the soft inner ity. A spray containing 0.5 percent of the bark, leaving a cavity behind them. In gamma isomer of benzene hexachloride about 8 weeks the larvae are full-grown, prepared from either lindane or benzene and a month later the adult beetles emerge. hexachloride emulsion or wettable pow- Soon after the beetles bore into the bark, der, applied to the trunk, may help to large globules of resin flow from the holes prevent further attack for 2 to 3 months. and harden on the bark surface. The bark should be sprayed until it begins In the Bay region of California, Mon- to drip. terey pines are frequently infested by the Trees which are heavily attacked by en- red turpentine beetle. It also occurs over graver beetles and from which comes much of the rest of the country. The most brownish boring dust should be felled and prevalent species in the South is known the bark removed to destroy the brood as the black turpentine beetle. The num- before it emerges as adult beetles. This ber of generations varies from two or more should be done while the foliage is green a year, to one every 2 years, depending or pale yellow. Usually the beetles have upon the locality and climate. already left trees whose foliage is brown The adult Ips engraver beetles are or red.

{PLATE XVIII

POWDER-POST lished in many buildings in this country. BEETLES Frequently lumber is infested by this insect before it is used in construction. Such at- Powder-post beetles attack the woodwork tacks are difficult to locate at the time the of buildings and reduce the wood to a house is built. powderlike condition. One of them ' is Most powder-post beetles mature in a the old house borer. Powder-post beetles year's time. The old house borer takes 3 to cause extensive damage in this country in 7 years. It is confined largely to the eastern sills, floor joists, studs, door jambs, flooring, half of the United States, but most of the siding, and rafters of buildings. others are generally distributed over the Some powder-post beetles infest only the country. sapwood portion of flooring made of seasoned hardwoods, such as oak or maple. Control: Replace with sound material Others attack the sapwood of such soft all wood so badly damaged as to impair woods as pine, fir, and hemlock used for its structural strength. Wood lightly in- the under structure and roofs of buildings. fested may be sprayed heavily or brush- Some infest only wood with the bark still coated with a penetrating insecticide, such intact—the females lay their eggs in crev- as a 5 percent solution of pentachloro- ices on the surface of the bark or deposit phenol. For best results make two or three them in the inner bark through slits they applications in order to permit the chemi- make. Some deposit their eggs in pores or cal to be carried into the wood. Also effec- crevices in wood devoid of bark. Others tive for short periods are straight kerosene bore holes directly into the wood and place and a mixture of 9 parts of turpentine to their eggs in tunnels. 1 part of kerosene. Wood infested by powder-post beetles The best way to control severe infesta- can be detected readily by the presence of tions, especially in wood behind plaster- powder or pellets coming from holes lead- covered walls or in detached houses, is by ing to the surface. Sometimes also one can fumigation with lethal gases. A good fumi- hear rasping or scratching sounds made by gant is hydrocyanic acid, but because of the grubs of the beetles as they cut channels great danger involved in its use only through the wood. Little or no powder licensed fumigators should apply it. may be observed then on the surface of the Pentachlorophenol is irritating to some infested wood. By probing with a sharp- persons and it should be handled carefully. pointed instrument, however, one can de- If it comes in contact with the body, wash tect the powder at once. Such activity is it off shortly afterward with warm, soap>^ characteristic of the old house borer, an in- water. It should not be used near an open troduced pest that is becoming well estab- flame.

{PLATE XIX A, Section through plate and stud infeslied by borers; a, galleries packed with frass as would normally befound; b, galleries, frass removed; c, larva (nearly natural size). B, iife stages (about twice natural size); d, adult; e, larva; and/, pupa.' SUBTERRANEAN pervious to their attack; masonry walls TERMITES must be free of voids; and expansion joints must be filled with coal-tar pitch. The sub- Subterranean termites can cause exten- floor space of unexcavated buildings must sive damage to the woodwork and other have proper clearance (18 inches from soil cellulose-containing products stored in to wood), adequate ventilation, and drain- buildings or used in the construction of age. If wood supports are necessary, they buildings. must rest on poured concrete bases at least Usually they get the water they need to 6 inches above the ground level. Enclosed live from the soil where their colony is porches should have access panels to per- established. Their food they get from mit periodic inspections and chemical wood. A termite colony comprises winged treatments if necessary. After such struc- reproductive adults, mature workers, sol- tural modifications are made as are neces- diers, and young nymphs. Each has specific sary to block the entry of termites, the soil duties to perform. next to foundation walls and piers must be Winged adults often emerge in the early poisoned to kill termites already present in spring. They fly away to establish new it and to set up a toxic barrier to prevent colonies or else shed their wings and die others from entering. if they cannot find their way back to the Trenches for holding soil poisons must ground. This kind of termite cannot be- be dug 1 foot wide and 15 inches deep come established in the seasoned wood- along the foundations of buildings having work or furniture in a building. It dies shallow footings and no basements. The if it cannot get to moisture. There is only trenches should be dug twice as deep along one flight each year from a particular foundation walls of buildings having full colony. basements and deep footings. Soil poisons The workers do the damage to wood. generally are applied at the rate of one- They excavate it, making channels that run half gallon per lineal foot in the shallow parallel with the grain. The sides of the trench and at twice that rate in the deeper galleries are stained with grayish excre- one. They are applied by mixing them with ment, which is characteristic only of ter- the soil as it is replaced in the trench. mites. Their galleries are free of powdered These chemical mixtures are effective: wood dust. This distinguishes their work 10-percent solution of sodium arsenite; 5- from that of powder-post beetles, whose percent solution of DDT in No. 2 fuel oil; feeding tunnels are filled with it. Termites 5-percent solution of pentachlorophenol in occur in every State but are more prevalent fuel oil; one part orthodichlorobenzene in the southern half of the country. diluted with 3 parts of fuel oil; one part trichlorobenzene diluted with 3 parts of Control: One can control subterranean fuel oil; one part coal-tar creosote diluted termites by blocking them off from soil. with 2 parts of fuel oil. All those mixtures To do that, foundations must be made im- are poisonous.

{PLATE XX .Ä'JU RRANEAN TERMITES

lí;lBá^íl^**5>#'

A. Section through tuundation, floor, and wall of house and a, concrete slab porch with no termite protection; h. shelter tubes on basement wall. The red ines indicate common sources and routes /of infestation. (Note wood scraps in back- 11.) B, Some castes of' termites; i. soldier; t/. winged reproductive form; and e. worker (all greatly enlarged).

y^ushmuR 51 CARPENTER by applying poisonous dusts, sprays, or ANTS fumigants to their nests or the places they frequent. Carpenter ants nest in wood. They are Sanitation measures: Remove and de- a pest in dwellings, utility poles, posts, stroy logs and stumps that harbor colonies. and tree cavities. In most sections their Seal crevices present in foundation walls damage is restricted to minor parts of to prevent their entry. Repair leaks in buildings; thus their injury is less impor- porch roofs. tant than that caused by termites. Chemical applications: (1) Vor build- Carpenter ants seek soft wood (partic- ings, dust with 5 percent chlordane; 4 per- ularly wood that has weathered and begun cent rotenone (derris powder); 10 percent to decay) to make cavities in which to rear DDT; or with sodium fluoride. Use about their young. They may be found in porch a tablespoonful per crevice. These are most columns and roofs, window sills, founda- effective if applied in warm, dry weather. tion plates, and logs of cabins. The ants If colonies occur in decaying wood in do not eat wood. They simply eject it in porches and columns, soak the wood fibrous shreds as they remove it while con- with a 5-percent solution of pentachloro- structing their chambers. They feed on phenol (a wood preservative as well as an honeydew obtained from aphids and scales insecticide). (2) Vor tree cavities or stmnps and on animal remains and plant juices. near shrubbery, stir 8 teaspoonfuls of 50 The chambers of carpenter ants are clean percent chlordane wettable powder into and are cut across the grain of the wood. 1 gallon of water and soak the infested Piles of shredded fibers also occur on the wood with it. Do the same with the 48-per- outside of infested wood. Wood damaged cent emulsion made from this chemical. by termites is characterized by stained, The dusts mentioned for use in buildings grayish chambers running with the grain. can also be employed. (3) Vor poles and Also, termites eat the wood as they remove posts, introduce any one of the following it in extending their galleries. materials into the cavities: A mixture com- A colony of carpenter ants consists of posed of equal parts coal-tar creosote and workers of various sizes, of reproductive gasoline; a 5-percent solution of penta- forms, and immature individuals. It takes chlorophenol; a mixture of either ortho- 9 weeks for them to develop from the egg dichlorobenzene or trichlorobenzene and to the adult stage and 3 to 6 years for them kerosene (1 to 4 parts by volume); one of to produce a well-developed colony. the sprays made from chlordane; or fumi- Carpenter ants are distributed over most gate with carbon tetrachloride after sealing of the country. all openings except the one being used. The latter also should be sealed as soon ai. Control: Carpenter ants are controlled the chemical is applied.

{PLATE XXI 7 ! dARPENTlEk ANTS I I ,; •■ , I ; tBáckafound sln)\\ij.a (.oiiunoii site tor [hiinage by this pest. Insert depiets'tlie liiscits S.an¿tneir damajíe í( natural size) ;

{PLATE XXII RED-HEADED PlNE THE vade homes from these sources. In colder ROACHES climates they cannot survive the winter outside, but continue 10 grow and be active Roaches sometimes become extremely during cold weather in heated buildings. abundant in houses, restaurants, and stores. These roaches usually do not develop in They destroy or contaminate food. They kitchens or the living portions of homes. may leave an offensive odor, excretions, They may wander there during the night and disease or food-poisoning organisms when they are foraging, but they come on dishes and cooking utensils. Several from such places as basements, furnace roach eggs are enclosed in each egg capsule rooms, storage areas, steam tunnels, sewers, from which the young roaches escape when alleys, yards, or around foundations and the eggs hatch. The young are very small porches. During the day most of them go at first but otherwise look very much like back to the place in which they developed. the adults, except that they do not have wings. Control: A 2 percent chlordane spray is Adults of the German cockroaches and effective and practical for use under ordi- brown-banded roaches are about one-half nary conditions. It may be sprayed or ap- inch long. There are two or three genera- plied with a small paint brush to the proper tions a year in houses and other warm surfaces. It will remain effective for several places. They live mostly inside buildings weeks. Chlordane powder, DDT spray or and are usually troublesome right in the powder, pyrethrum spray or powder, area where they develop, as in the kitchen sodium fluoride powder, and phosphorus or bathroom. The brown-banded roach paste have varying degrees of effectiveness. may also live all through the house. It will To control roaches satisfactorily, it is be found on the under side of tables, necessary to get the insecticide into the chairs, and upholstered furniture, behind places where they hide or develop, as well pictures on the wall, or inside television as on surfaces where they will walk when and radio cabinets, bookcases, desks, they wander around at night. It is im- dressers, and linen closets. portant therefore to know which kind of Adults of the American and oriental roach is involved, because of the different cockroaches are I14 to 2 inches long. They habits of the various species. complete one generation in about a year. Good housekeeping and thorough sani- In warm climates they can live outdoors tation are helpful in controlling roaches by the year around, inhabiting barns, out- reducing the available food supply, al- buildings, rubbish piles, and other places though an infestation may become estab- where they can hide. They constantly in- lished in the cleanest of houses.

{PLATE xxin ROACHES

% nymph >- teinalL- female

female "Tniale 0 with egg egg;g case ,\^'-\ case nymph

BROWN-HAN D1:D G H RMAN

egg li case

'^ small ORIENTAL ">'"P'^ CATTLE flammation, subnormal development of GRUB young animals, and considerable loss of beef, milk, and leather. The cattle grubs in the backs of cattle are the larvae of two species of heel flies. Control: Rotenone is the only insecticide One, the common cattle grub, is found recommended for the control of cattle in most parts of the United States. The grubs. Finely ground cube or derris con- other, the northern cattle grub, occurs in taining 5 percent of rotenone may be ap- the northern half of the country. It applied to the backs of cattle in the form of pears in the backs of cattle later than the a spray, dust, or wash. Power spraying is common species. If both species are present the fastest way to treat cattle and is gen- the period from the first appearance of erally preferred for large range herds. The grubs in the backs of cattle until the last spray should contain IY2 pounds of the one has emerged from the tissues of the cube or derris powder per 100 gallons of host may last about 5 months or longer. In water. It should be applied at the rate of some of the southern localities the grub 1 gallon per animal. One should use a driv- season begins in late summer or early fall. ing nozzle and a pressure of 400 pounds In the northernmost States the season does per square inch. Dusts are preferred by not begin until in the winter or early owners of small herds of cattle and are de- spring. sirable for use in cold weather. Three The adults, or heel flies, lay their eggs ounces of a dust containing 1 part of derris on the animal during the spring and sum- or cube and 2 parts by weight of a suitable mer. The young grubs hatching from the diluent should be used per grown animal. eggs burrow through the body of the ani- The dust must be well rubbed into the mal for about 9 months and finally become grub cysts by hand. The use of derris or located under the skin of the back. They cube wash when thoroughly applied with a cut a hole through the skin, become en- stiff fiber brush gives excellent control of cysted, and complete their development in grubs. The wash should contain 12 ounces the cyst in 5 to 7 weeks. The mature larvae of derris or cube powder and one-fourth drop to the ground and form a pupal case ounce of a wetting agent per gallon of from which the heel flies later emerge. The water. From 1 to 2 pints per animal is cattle grubs have one generation a year. needed for each treatment. The adults also injure cattle. The attacks The correct timing of treatment, what- of the heel flies frighten animals; often ever method of application is used, is es- they cause stampedes that result in loss of sential for good cattle grub control. The flesh and milk and in mechanical injury. precise time of treatment in any given The grubs bore large holes in the choicest locality can be determined by the county part of the hide and produce irritation, in- agent or other experienced advisers.

{PLATE XXIV \ Q . Background, section of tanB*d4üdi showing/grub damage. A, Calf being chased by heel flies. B, Life cycle diagram showing a,.-eggs- attached to liair (greatly " enlarged)enlarged); ; b, small larvae; ^en<*ysted larva and tfcig^oletjiis^fioie in:t\xehiáe\^',pap3.i\\im\in tue undcc litter, e, adult heel fl^r^è,t '^' ^""^ *' ^" "t"»'^ na

{PLATE XXy HORN FLY

A, Cow being attacked by horn flies showing almost solid patch of flies on shoulder. B, Life stages in cow dropping; a, adult; b. eggs; c, larvae; and d, pupa. (Life stages all about^ three times natural size.) IRRIGATION-WATER sideration in the reduction of the pest MOSQUITOES about irrigated fields. The border method solves the problem and is economical of Several species of mosquitoes breed in irri- water. gation ditches, rice fields, and pastures. If larvicides can be used, DDT formula- On thousands of acres in the West that tions applied at the rate of 0.02 to 0.4 have become valuable because of irrigation, pound of DDT per acre and toxaphene mosquitoes reproduce so abundantly as to or TDE applied at the same rate destroy be a menace to man and beast. Beef cattle wrigglers. held on summer pasture lose weight, milk flow drops, a serious labor turn-over occurs Control of adults: Adult mosquitoes that during haying and fruit harvesting opera- have migrated over large areas may be tions, and frequently otherwise desirable killed economically by spraying DDT from property loses value. ground equipment or aircraft. A spray The irrigation-water mosquitoes over- made of 1 pound of 50 percent DDT winter in the egg stage. Eggs are laid singly wettable powder in 2 gallons of water can on the damp soil in late summer and hatch be applied with hand-operated garden- the following summer when covered with type sprayers to shrubbery around homes. the irrigation water. The number of eggs The use of a 5 percent DDT oil solution in per acre may be as high as 20 million. The a fine spray will give relief to fruit pickers larvae, or wrigglers, reach the pupal stage and lumber crews and in recreational areas and emerge as adults in from 5 days to 2 for several hours. weeks, according to species and weather. One to eight broods may occur during the Repellents: The best materials for use season or after each flooding. Little is on the skin and on clothing for repelling known about their flight habits, but they mosquitoes and other biting flies are have been observed several miles from dimethyl phthalate, dimethyl carbate, In- their breeding grounds. dalone, and Rutgers 612. The materials may be used alone or in combination. They Control of larvae: Because the wrigglers are safe to use and are effective for several cannot live without water, the simplest hours. way to keep them from developing into Do not apply overdosages of DDT, TDE, adults is to have the water soak into the or toxaphene in places where fish and ani- fields or drain off before the wrigglers have mals are present. Do not pasture milk cows had enough time to develop. The problem on treated fields for about a month after of furnishing an adequate supply of water treatment. Use repellents with caution near to the fields and drying them up within a synthetic cloth and plastic watch crystals» week's time is therefore the important con- since they are solvents of plastics.

(PLATE XXVI IRRIGATION-WATER MOSQUITOES

Background shows irrigated area in which low spots in fields and pastures and seepage from ditches combine to create a mosquito problem (x). A. Lite stages of Aei/cs il'incilh. a typical mosquito that breeds in irrigation water;

{PLATE XXVII SCREW-WORM

4 A, Life-history group showing a. egg mass; b. young larva; c. mature larva; il. pupa; e, adult female fly laying eggs. B, Part of an infested wound showing egg masses, very small larvae, and the posterior ends of mature larvae. (All about twice natural size.) W FABRIC The true aerosol sprays, which are of no PESTS value for the kind of treatment just mentioned, are for releasing insecticides into Several kinds of clothes moths and the air and can be used to spray in closets carpet beetles cause damage to clothing, at frequent intervals to kill any clothes blankets, rugs, and furniture. They feed on moth adults that might be flying around. articles containing wool, mohair, feathers, This treatment, however, has no lasting down, hair, or fur. The black carpet beetle effect and should be supplemented by other can also live on cereal products and other methods of control or protection. organic matter. Carpet beetles are more difficult to con- The carpet beetles, or buffalo moths, are trol than clothes moths because they wan- more common than clothes moths in some der around more, tend to be more gener- localities. Much of the damage attributed ally distributed all over the house, and are to clothes moths is actually caused by car- more resistant to most insecticides. Con- pet beetles. trol measures will have to be carried out Only the larvae, or immature stages, of more thoroughly and more extensively, fabric pests feed and cause damage. The therefore, against carpet beetles. adults can fly and go to new places to lay Protection against damage. Wool cloth- eggs and start infestations. In homes and ing, blankets, rugs, draperies, and uphol- heated buildings the insects continue to de- stery can be protected in several ways velop and feed the year around. The black from fabric pests. Effective mothproofing carpet beetle goes through about one gen- products are 5-percent solutions of DDT or eration a year. The other carpet beetles may methoxychlor in a refined oil. Those in- have two or three generations a year. In secticides are also available in pressure homes there are usually two to four gen- sprayers similar to aerosol containers. A erations of clothes moths a year. number of commercial mothproofing solutions contain some of the silicofluorides. Control: The control of fabric pests Articles to be stored for a season or should be directed along three lines: longer can be placed in a tight storage Thorough cleaning and good housekeep- closet, garment bag, trunk, or box, with ing; killing the insects in the home; pro- paradichlorobenzene crystals or naphtha- tecting articles susceptible to damage. lene flakes. One pound of crystals or flakes Housekeeping. Fabric pests, especially is adequate for a trunk. Use 1 pound for the carpet beetles, can live on the lint and each 100 cubic feet in a storage closet. The other material that collects in corners, in storage space must be tight enough to hold cracks in the flooring, behind baseboards, the gas formed by the slow evaporation of in attics, on closet shelves, in dresser the crystals. The mere odor is not any pro- drawers, or behind radiators. Thorough tection. The gas must build up to a con- cleaning to remove as much as possible of centration high enough to kill the insects. this food supply helps to control the in- Articles may also be protected by placing sects. It also disturbs or removes many of them in cedar chests or in commercial stor- the insects. age, where fumigation, cold storage, or a Killing fahi'ic pesls. A spray containing combination of the two is used. 2 percent of chlordane or I/2 percent of Dry cleaning kills all stages of fabric lindane should be applied in the places insects, but gives no protection against re- where fabric pests may live in the house. infestation. Mothproofing services, how- The sprays can be put on with an ordinary ever, are offered by many cleaning estab- household sprayer, or with surface sprayers lishments. Frequent sunning and thorough that operate on the same principle as aero- brushing are also an effective way to rid sol dispensers. This spraying helps kill out articles of an infestation. Frequent and any lingering infestation that might spread thorough vacuum cleaning is helpful in to clothing, rugs, furniture, or other sus- preventing damage to rugs; it is well to ceptible articles. These sprays should not, apply a mothproofing solution to places however, be applied on such articles. that are hard to clean.

{PLATE XXVIII FABRIC PESTS

4 BLACK CARPET BEETLE a, Larva: h. pupa; c, adult. Back- ground shows damage to fabric. HOUSE may be over in a day or a few days at the ANTS most. The queens and wingless workers remain at the original site of the colony. House ants are common pests in homes, restaurants, hotels, stores, bakeries, and Control: A 2 percent chlordane spray is many other places. They are not known effective against house ants. It should be to carry disease, but they are a nuisance sprayed into cracks or openings from and often get into food. which ants enter the room. A small sur- Colonies containing queens, young, and rounding area may also be sprayed so the workers live within walls or partitions, be- ants will have to crawl over the insecti- hind baseboards, or beneath flooring. There cide deposit when they come out. The de- may be several scattered colonies and they posit remains effective for several weeks. readily move from one place to another. House ants are not always easy to con- A nest may suddenly turn up in a dresser trol, especially when they are numerous or drawer or on clean sheets in a linen closet. several colonies are present. One or more Sometimes these ants are not attracted small colonies may be killed and others to food but seek sources of water in the may remain or move in. This often hap- kitchen or bathroom. They may wander pens in apartments or row houses. In such around aimlessly and individually or in instances better results will be obtained if small numbers or there may be a solid several neighbors work together on the stream of them from food or water to a problem. place where they are coming out of the Do not apply the insecticide to tables, walls. This may be around a window or kitchen cabinets, or other places where it door frame, from behind the baseboard or will contaminate food. If ants are trouble- a kitchen cabinet, or around pipes or elec- some in such places, apply the insecticide trical outlets. to openings in walls or floors of the room Ants may also invade the house from where they will come in contact with it. outside. They will come in through cracks in foundations or basement and ground- Poison ant baits, either sirup or jelly, level floors, around porches and chimneys, are available commercially and are some- or through windows and doors. times effective. They should be kept where At intervals ant colonies produce swarms children or pets cannot reach them. Ants of winged forms which leave to establish will sometimes go for long periods with- new colonies. Flying ants from colonies out paying any attention to a bait or they around the foundation may accidentally may not be attracted at all to the particular And their way inside the house. This flight bait offered them.

{PLATE XXIX HOUSE ANTS'

A. Life stages (greatly enlarged): meats, chocolate, cocoa, dehydrated foods, beetles, and larvae of the meal and flour dried fruits, dry soup mixes, dog biscuit, moths. These pantry pests are the same and bird seed. The meal and flour moth kinds of insects, common throughout the larvae produce webbing in or on the country, that attack stored grains on farms product where they are feeding. Flour or and in elevators and food products in mills, meal sticks to the webbing and it is easy food plants, warehouses, railway cars, and to detect an infestation by the stringy retail stores. They cause tremendous losses. masses of material. The adults of most of them can fly into Destroy heavily infested products or houses and start infestations, or the insects feed them to birds, pets, chickens, or live- or their eggs or larvae may be brought in stock. Food is not ruined just because one with dry foods that are infested because a or two beetles may have crawled into it. container is improperly sealed or broken. A few beetles or larvae in flour, for in- They spread from one container to another stance, can be picked out or the flour sifted on pantry shelves. through a fine sieve. Sterilize food that will not be used right away and store it in Control: Infestations in houses usually tight containers. can be controlled easily by following five Sterilize ivith heat. Most dry food prod- steps. ucts can be freed of insect life by heating Clean the shelves. Cereals and other dry them in the oven at 140° F. for about one- foods get spilled, and particles sift out of half hour. Small packages can be heated packages. Pantry pests can live on the food just as they are. The contents of larger that stays on shelves or lodges in corners packages should be spread on cake or pie or cracks. Brush the shelves and then scrub pans or on cookie sheets, so the heat can them with warm water and a cleanser. penetrate more easily. If insects or their Spray with DDT. After the shelves are eggs are in food, they will continue to de- dry and before the food is replaced, spray velop even in a ti^ht container—if you a 5 percent DDT solution on the inside sur- think the product might be infested, give faces of cupboards or cabinets. The tiny it the heat treatment. crystals of DDT left after the spray dries Store food in tight containers. Store will remain effective for several months. sterilized or insect-free foods in clean metal Insects that crawl over the crystals will be or glass containers with tight covers. Lard killed before they have a chance to lay eggs buckets, fruit jars, or coffee cans are good and start new infestations. Wait until the to use. If a container has previously held spray dries before putting packages back infested food, heat it in boiling water or on the shelves. The dry DDT deposit will in the oven. Use up the contents of one not harm food inside packages. package before opening another. Store the Inspect food packages. While the spray unused remainder of a newly opened pack- is drying carefully examine all packages of age in a container with a tight-fitting cover food. You may find insects in flour, meal, to keep insects out.

{PLATE XXX M'^¿>MM'ie ¿A.AIÍJM PANTRY PESTS

CONFUSED FLOUR BEETLE

RICE WEEVIL SAW-TOOTHED GRAIN BEETLE

In the above group of illustrations all adults are designated a; all pupae, b; and all larvae, c. (All are greatly enlarged.) HORNWORMS makes its way to the soil surface and de- ON TOMATO posits eggs on tomato plants for the next brood of hornworms. The moths of the hornworms that feed on tomato lay eggs on the under side of Control: Hand-pick the hornworms from the leaves. The eggs hatch in 6 to 8 days infested plants in gardens. Dust field plant- or so. ings with 10 percent TDE or with a mix- The resulting larvae feed on the leaves ture of equal parts of calcium arsenate and and sometimes the fruits. The larva passes hydrated lime. The dusts should be applied through five or six stages and reaches full directly to all parts of the plants at 30 growth in 3 or 4 weeks. The full-grown pounds per acre. The treatments should larva then burrows several inches into the begin early in the season and be repeated ground and changes to a pupa. The pupa at weekly or 10-day intervals until the may remain in the soil all winter and trans- earliest formed fruits on the plants are form to the moth stage in the spring, or, about half-grown. TDE and calcium arse- if weather conditions are suitable, the moth nate may leave a poisonous residue on the may emerge from the pupa after 2 to 4 fruit; it should be removed by washing be- weeks. In any event, the emerging moth fore the fruit is marketed or eaten.

{PLATE XXXI HORNWORMS ON TOMATO

a. Tomato hornworm moth (or adult) with wings spread; b, egg; c, larva, dark form; d, pupa (or resting stage) ; e, tobacco hornworm larva, light form, {a, about three-fourths natural size; b, about four times natural size; c. d. and c about one- half natural size.) MEXICAN To prepare a derris or cube spray, use BEAN BEETLE finely ground derris or cube root (4 percent rotenone content) at the rate of one- Mexican bean beetles overwinter in the half ounce (3 level tablespoonfuls) to 1 adult or beetle stage, usually in woodlands gallon of water; or Ij/^ pounds to 50 near bean fields. They leave their winter gallons. quarters in the spring, and the female To prepare a cryolite spray, use 1 ounce beetles lay their eggs on the under side of (3 level tablespoonfuls) of cryolite to 1 the bean leaves. These eggs hatch in 5 to gallon of water; or 3 pounds to 50 gallons. 14 days into larvae that feed principally on To prepare a derris or cube dust, con- the under side of the bean leaves. The taining 0.5 percent of rotenone, use 10 larvae grow rapidly, passing through four ounces of finely ground derris or cube root stages. Each stage is larger than the pre- (4 percent rotenone content) to 4 pounds ceding one. They reach full growth in 6 ounces of diluent (finely ground talc, 20 to 35 days. The full-grown larva at- clay, sulfur, tobacco, gypsum, or other taches itself to the under surface of the powder, except lime); or 121/^ pounds to leaf on which it has been feeding or to 87 Vi pounds of the diluent. some nearby plant or object, and changes To prepare a cryolite dust, use 3 pounds to the pupa, or inactive stage. After 10 of cryolite to 2 pounds of diluent (finely days or so the adult beetle emerges from ground talc or sulfur); or 60 pounds of the pupa. Within 2 weeks the female beetle cryolite to 40 pounds of the diluent. Cryo- is ready to deposit eggs for another brood. lite should not be applied to beans after the pods begin to form. Control: Spray or dust with derris, cube, The first application of insecticide (spray or cryolite. Any of the following insecti- or dust) should be made when Mexican cides applied to the beans so as to cover bean beetles are found in the field when the under side of the leaves thoroughly eggs become numerous on the under side will protect the plants. (Spraying has given of the leaves. Repeat every week or 10 better results than dusting.) days if the insects are numerous.

{PLATE XXXII MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE COLORADO Control: Dust the foliage thoroughly POTATO BEETLE with a 3 percent DDT dust. Sprays are also effective if applied with a good sprayer The eggs of the Colorado potato beetle are that throws a fine mist. To each gallon of laid in bunches on the under sides of the water, use 3 level tablespoon fuis of 50 per- leaves. The eggs hatch in 4 to 9 days. The cent DDT wettable powder or 2 level tea- larvae (or slugs) feed on the plant. The spoonfuls of 25 percent DDT emulsion larva grows rapidly, passing through four concentrate. To make 100 gallons of spray, stages, similar in appearance except that use 3 pounds of the 50 percent wettable each stage is larger than the stage that pre- powder or 2 pounds of the 25 percent DDT ceded it. emulsion concentrate. If sprays are to be It becomes full-grovi^n in 10 to 21 days used for disease control, either of these after hatching. It then burrows into the DDT preparations may be added to the ground and changes to a pupa, or resting fungicidal spray rather than to water, and stage. After 5 to 10 days the adult beetle both materials applied with one operation. emerges from the pupa, crawls up out of Begin spraying or dusting when the the ground, and, after feeding on the plants beetles first appear. Spray or dust for the for a few days, may lay eggs for another slugs when eggs are hatching, and repeat brood of larvae. the treatment as often as necessary.

{PLATE XXXÎU COLORADO POTATO BEETLE

èâlttlB ■-■•^^ F.BENSON d 3BÎ*' *X'í}títffu* ^' HP*' c

a, Adult beetle; b, eggs; c, larvae (or slugs) ; d, pupa (or resting stage), (a, c, and d, about natural size; b, about twice natural size.) HARLEQUIN throughout the season. Disk and plow BUG under all stalks and other refuse as soon as the crop has been harvested. The harlequin bug (also known as the Against the adult or nearly mature bug, fire bug, the collard bug, and the calico control by insecticides is not wholly effec- bug) is a pest in vegetable gardens in the tive. Dusts or sprays containing sabadilla, South. Its favorite food plants are cole rotenone, or pyrethrum will control the in- crops like broccoli, cabbage, turnip, horse- sect in the younger stages. radish, and kale. In early spring the bugs come out of For dusting, use a dust containing 10 to their winter quarters and invade the fields. 20 percent of sabadilla-seed powder, 1 per- On the under side of the leaves they lay cent of rotenone, or 0.3 percent of pyre- eggs, which hatch 4 to 15 days later. The thrins. Apply at the rate of about 30 pounds young, or nymphs, feed by sucking the sap per acre, or 1 to 2 ounces to 50 feet of row. from the leaves and stems. White or yellow- Begin dusting or spraying as soon as the ish blotches soon appear where the insect bugs appear and repeat every week if feeds. When the insects are abundant, the necessary. Hand picking the adult bugs plants may wither and die quickly. The when they first appear in the garden area bugs become full-grown 6 to 8 weeks after often will keep the pests in check. Drop- hatching. Another brood may start 2 or 3 ping the bugs as they are picked from the weeks after the first one matures. plant into a container partly filled with soap and water is a convenient way of Control: Practice clean cultural methods destroying them.

(PLATE XXXIV il. Adult; h, eggs; c to g, young, or nymphs; h. damaged cabbage leaf with nymphs, adult bug, and eggs, {a and c to g, about three times natural size; b, about four times natural size; h, about natural size.) GLADIOLUS after the corms are harvested or after clean- THRIPS ing. It is important to destroy the thrips before they penetrate beneath the protect- Gladiolus thrips overwinter and may re- ing scales. produce on the stored gladiolus corms. Watch the growing plants for evidence During the growing season the adults and of thrips feeding. If you observe such feed- larvae attack the foliage and flowers of ing, spray or dust with DDT at once and the growing plant. The eggs are inserted continue at weekly intervals until the into the plant tissue. In the summer a flowers appear. If infested plants are not generation of the thrips may be completed treated until they bloom, the flowers can- in 2 weeks. not be saved from disfigurement- Apply the spray as a fine mist, and avoid The gladiolus thrips can be controlled runoiï. For spraying a few plants use L by applying DDT to the stored corms or ounce, or 6 tablespoonfuls, of 50 percent the growing plants. DDT wettable powder to 3 gallons of On dormant corms use a 5 percent DDT water; for larger quantities use 2 pounds dust. Apply 1 ounce of dust per bushel of to 100 gallons of water. corms in trays or 1 teaspoonful per 100 If you use a dust, it should contain 5 corms in paper sacks. Apply the dust with percent of DDT. Apply it lightly and a duster over the top of filled trays soon evenly over the plant.

{PLATE XXXV QLADIOLUS THRIPS

M*1V r BENSON i a. Adult thrips; b, egg; c, larva; d, pupa (or resting stage) ; e, foliage and flower spike showing typical feeding injury;/, uninjured gladiolus corm;^, corms injured by feeding of thrips, showing characteristic russeted appearance. (

{PLATE XXXVI STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE

a, Adult beetle; b, underground stem of cucumber seedling cut open to show larva (grub, or "worm") feeding within; c, small cucumber plants showing characteristic feeding by adult beetles on leaves and stems, (a, about seven times natural size; b, about twice natural size; c, about three-fourths natural size.) POTATO numbers to potato fields and deposit eggs LEAFHOPPER in the tissue of the plants. In about a week the eggs hatch into wingless nymphs. The The potato leaf hopper injures potatoes, nymphs pass through five stages and be-* beans, and many other plants in the come winged adults in 10 to 14 days. They Eastern States. Young and adult forms begin laying eggs 5 or 6 days later. The feed on the under surface of the leaves by period from egg to adult is about 1 month. sucking the plant juices. The adults fly when disturbed and the tiny nymphs Control: Dust the foliage thoroughly scamper for cover, traveling sidewise. This with a 3 percent DDT dust. For a spray, leafhopper transmits to the plant a sub- use two level tablespoonfuls of 50 percent stance that causes a disease condition DDT wettable powder or two level tea- known as hopperburn, the first symptom of spoonfuls of 25 percent DDT emulsion which is a triangular brown spot at the tips concentrate per gallon of water. Apply of the leaflets. Later the entire margins may with a good sprayer that throws a fine mist. curl upward and turn brown as though To make 100 gallons of spray use either scorched. Badly affected plants die early 2 pounds of the 50-percent wettable and the yield of potatoes is reduced. powder or 2 pints of the 25 percent DDT emulsion concentrate. If spray is to be used In Florida and other Gulf States the leaf- for disease control, add either of these hopper breeds throughout the year. In the DDT preparations to the fungicidal spray North the adults appear in April or May. rather than to water, and apply at once. As they have never been found there in Begin spraying or dusting when the in- the winter, they probably migrate from the sects first appear and repeat the treatment South. Early in June they move in large as often as necessary.

fPLATE XXXVII POTATO LEAFHOPPER

il, Adult leathopper; h, nymphs; c. potato leaflets, showing upcurled brown tips and margins, known as hopperburn, caused by the feeding of leaflioppers. (a and b, about 14 times natural size; c, about three-fourths natural size.) IMPORTED of rotenone at 100 gallons per acre. For CABBAGEWORM small plantings use 1 to IVi ounces of the dust or 1 to 1V^ quarts of the spray to each The imported cabbageworm is the larva, 50 feet of row. Begin the applications or caterpillar, of a yellowish white butter- when the caterpillars appear and repeat fly with several black spots on the wings. every 7 to 10 days until the insects are The velvety-green caterpillars feed on the brought under control. For best results leaves of cabbage, coUards, cauliflower, apply when the air is calm, as in early broccoli, and related crops. morning or late afternoon. Direct the dust In the Northern States the insect passes or spray onto the buds, or heads, of the the winter in the chrysalis, or pupal stage, plants and the under sides of the leaves. from which the butterflies emerge early in Pyrethrum insecticides are less effective the spring. In the Southern States the cater- than those containing rotenone. But fre- pillars may be found from March until quent and thorough applications of a dust December, or even throughout the winter. containing 0.2 percent of pyrethrins or a The eggs are laid usually on the under spray containing 0.006 percent of pyreth- side of the leaves. In warm weather they rins usually ¿iwe satisfactory results. hatch within a week, and the caterpillars DDT will control the imported cabbage- take about 15 days to mature. The change worm and most other caterpillars that at- from mature caterpillar through the tack cabbage and related plants, but should chrysalis to the butterfly takes place in not be applied to any leafy vegetable after about 10 days to 2 weeks. There are several the edible portion of the plant can be seen. broods each year. Use a 3 percent DDT dust or 2 pounds of 50 percent DDT wettable powder per 100 Control: The imported cabbageworm gallons of spray (2 level tablespoonfuls to can be controlled with derris, cube, or each gallon). Do not apply DDT on cab- other powders containing rotenone. Apply bage after the heads begin to form or on a dust containing 0.75 to I percent of cauliflower after the curds begin to form rotenone at the rate of 20 to 30 pounds per (about 30 days before harvest in each case) acre or a spray containing 0.025 percent or to any leaves that are to be eaten.

{PLATE XXXVIII IMPORTED CABBAGEWORM

- 0

a- J

RY f.BLHiOlt

a, Butterflies (or adults) with wings in natural positions; b, larvae (caterpillars, or "worms"); c, pupae (chrysalids, the resting stage); d, cabbage plant showing typical feeding injuries. (Upper illustration: a, b, and c, about one-half natural size; d, slightly less than two-thirds natural size. Lower illustration: a, b, and c, about natural size.) SQUASH VINE the stems, becomes visible. While most BORER serious on squashes, especially the Hub- bard, the borers also attack pumpkins, A gardener might discover one morn- cucumbers, gourds, and other cucurbits. ing that his squash vines have wilted suddenly. Usually the wilting is due to the Control: Although control is difficult, squash vine borer, a caterpillar that bores insecticides have been helpful. Apply a dust into the stem near the ground. Its presence containing 1 percent of rotenone to the may escape notice until piles of yellow, stems and basal parts of the vines three or sawdustlike excrement, which falls from more times at 10-day intervals. A spray holes in the stem, become evident. composed of 1 part of 40 percent nicotine The adult is called a clear-winged moth sulfate to 100 parts of water has been re- because the hind wings are transparent, ported as effective in reducing infestations. like those of a wasp. The female moth lays Apply the spray to the stems near the eggs on the stems in June or July in the base of the plant and repeat the applica- North and in April and May in the South. tion at least weekly during the egg-laying The minute young larvae, or caterpillars, period. on hatching from the eggs, bore into the stem, grow rather rapidly, and are full- The success of any insecticidal treatment grown in about 4 weeks, when they are depends on early and repeated treatment, about 1 inch long. There is one generation because after the young larvae have a year in the North, two in the South, and reached the inside of the stem the insecti- a partial second generation in intermediate cides will not affect them. regions. The winter is spent in the soil The practice of covering the stems with as mature larvae or as pupae. soil to induce rooting beyond injured por- When the borers are numerous they tions has long been followed with success, cause severe injury. They bore through- especially on heavy soils in humid areas. out the interior of the stems near the base After the borers have entered the stems and may travel up the stems, even to the and their presence becomes evident, the petioles of the leaves. Sometimes vines are only known remedy is to slit the stems almost severed. The fruits are sometimes lengthwise with a thin knife or razor blade attacked. As the larvae become larger the and remove the borer. The injured part excrement, which is pushed out of holes in should then be covered with soil.

{PLATE XXXIX SQUASH VINE BORER

fPLATE XL TOMATO FRUITWORM

a. Female moth (or adult) with wings spread; b. male moth with wings in natural position; i. eggs; d. larva; e, pupa (or transformation stage) in its cell in the soil; /, larva feeding on tomato fruit, showing typical injury, (a, h, and/, about two- thirds natural size; c, about seven times natural size; e, about one and one-third natural size.) SWEETPOTATO a zone extending Vi to 1 mile from any known infestation. WEEVIL 2. On infested farms: (a) Dispose of all The sweetpotato weevil lays its eggs remaining sweetpotatoes by February 1 or in small holes that it makes in the stems earlier by dehydration, feeding to live- of sweetpotato plants or directly in stock, or burning, (b) Immediately after the potatoes. In about a week the eggs cleaning up the storage place, dust it with hatch into small, white grubs, which feed 10 percent DDT dust at the rate of 1 and grow in the vines or in the potatoes. In pound to each 1,600 square feet of surface 2 or 3 weeks the grub reaches its full area. If a spray is desired, add 8 pounds of growth. 50 percent DDT wettable powder to 100 While in the stem or potato, the grub gallons of water. Apply the spray at the changes into the pupa, or resting stage, rate of IVi gallons to each 1,000 square which lasts 7 or 8 days before the weevil feet, (c) At harvest remove all sweet- emerges. potatoes from the field and do not store in- The adult weevils injure the sweetpotato fested potatoes. Destroy all roots, crowns, plant by feeding on the leaves, vines, and small sweetpotatoes, scraps, and volunteer roots. The grubs do damage by feeding plants. Graze livestock on the field after within the stems, roots, and potatoes. Small harvest if possible. Plow old sweetpotato holes in groups on the surface of the pota- fields at least twice during the winter. toes are either feeding marks or holes made In commercial areas where fields are by females in laying their eggs. Larger generally infested with the weevil, effective holes are made by newly developed wee- control may be had by the following prac- vils when they emerge from the sweet- tices: potatoes. If weevily potatoes are cut open, Use State-certified seed sweetpotatoes. If the grub-made tunnels can be seen, often seed is selected locally at harvesttime, treat with grubs or pupae in them. Infested it thoroughly with 10 percent DDT dust sweetpotatoes have a bitter taste and are at the rate of 1 pound to 6 to 8 bushels unfit for food. of seed. The weevil is known to exist in Ala- Follow clean-up practices given for light bama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Missis- infestations (2, b and c). sippi, South Carolina, and Texas. Destroy plants and tubers in seedbeds as soon as you have produced enough plants. Control: If infestations are light, the pest Rotate field plantings. Do not follow can be eradicated if it is deprived of its sweetpotatoes w^th sweetpotatoes. food for about 1 year. The procedures are: Plant the new crop as far away as pos- 1. Plant no sweetpotatoes for 1 year in sible from the crop of the previous year.

{PLATE XLÎ sled s\\ cetpotato and crown of plant: //. adults; h, larvae; i, pupa; H, larval injury; e, exit holes;/, feeding and egg punctures, ß. Developmental stages. (A, about natural size; B. about five times natural size.) SEED-CORN tilizer in the seeded row. Partly decayed MAGGOT vegetable matter attracts the flies; soils containing such material are likely to be- The seed-corn maggot attacks the sprout- come infested with maggots. Plant seed ing seeds of beans, peas, and corn and shallow in such lands, and prepare the potato seed pieces. The adults look like seedbed so as to promote rapid germina- small house flies. They lay their eggs tion. Plant the seed when the soil is warm. in the soil on or near the food plants. Cool, wet periods retard seed germination The white, legless maggots hatch in 2 or 3 and promote injury by maggots. days and feed on decaying plants or seed Damage may be prevented by delaying or on the soft sprouting seed. They planting until the maggots of the first usually destroy the germ of the seed so generation have become full-grown and that no plants are produced. Damaged are entering the pupal stage. The plants beans often have root systems that de- will then have time to come up before velop and push the seeds out of the soil maggots of the next generation appear. as ballheads with no foliage. In 2 to 3 Seed-corn maggot damage to potato weeks the maggots become full-grown seed pieces is prevented by allowing the and pupate. After another week or two cut seed pieces to heal before planting. the adults emerge to repeat the cycle. The The maggot attacks the sound pieces of insect is distributed throughout the United potato only where the skin is broken or States and attacks a wide variety of plants. the surface is injured. The treatment of seed with insecticides Control: As soon as maggot injury is like chlordane has given promising results, discovered, replant. Avoid organic fer- but the method has not been perfected.

{PLATE XLII SEED-CORN MAGGOT (on lima bean)

A, Life stages: a, egg; b, larva; c, pupa; meat canning. The grubs become full-grown animals being finished for slaughter. some time after the normal crop matures. Plant only weevil-free seed. Reduce to If they are allowed to continue feeding, a minimum the shatter of dry peas at har- the seed will not germinate. The adult vest. Destroy harvest refuse. Do not allow weevils emerge from the seed in late sum- rubbish to accumulate around the pea mer and fall and seek a protected place to fields and farm buildings for weevils to pass the winter. They do not attack mature overwinter in.

{PLATE XLIII t A, Life stages (greatly enlarged): a, adult; h, pupa, c, larva; a. egg. B, Stem of pea vine with life-size adult in bloom, e. C, Small pod with several eggs attached. D. Larva in seed (considerablv enlarged). /i L 'r BEET duced each season. In the warmer regions LEAFHOPPER in Arizona and California, five or more generations may develop. The beet leafhopper, commonly called the whitefly in the West, is the only Control: Reducing curly-top infection in known carrier of curly top, a destructive susceptible crops by controlling its car- virus disease of sugar beets, beets, beans, rier, the beet leafhopper, with insecticides tomatoes, cantaloups, some ornamental is a difficult problem, because there might flowering plants, many weeds, and other be continuous reinfestation. Applications crops. The insect occurs in the arid and of DDT will reduce beet leafhopper semiarid regions of the western United numbers but will not prevent the feeding States, northern Mexico, and southwestern of all leafhoppers that reinfest the fields. Canada. Weekly applications of 1 pound of actual The beet leafhopper passes the winter DDT per acre for 3 or 4 weeks during the in the adult stage, chiefly in uncultivated spring movement have reduced curly-top and overgrazed areas where there are infection. mustards or other suitable host plants. Chemical control of the beet leafhopper The insects are active and feed during the in weed-host areas that contribute large winter whenever the temperature permits. populations to the cultivated areas has The female usually begins to lay eggs proved practical. An oil solution or an about the time the overwintering host emulsion containing DDT is applied as plants begin their spring growth. The eggs a spray from aircraft or mist blowers to are laid inside the tissues of the leaves the large breeding areas. The spray and stems of plants. They hatch in 5 to 40 should be applied in the spring at the rate days, depending on the temperature. The of 1 pound of DDT in 2 gallons of spray young leafhoppers, or nymphs, emerge per acre before the leafhoppers begin to from the eggs and immediately begin to move to cultivated areas. feed by inserting their beaks into the plant tissue and sucking the juices. As they grow, The control of weed-host plants of the they shed their skins five times, becoming leafhopper in the major breeding areas by larger after each molt. After the fifth proper land management is practicable. molt, they become adults and have wings. The replacement of weed hosts by peren- Development of the insect from egg to nial grasses that are not breeding hosts of adult takes from 1 to 2 months. The gen- this leafhopper may best be accomplished erations overlap considerably. All stages by reseeding the abandoned and burned may be found in the same breeding area areas; if native perennial grasses are still at the same time in the summer. In the present, protection against overgrazing northern areas three generations are pro- will accomplish the same purpose.

{PLATE XLIV A, Life stages: a, adult; b, nearly mature nymph young nymph (all about eight times natural size). B, C and D show the effect of curly top disease tomato, sugar beet, and bean, respectively. PACIFIC COAST the parent click beetles early in the WIREWORM spring. The beetles die soon after. The small wireworms grow to about one- The Pacific Coast wireworm is one of fourth inch in length by fall. Most of them the most destructive of the many kinds become full-grown, about three-fourths of wireworms in the United States. It is inch long, in 3 years. They change to generally distributed in the irrigated lands pupae during midsummer. The pupae west of the Rocky Mountains. The shiny, change to adults in about 3 weeks, but tough, yellow-to-orange insects feed only the adults remain in the soil within on the underground parts of plants. They earthen cells until spring, when they have a long life cycle—2 to 5 years in the emerge to lay eggs. soil. They injure crops by destroying seeds, cutting off small underground stems, Control: To control wireworms in irri- and boring holes in the larger stems, gated lands, treat the soil with 10 pounds roots, and tubers. No vegetable or field of DDT per acre after harvest in the sum- crop is immune to the damage they do. mer or fall or before planting in the Such crops as potatoes, onions, corn, let- spring. Spray or dust the insecticide on the tuce, beans, sugar beets, tomatoes, peas, soil surface and thoroughly mix it into the carrots, and melons are particularly sus- soil 6 to 9 inches deep. The Pacific Coast ceptible to their attacks. wireworm is killed by this insecticide in 6 to 8 weeks after application, but the ma- The Pacific Coast wireworm hatches terial will remain in the soil and prevent from tiny white eggs laid in the soil by new infestations for several years.

{PLATE XLV PACIFIC COAST WIREWORM

Showing damage to carrot, potato, and onion; a. larva ¡(natural size) on potato. .^. eggs; B. larva; C, pupa in [.underground cell; D. adult click beetle. {.\. B. C. and D. feabout three times natural size.)

^> "„sjl-- - -_. TUBER feeding for 2 or 3 weeks, the mature larva FLEA BEETLE enters the inactive, or pupal stage, which lasts 10 to 14 days. At the end of this time The tuber flea beetle is one of several the young beetles emerge to begin a sec- kinds of flea beetles that attack potatoes. ond generation. Sometimes a second gen- Its grub prefers to feed on the tubers; eration is completed and a third begun other flea beetles feed mostly on the roots. during the season. The insect passes the The flea beetles look alike. Some are de- winter as an adult in the soil and emerges structive to other crops. The tuber flea in May or June to begin feeding on the beetle, however, is a pest only in Washing- next season's crop. ton, Oregon, Colorado, and Nebraska, and causes little damage to crops other than Control: Apply a 5 percent DDT dust at potatoes. 20 to 35 pounds per acre. This will also The flea beetle jumps like a flea and control most of the other insects which at- quickly disappears when disturbed. The tack potato foliage. When power dusters adult tuber flea beetle eats small round are used, attach a lightweight canvas holes in the leaves—a type of injury apron, 12 to 20 feet long, to the boom of characteristic of all flea beetles. The adult the duster to help prevent the dust from female enters the soil near the base of the drifting away. If sprays are preferred, ap- plant to lay her eggs, which hatch in 5 to 8 ply 2 pounds of 50 percent DDT wettable days into slender white grubs, or larvae, powder per acre. With ordinary spray which feed on the roots and in the tubers. equipment the wettable powder should be Injury to the latter may take the form of applied in 80 to 125 gallons of water at a roughened trails on the surface or tiny pressure of at least 250 pounds per square brown tunnels, extending as far as three- inch, preferably with three nozzles to the quarters of an inch into the tuber. After row.

{PLATE XLVl TUBER f LEA BEETLE

/É.usÍirftan 50 ONION where they pupate. The pupal stage lasts THRIPS about 4 days if conditions are favorable. Thus a generation is completed in about 2 The onion thrips occurs wherever onions weeks. Generations overlap considerably. grow. It attacks many cultivated crops and All stages may be in fields at the same time weeds. Its damage varies with seasons, lo- during the summer. Thrips often build up calities, and the variety of onions. large populations on alfalfa, other culti- In the South the onion thrips feeds on vated crops, or weeds, and migrate to onions and other host plants throughout onion fields when the hosts mature or are the winter. In the North they pass the harvested. winter in both the adult and larval stages on onion plants left in the fields and in the Control: Apply a dust containing 10 crowns of alfalfa and clover. They over- percent of DDT or a spray containing 2 winter in discarded onions and sometimes pounds of 50 percent DDT wettable pow- in stored onions. The female lays her small der per 100 gallons of water. Use 20 to whitish eggs in the more tender tissues of 25 pounds of dust, or 150 gallons of spray, the leaves of the host plants. The eggs per acre for each application. Repeat ap- hatch in 4 to 10 days. The tiny white plications every 7 to 10 days. The spray larvae emerge from the eggs and immedi- should be applied as a fine mist so as to ately begin to feed upon the growing cover all parts of the plants thoroughly. tender points of the center leaves, where Do not apply DDT to onions if the tops they are well protected. The larvae pass are to be eaten. If the onion tops are to through two stages while feeding upon be eaten, use a spray containing 1 quart the plants and complete their growth in oí 40 percent nicotine sulfate per 100 about 5 days. Then they enter the soil, gallons of water.

{PLATE XLVII ONION THRIPS

Onion plant showing severe thrips damage. Insert, adult thrips (about 40 times natural size). CLAY-BACKED passes the winter as a partly grown cater- CUTWORM pillar. When the first plants are set out in the spring it cuts them off just above the Cutworms cut off and eat young trans- soil surface at night and drags them to its plants. They are the young of dull- burrow nearby for later feeding. The clay- colored, night-flying moths. Each female backed cutworm reaches maturity in late moth may lay 200 to 1,500 eggs in sod, spring, remains inactive during the hot weedy land, or cultivated fields. The eggs summer, and pupates during the early hatch in a few days. The young cutworms fall. The adult moths emerge in the fall feed greedily. When mature they burrow and lay eggs in grassy fields. into the soil and change through the pupal stage to adult moths. There are several Control: Apply poison bait prepared by dozen common kinds of cutworms. Some thoroughly mixing 1 pound of sodium have only one generation a year. Others fluosilicate with 23 pounds of wheat bran have as many as three or four. Some over- and moistening with water. Paris green winter as pupae. Others overwinter as cut- may be substituted for the sodium fluosili- worms. They differ widely in feeding cate. Prepare the bait in the morning and habits. Some feed like other caterpillars apply it late in the day so that it will be in armies or alone, but most kinds prefer moist and attractive when the cutworms to hide in or near the soil during the day begin to feed in the evening. Scatter the and feed at night. Generally they eat al- bait lightly and evenly on the soil surface most any kind of tender plant. or around the transplants. The clay-backed cutworm is generally Dusting with 5 percent DDT is often distributed east of the Rocky Mountains. effective, particularly if the dust is worked It has only one generation a year and into the surface of the soil.

{PLATE XLVIII

PEA develop and fly to other fields of peas, APHID alfalfa, or clover. In the South this cycle continues throughout the year. In the The pea aphid injures garden peas by North, egg-laying adults develop in the sucking the sap from the leaves, stems, fall; the black, shiny eggs are laid on blossoms, and pods. Even a few aphids alfalfa or clover. In some climates only the may kill small plants and stunt larger eggs survive the winter. ones. The pea aphid may also spread virus diseases, thus causing further damage to Control: Dust or spray with rotenone or the plants. Damage by the pea aphid may DDT. Dusts should contain either 1 per- occur wherever garden peas are grown. cent of rotenone or 5 percent of DDT and The adult is a light-green, soft-bodied should be applied at 35 to 40 pounds per insect that may or may not have wings. acre. Sprays should contain either 3 The winged aphids fly into the pea fields pounds of a 4 percent rotenone powder or early in the spring and produce living 2 quarts of a 25 percent DDT emulsifiable young, which look like the wingless adult concentrate to 125 gallons of water per aphids. A single adult produces each day acre. 10 to 14 young, which themselves begin to produce additional young in 1 to 2 DDT leaves poisonous residues on the weeks. When food is plentiful, most of the foliage. Do not feed pea plants treated adult aphids are wingless. When food with DDT to milk animals or to meat ani- conditions are unfavorable, winged forms mals being finished for slaughter.

{PLATE XLIX PEA AP

A. Aphid-infested pea plant showing damage and many aphids on leaves and stems. B, Undamaged pea plant. C, Aphids (greatly enlarged); a, winged adult; b, wingless adult; and c, half-grown nymph. A CITRUS and produce a waxy white covering over their bodies. From 6 weeks to 2 months MEALYBUG are required for the young females to The citrus mealybug is one of the com- reach maturity. The males form a cottony mon mealybugs that damage garden cocoon 2 or 3 weeks after hatching, in flowers and potted plants. Among the which they transform to small, rarely seen plants most frequently attacked are coleus, midgelike winged adults. fuchsia, cactus, fern, begonia, gardenia, poinsettia, citrus, ageratum, and dracaena. Control: The first step in the control of The mealybugs feed on the juices of plants mealybugs on garden flowers is to elimi- and may cause loss of color, wilting, and nate ants in and about the garden. This is eventual death of the affected parts. They done by thoroughly drenching all nests also coat the foliage with sticky "honey- with a suspension of chlordane, prepared dew," on which an unsightly black mold by adding 3 level tablespoonfuls of 50 grows and which is the natural food for percent chlordane wettable powder to 1 certain ants that care for the mealybugs gallon of water. and spread them to other plants. Potted plants should be sprayed thor- Mealybugs are usually found in clusters oughly and with as much force as possible. along the veins on the under sides of Use either two level tablespoonfuls of 50 leaves and crevices at the base of the leaf percent DDT wettable powder per gallon stems. Since they multiply rapidly all of water or three level tablespoonfuls of stages may be present at the same time. white oil emulsion plus IY2 teaspoonfuls Mealybugs accidentally get into the home, of 40 percent nicotine sulfate per gallon. conservatory, or garden on infested plants Make a second application in about 2 brought in from other sources. weeks. Potted plants may be dipped in a The female has an amber-colored body pail of the insecticidal mixture, then laid and short, waxy filaments along the mar- on the side to permit the excess to run off. gin. The eggs are laid in a protective cot- On plants that are not damaged by fre- tony mass or sac resembling a small puff quent watering, partial control may be ob- of cotton. Each mass may contain 300 or tained by syringing the infested plants fre- more eggs. The eggs hatch in 10 to 20 days. quently with as forcible a stream of water The nymphs crawl away, start feeding, as the plants can stand without injury.

{PLATE L CITRUS MEALYBUG

A, Coleus stunted by mealybugs; a, cottony masses surrounding the insects. B, Healthy coleus plant. C, Life stages; b, female surrounded by "cotton" and eggs; c, small "crawlers"; d, "crawler" somewhat larger; and e, adult male. (A and B, about natural size; C, greatly enlarged. ) THE grown in the summer and fall in areas PICKLEWORM where the pickleworm is abundant. The larvae must be killed before they enter the The pickleworm is a serious pest of fruits. A satisfactory control program free squash, cucumber, and muskmelon in the of the hazard of poisonous residues and South Atlantic States and Gulf Coast off-flavor has not been developed. States. It frequently causes considerable Weekly use of the fungicide zineb for damage in adjoining States and occasion- disease control will aid in the prevention ally occurs as far west as Texas, Kansas, of pickleworm injury. Missouri, and Iowa and as far north as the Beginning when the pickleworm first tier of States extending from Illinois east- shows up, which may be within 2 weeks ward to Connecticut. Summer squash is its after a crop is seeded, apply at weekly in- favorite host. tervals a dust containing either 1 percent The pickleworm is active throughout of lindane or at least 50 percent of cryolite. the winter in extreme southern Florida, Use 15 to 25 pounds per acre application where its cultivated or native hosts are or 1 to V/2 ounces to each 50 feet of row. continuously available. From this and sim- Lindane should also give adequate control ilar subtropical areas the insect gradually of cucumber beetles and the melon aphid spreads northward each year, usually ap- and be of value against the squash vine pearing later in the spring than most borer. insects. The eggs are laid singly and in small Lindane and cryolite are poisonous. Do clusters among the hairs on flower and leaf not apply them on any part of the plant buds, small fruit, and young leaves. They that is to be marketed or used as food un- hatch in about 3 days. The young pickle- less it is known that the residue will be worms feed on the surface of the areas adequately removed by washing, brushing, where the eggs are laid, but soon tunnel or other means. Use of lindane until har- into and mutilate flowers, terminal buds, vest may impart a slight off-flavor to the stalks, vines, and fruits. The fruits are fruits. Until additional information is ob- made unfit for food and the plants are tained on the effects of lindane residues injured or killed. The pickle worms mature in the soil, do not use lindane in fields to in 6 to 28 days and pupate in partially be planted to potatoes or other root crops. folded leaves or in trash under the plants. At least partial control can be obtained The pupal stage is from 5 to 31 days. after fruits appear by weekly use, at a rate of 20 to 30 pounds per acre, of a dust con- Control: It is not easy to prevent pickle- taining either 1 percent of rotenone, 20 worm injury. In some areas damage can percent of sabadilla, or 0.3 percent of largely be avoided by planting susceptible pyrethrins (0.2 percent if impregnated crops as early as possible in the spring. form). These materials will be more effec- Early and frequent application of an tive if preceded by applications of insecticide is necessary when susceptible lindane (before the fruits appear) and ac- crops, especially squash and cucumber, are companied by use of zineb.

fPLATi: Li

ALKALI are classified as solitary bees in the sense BEES that they have no caste system or division of labor. Each female constructs, pro- Alkali bees inhabit the salty valleys visions, and seals her own nest. After lay- west of the Continental Divide. In places ing her eggs in separate cells, she has no where the soil meets their requirements, further contact with her offspring. Adult they may form great aggregations of nest males and females emerge from the soil burrows that number a million nests and in the summer. Males emerge first and occupy an acre or more of ground. Even divide their time between sipping nectar the smaller nesting sites generally contain from nearby plants and zigzagging over thousands of nests. Such sites, housing the fields and nesting sites in search of populations of wild bees comparable to females. Soon after emerging, the females hives or whole apiaries of honey bees, mate and begin digging their nests. Before are valuable pieces of real estate to the bringing back her first load of pollen from grower of legume seeds. Wherever alfalfa the field, a female bee must construct her seed is grown close to good nesting sites main burrow, rough in a few cells, and of alkali bees, yields are exceptionally high polish one ready for occupancy. Three or if other factors in seed production are four loads of pollen are formed into a properly handled. Some districts in central rough ball which is then mixed with a Washington and central Utah, which are load of nectar and troweled into a smooth, becoming famous for their consistently flattened spheroid. An egg is laid on the high yields of alfalfa seed, depend largely pollen ball before the cell is sealed and on these bees for pollination. plugged. A completed nest usually con- Alkali bees locate their nests in fine- tains from 8 to 15 cells. grained soils with high moisture and low Within a few weeks the larval bees con- organic content. They avoid areas where sume their provisions. Some of them water stands for extensive periods. They pupate and emerge as a partial second tolerate only short, sparse vegetation. generation. The others and the progeny Consequently most nesting sites are found of the second generation overwinter as on low hummocks and gentle slopes mature larvae, which do not pupate until where soil moisture is held close to the a few weeks before emergence time the surface and where a high evaporation rate next summer. has left salty conditions and scanty Most nesting sites are active for about vegetation. 2 months. The peak of activity, which In recent years alkali bees have been lasts for about a month, usually falls in increasing throughout most of their the latter part of July and early August range, very likely because of expanding but may be advanced or retarded by early acreages of their favorite forage plants or late development of high soil tempera- and favorable man-made changes in soil tures. To get maximum benefit from conditions. Some progressive farmers now alkali bees, seed growers must properly are protecting the nests rather than plow- time the blossoming period of their crop. ing them up. In some places farmers have On sites with vegetation it is possible to undertaken to create new nesting sites. advance the emergence date of the bees Alkali bees are highly gregarious but by applying a weed killer in the spring.

fPLATE LII /m^uiivrivah 50

^ A, Bee tripping alfalfa blossom (about five times natural size). B, Typical weedy £ nesting site showing surface mounds and underground burrows and life stages'; b a, male bee; A, female; c, egg on pollen ball; d, young larva; e, prepupa;/. fully fed '^' larva; ^, light pupa; h, dark pupa; /', unfinished pollen bjjll. (All about natural size-.) TOBACCO which hunts it down and lays its eggs HORNWORM within the hornworm's body cavity. As many as 377 grubs of this wasp have been The tobacco hornworm, like the tomato found feeding within a single hornworm. hornworm, which it closely resembles, The grubs mature in a week or two and feeds voraciously on the leaves of tobacco, form white cocoons attached to the back tomato, and related plants. Because of its of the weakened hornworm, giving it an large size and appetite, even a few horn- appearance of being covered with tiny worms can destroy the plants. eggs. The parasitized hornworm becomes The parent of the tobacco hornworm is weaker and more sluggish and soon dies. a large hawk-moth, which in flight is some- The mature grubs of the wasp usually re- times mistaken for a hummingbird. The main in the cocoon for 3 or 4 days, and eggs are laid on the under side of the then enter the pupal stage, which also lasts leaves. In about a week a tiny hornworm 3 or 4 days, after which the adult wasp emerges from the egg. It feeds on the emerges. Some of the grubs, however, do leaves until it reaches full growth in about not pupate until the following spring, but 3 or 4 weeks. The mature hornworm bur- remain in cocoons that have fallen to the rows several inches into the soil and enters soil and become protected by debris. the pupal, or resting, stage. It ordinarily The wasp and other natural enemies do remains inactive 2 to 4 weeks, although much to reduce hornworm numbers, but this stage may last until the following they cannot be depended on to prevent spring. When the moth emerges from the damage to tobacco or tomato. When con- pupal cell, it leaves the soil to mate and trol measures are necessary, one of the lay eggs for the next brood. following should be used: Destroy tobacco plants as soon as the Control: Despite its large size and crop is harvested. formidable-appearing horn, the hornworm Hand-pick the hornworms from in- is an easy prey to its natural enemies. fested plants in small plantings. The half-grown hornworm is the victim of Apply 10 percent TDE dust at 30 a tiny wasp {Apúnteles congre gains). pounds per acre per application.

{PLATE LUI

PRAYING The mantid sheds its skin several times MANTID before it becomes mature in late summer. It is usually light-colored during the early Several kinds of praying mantids flourish stages and becomes darker with age. The in the United States. Two large, conspicu- full-grown females are larger and more ous species of Asiatic and European origins robust than the males and have large, came into this country more than 50 years distended abdomens. ago, presumably on nursery stock. Now The mantids, their forelegs raised in they are quite commonly found in the front of their heads, are to be found on Northeast. The Asiatic form, the larger, foliage and flowers frequented by various is about 3 inches long when full-grown. insects. They resemble somewhat the color Praying mantids have curious habits of the foliage or flowers around them. and odd structures. They got their name Quietly they await the approach of any from the unusual way they hold up the insect. Then with a quick movement they forepart of the body and stout forelegs as grasp the prey with their forelegs, which if in prayer. They have no sting. The have rows of sharp teeth for holding the dark-colored saliva they eject from their insect, and devour it. The young stages mouths is harmless. feed on aphids, small caterpillars, flies, and The species in the Northeast have one other soft-bodied insects. The older man- generation a year. The eggs are deposited tids are able to capture larger insects; during the fall in a soft mass about 1 inch when they are full-grown they can kill and or more in diameter on brambles, stems of devour beetles, caterpillars, wasps, and grass, or the branches of low bushes. This other large insects. braided-appearing, frothy mass hardens into a fibrous substance and becomes Mantids usually are considered bene- darker in color. Each female can deposit ficial insects because they destroy many several egg masses, each containing about insect pests. They do capture and devour 50 eggs. Shortly after laying the eggs, she honey bees and other beneficial insects, dies. however. Mantids are not abundant enough Hatching occurs the following spring in any one locality to be of any great when insect material is available for food. value in the control of insect pests.

(PLATE LIV PRAYING MANTID

Some of the developmental stages of a common mantid: a, egg mass attached to stem; b, newly hatched nymphs; c, large nymph; d, adult female feeding on grasshopper. (All stages about natural size.) SQUASH Trap adults under small pieces of board BUG laid on the soil around the plants. Collect and kill trapped bugs each morning. The squash bug feeds by sucking the sap from the leaves of squash, pumpkin, A tiny tachinid fly {Trichopoda pen- and related plants. The leaves it attacks n'tpes) preys on the squash bug and wilt rapidly and become black and crisp, eventually causes its death. The fly deposits as if the flow of the sap had been cut oif its eggs on the mature or nearly mature or poisoned. Small plants may be killed squash bug. In 3 or 4 days a maggot outright. In older plants only some leaves hatches from each egg. The maggot bores or runners may be killed. into the squash bug, where it begins to Only the unmated parent bugs can live develop when the squash bug matures. through the winter. They hibernate in all Only one maggot develops in each bug. kinds of protected places but prefer to hide In summer 2 to 3 weeks is required for the under piles of boards or in buildings. In maggot to become full-grown. During the spring, when the plants begin to de- that time the squash bug continues to live velop runners, the bugs fly into the garden but gradually becomes unable to produce and lay eggs on the under sides of the eggs. When it is mature, the maggot bores leaves. The young, wingless nymphs its way out, finds its way to the ground, emerge from the eggs in a week or two and enters the soil to pupate. The squash and begin feeding. They require about bug is killed by the emergence of its para- 4 to 6 weeks to reach maturity. There is site. The pupal stage of the tachinid mag- one generation a year. got ordinarily lasts about 2 weeks. There are several generations a year. If winter Control: Dust with 10 to 20 percent sets in, however, the fly passes the winter sabadilla seed powder. In small plantings, as a maggot within the body of the squash hand-pick the adults, nymphs, and eggs. bug, and does not mature until spring.

{PLATE LV TRICOPODA PENNIPES SQUASH BUG (A. Parasite) STINK in New Mexico, Arizona, and California. BUGS The range of the southern green stink bug covers the extreme southern portion of the Stink bugs attack a wide variety of United States, although at times it occurs plants. Several species seriously damage north of this area. The most serious dam- cotton in all areas where cotton is grown. age to cotton has been noted in the They feed largely on bolls and seldom in- Southeastern States. The Say stink bug vade the cotton fields in large numbers occurs most abundantly in Texas, Okla- until the plants are fruiting. They insert homa, New Mexico, Arizona, and Cali- their needlelike beaks into the bolls and fornia. The conchuela occurs most often suck the juice from the immature seed. on cotton in Texas and New Mexico. The punctures may cause the shedding of young bolls. Small bolls become soft, turn Control: Stink bugs can be controlled on yellowish, and fall off. Punctured bolls cotton by dusts containing enough ben- not thrown off by the plants may show in- zene hexachloride to give 3 percent of the jury varying from a slight stain in one lock gamma isomer plus 5 percent of DDT and of the mature boll to what is termed an 40 percent of sulfur, or sufficient benzene "unpickable" boll or a boll in which every hexachloride to give 2 percent of the lock has been punctured. Severe injury re- gamma isomer plus 10 percent of DDT sults in a mummified, prematurely half- and 40 percent of sulfur. Also, a dust con- opened boll in which the lint in every lock taining 15 percent of toxaphene plus 5 is stained, short, weak, and of little mar- percent of DDT and 40 percent of sulfur ketable value. If populations are heavy and may be used. These dusts should be applied uncontrolled, the yield might be reduced at the rate of 10 to 15 pounds per acre. more than half and the grade of lint and Two treatments with sprays made from seed lowered greatly. emulsion concentrates have given effective control: Benzene hexachloride to give 0.4 The southern brown stink bug occurs pound of the gamma isomer per acre; and in all the cotton-growing States as far benzene hexachloride to give 0.3 pound west as New Mexico. The closely related of the gamma isomer plus 0.75 pound of Arizona brown stink bug attacks cotton DDT per acre.

{PLATE LVI STINK BUGS

SOUTHERN SOUTHERN BROWN GREEN STINK BUG STINK BUG

4th stage A T'-'"-lymph nymph

SAY \ \ // CONCHUELA -^ > STINK BUG» ^mL \

(All stages about three times natural size.) CORN again 2 days later. A third application 2 EARWORM days after the second usually increases the control. Spray only enough of the mix- The corn earworm, also known as the ture onto the silks to wet them. Twenty- tomato fniitworm and the boUworm, five gallons of the spray is enough for 1 attacks many cultivated crops. It is dis- acre of corn; 1 gallon will take care of a cussed here only as an enemy of corn. The plot about 17 by 100 feet. moth lays its eggs usually on the corn A spray similarly prepared, but includ- silks. The eggs hatch in 2 to 8 days. The ing only 1^4 gallons of mineral oil in a tiny larvae or caterpillars feed dovs^nward, 25-gallon lot, can be applied to the entire follov^^ing the silks into the ear tip. Seri- plant to reduce "budworm" damage by ous damage to the ear frequently results the earworm to sweet corn before tassel- from their feeding and from the fermenta- ing and silking. tion or molds that follow. The full-grown Any good hand sprayer is satisfactory larva leaves the ear, enters the soil, and for treating garden plots of sweet corn. becomes a pupa; from it the moth emerges. For commercial acreage use a high- The development from egg to adult takes clearance power sprayer with hollow-cone about 30 days in midsummer. Pupae pro- nozzles adjusted to give adequate but not duced in late summer or in fall may pass excessive coverage of the ears. Shake the the winter in the soil and become moths emulsion well so that the oil will not the following spring or early summer. separate. Usually two generations are developed The earworm can also be controlled in annually in the North, but in the South small plantings of sweet corn by injecting there may be five generations or more. into the silk at the tip of each ear about one-fourth teaspoonful of refined white Control: Injury to field corn can be re- mineral oil. If obtainable, use a ready- duced by growing strains with long, tight mixed oil containing 0,2 percent of py- husks and, in the South, by planting early. rethrins. Apply with a pump-type, long- Sweet corn can be protected by spraying. spouted oilcan, or use a glass medicine Prepare an emulsion by mixing 3 quarts dropper filled about half full of oil for a of 25 percent DDT emulsifiable concen- small ear and three-fourths full for a large trate (obtainable commercially) and 21/^ ear. Do not apply until the silks have wilted gallons of white mineral oil of 65 to 95 and have begun to turn brown at the tips. seconds Saybolt viscosity thoroughly with Earlier treatment will interfere with polli- water to make 25 gallons. For a smaller nation and result in poorly filled ears. quantity use one-fourth pint of the DDT Because of the danger of poisonous resi- emulsifiable concentrate and three-fourths dues, husks or other parts of corn plants pint of the oil with water to make 1 gal- treated with DDT should not be fed to lon of spray. Apply the spray to the ears dairy animals or to meat animals being 1 day after silks appear in the field and finished for slaughter.

{PLATE LVJI CORN EARWORM

Mûr F.fcEHSûn

^^^ÍS^S^..s^~r^?,j'^^\ .^'^^^ a, Moth (or adult) and eggs on silks; b. eggs; c. earworm feeding in ear of corn; d, pupa in a cell; e. color phases of the earworm. (All except b, about natural size; b, five and one-half times natural size.) FALL pounds of toxaphene in 2 gallons of spray ARMYWORM per acre. A dust containing 5 percent of DDT, The fall armyworm is known mainly toxaphene, or TDE, at the rate of 40 as an enemy of growing corn, but pounds per acre and a 20 percent toxa- it feeds on many other cultivated crops phene dust at 10 to 15 pounds per acre (alfalfa, cotton, peanuts, grasses) and also g,i\e good control. wild plants. The eggs are laid at night on To control "budworm" damage in grasses or other plants and hatch in about sweet corn, caused by the feeding of the 5 days. The young larvae (caterpillars or worm deep in the whorls of the corn plant, "worms") feed at first near the ground, spray with an emulsion made with 3 become full-grown in about 20 days, and quarts of a 25 percent DDT emulsifiable then enter the soil for a few inches and concentrate, 5 quarts of a white mineral change into pupae. The inactive pupal oil of 65 to 95 seconds Saybolt viscosity, stage lasts about 10 days. After the moths and enough water to make 25 gallons of emerge from the pupal cases they often fly spray. Apply the spray at the rate of 25 many miles before the females lay eggs. gallons per acre. The fall armyworm may have as many as When the worms are crawling over the six generations a year in the Gulf States ground in large numbers they may be de- but does not survive the winter farther stroyed by broadcasting a poisoned bait north. Besides eating the blades of corn thinly over the infested fields, and mod- and boring into the stalks, the larvae may erate infestations in corn may sometimes be bore into the ears, particularly the shanks controlled by light sprinklings of the bait of the ears, and feed extensively therein. in the leaf whorls. To prepare this bait mix 50 pounds of wheat bran with 2 Control: The fall armyworm can be pounds of paris green, and then add 6 controlled with the following sprays: gallons of water to make a damp mash. (1) 2 pounds per acre of a wettable pow- This amount is enough for 2 to 3 acres. der containing 50 percent of either DDT Hay or forage that has been treated with or TDE, mixed with 40 gallons of water. DDT, TDE, or toxaphene should not be (2) A toxaphene emulsifiable concentrate, fed to dairy animals or to meat animals applied by aircraft at the rate of IVi to 2 being finished for slaughter.

{PLATE LVIII FALL ARMYWORM

MARY F BENSON a, Male moth (or adult) ; b, eggs; c, larva; d, face of larva; e, pupa in a cell;/, moth in resting posture; g, wing of female moth; h, feeding injury to corn plant, {a, c, e, f, g, h, about one and one-third times natural size; b, twice natural size; d, eight times natural size.) EUROPEAN stalks—by feeding to livestock direct or CORN BORER as silage or in finely cut or shredded form; by plowing under clean in the fall or in The European corn borer attacks many early spring before the moths emerge, cultivated crops and weeds. Its favorite using attachments such as trash shields, host plant is corn. The eggs (laid over- wires, or chains to insure burial of all lapping one another like fish scales in stalks; or by burning infested plants com- masses of 15 to 20 or more on the under pletely, where other methods of disposal sides of the corn leaves) hatch in 4 to 9 cannot be used. days. The tiny borers immediately crawl B. Plant as late as practicable, but only to protected places on the plants, where within the normal planting period adapted they feed on the tissues of the immature to the locality. Moths of the first brood leaves and tassels. Eventually they bore lay their eggs on the earliest planted corn. into the stalks and ears. They mature in C. Plant resistant or tolerant kinds of about a month and, after providing an hybrid corn. No immune strains are avail- exit for the adult moth, change to pupae able, but hybrids differ in their resistance inside the burrows, either at once or after and tolerance. Select types that will ma- an inactive period. In 10 to 14 days the ture when planted moderately late. Con- adult moths emerge from the pupal cells sult your county agent or your State ex- and lay about 400 eggs each on corn or periment station on the best hybrids to other plants that they may find in an at- plant in your locality. tractive stage of growth. The moths live D. Modify cropping practices: Avoid from 10 to 24 days. They are active fliers sowing fall wheat or other small grain in during the evening or night and may standing corn or corn stubble. Plow the migrate several miles. The insects pass the cornstalks under clean or cut them at winter in the borer stage inside infested ground level and remove them before stems of corn or other plants, where they seeding small grain. Dispose of all early change to moths late in the spring or early sweet cornstalks in fields and gardens im- in the summer. There are one or more mediately after harvesting the ears, by generations a year, depending on the feeding, ensiling, or plowing them under. length of the growing season in different Dispose of cobs and other remnants from latitudes. the cannery in the same manner. E. Use insecticides where profitable. Control: A. Destroy the overwintering Consult your county agent or State experi- borers by disposing of the infested corn- ment station for current recommendations.

{PLATE LIX EUROPEAN CORN BORER

on under side of leaf; b, larvae in 'of ¿OTlt; c. pupa in stalk; d. female S'tnpi\\: f. borings from burrow of ass' about three times natural size, about one and one-fourth times WHITE-FRINGED formly to the soil surface as a dust (ex- BEETLE ample, 200 pounds of a 5 percent DDT dust) by hand or with a mechanical dis- White-fringed beetle grubs live in the tributor, or apply as a spray. Disk or culti- soil and feed on the roots of many kinds vate immediately into the top 3 inches of of plants, including beans, cotton, corn, soil. peanuts, potatoes, various weeds, and orna- Control of adtilts by foliage applications. mentals. They feed most heavily in the Spray yards, vacant lots, idle fields, shrubs, spring Vichen nearly full-grown. flowers, or other plants not used as food The three species and several races of for man or animals with Yj to 1 pound of white-fringed beetles are similar in ap- DDT per acre in a water suspension or an pearance and habits. The one illustrated emulsion. Apply the spray every 10 to 15 is Graphognathus leucoloma striatus. days throughout the beetle season. For a About 310,000 acres of land in Alabama, suspension spray use 2 pounds of a Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, wettable powder containing 50 percent of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Ten- DDT in 100 gallons of water, or, for small nessee were known to be infested with quantities, V^ ounce of this powder in 1 beetles in 1951. gallon of water. DDT emulsions have The insects pass the winter as grubs. In greater residual value than suspensions. spring or early summer most of the grubs Ready-prepared emulsions are obtainable change to adults in little cells, which they and should be used according to directions form in the soil. The adults—all of them on the container. wingless females—normally emerge from In gardens, pastures, or on crops to be the soil during the summer. They lay their used as food, apply 8 to 10 pounds of cryo- eggs in small masses, usually attached to lite in 100 gallons of water per acre at in- plant stems, sticks, or pebbles at or just tervals of 7 to 10 days throughout the below the soil surface. A single beetle may season. live 2 or 3 months and lay 600 to 700 eggs. Control by ctiltural practices. Legume The eggs hatch in about 2 weeks in warm, crops are favored by white-fringed beetles. moist weather, and the grubs immediately Keep infestations low by the following enter the soil, where they remain until full- practices: Plant oats or other small grains grown. There is usually one generation a in heavily infested fields. Do not plant year. more than one-fourth of the cropland in annual legumes each year, and do not plant Control: The Department of Agriculture the same land to these crops more than is cooperating with State agencies in the once in 3 or 4 years. Do not intercrop corn control of white-fringed beetles and the with peanuts, soybeans, crotalaria, or vel- maintenance of quarantines to prevent vetbeans. Practice clean cultivation. Ferti- their spread. lize corn or cotton heavily with commer- Control of larvae by soil treatment. cial fertilizer or by turning under a winter Apply 10 pounds of DDT per acre uni- cover crop.

{PLATE LX WHITE-FRINGED BEETLE ALFALFA pupate inside their cocoons and change to adults in from 7 to 10 days. Weevil adults WEEVIL then leave their cocoons but remain sex- The alfalfa weevil was brought to Utah ually immature until fall or spring. Con- from Europe about 1900 and has since sequently there is only one generation of spread into Arizona, California, Colorado, weevils each year. Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, Ore- gon, South Dakota, and Wyoming. The Control: Alfalfa for hay—maintain a larvae feed on the growing tips, leaves, and dense, vigorously growing stand of alfalfa. buds of alfalfa and may destroy most of Cut the first and second crops when most the feed value of a hay crop or prevent the plants are in the bud stage. Mow the field profitable production of seed. The weevil clean and remove the hay as soon as it is is essentially a pest of first-growth alfalfa. cured. Do not irrigate the field for 7 to 10 When the first growth is cut for hay, how- days after cutting. Early spring treatment ever, weevil larvae feed upon the basal to kill the adults: Apply one-fourth pound shoots and retard the second growth for a of dieldrin or 1.5 to 2 pounds of chlor- few days to several weeks. This is especially dane per acre as a spray when the serious in dry-land farming or second-crop spring growth of alfalfa is 1 to 2 inches seed production. tall. This application will usually be made The insects winter chiefly as adults, between March 15 and April 15, depend- mostly in the alfalfa fields. Soon after the ing on the locality and the season. May or snow melts, the females lay their first eggs June treatment to kMl the larvae: Dust or in fragments of dead stems on the ground. spray the crop as soon as plants become After the spring growth of the alfalfa is noticeably riddled but before many have about 6 inches high, the weevils gradually turned gray, with 2 pounds of calcium shift, their egg laying to the growing arsenate, 1 to 2 pounds of methoxychlor, or plant stems. The number of eggs per one-fourth pound of parathion per acre- female averages about 400, most of which Do not cut hay treated with calcium arse- are laid in April and May. Hatching gen- nate or methoxychlor for 7 to 10 days after erally begins in April, but larvae do not treatment. Leave parathion-treated hay un- become numerous enough to cause eco- cut for at least 14 days. nomic crop damage until late May or early Alfalfa for seed—apply the dieldrin or June, about the time the first growth of chlordane treatment as for hay crops to alfalfa produces buds. Meanwhile, almost kill adults in the early spring. When the all of the early larvae and many of the plants reach the bud stage of development, later ones have become parasitized by a treat with 2 pounds of DDT as a dust or tiny wasp, Bathyplectes curculionis, com- 1.5 pounds as a spray per acre. This treat- monly called the weevil parasite. Starting ment is prescribed to control lygus bugs about May 15, the weevil larvae complete and several other pests of seed alfalfa as their growth, drop to the ground, and spin well as alfalfa weevil. lacelike cocoons, usually attaching them Do not feed alfalfa treated with DDT to fallen leaves. Parasitized larvae die after to dairy animals, animals being finished for they spin their cocoons. Healthy larvae slaughter, or poultry.

(PLATE LXI

LYGUS the plants. At other times the bugs feed BUGS on the flowers and cause them to drop. They will also feed on the pods, causing Lygus bugs thrive on a wide range of the injured seeds to shrivel and turn brown. cultivated and uncultivated plants. They Vegetative growth of the plant is also im- cause severe damage to seed alfalfa. They paired and distorted. The nymphs feed are active from early spring to late fall. more constantly than the adults and are The adults fly freely from one host to an- thus more destructive. other and from farm to farm. They breed continuously during the growing season. Control: Alfalfa grown for seed can In the latitude of Utah there are three to often be adequately protected from lygus four generations a year, each taking 6 to 7 bugs by a single application of DDT as weeks; in more southern regions, such as soon as the plants begin to bud. Use 20 to Arizona, a generation requires from 20 to 25 pounds of 10 percent DDT dust per 30 days, and the insects breed most of the acre or a spray containing at least 1.5 year. pounds of actual DDT per acre. During cold weather the adults find pro- Sometimes the crop is reinfested during tection among dormant alfalfa plants or in the bloom period to an extent that a sec- various crop debris. With the coming of ond application of insecticide is needed. warm weather they seek early-flowering Generally, excessive reinfestation occurs weeds. The females insert their eggs singly when the first growth is left for seed or in the plant tissues. Later they also deposit when pollination is deficient and slow. If their eggs in alfalfa. The eggs hatch in 10 a second treatment is desirable, toxaphene to 15 days. The hatch is usually concen- may be applied to the blooming plants be- trated during the period when alfalfa fore 7 a. m., or after 7 p. m., when bees plants are budding or blooming. The in- are not working in the field. Dust with 20 sects become full-grown and change to pounds of 10 percent toxaphene per acre adults in about 3 weeks. The new adults or spray with 1.5 pounds of actual toxa- usually fly to more succulent alfalfa or phene per acre. The best time for this ap- other plants and begin to lay eggs in about plication is 3 to 4 weeks after the bud stage 10 days. treatment with DDT. The young lygus bugs, or nymphs, feed extensively on the buds of alfalfa, causing Forage or chaff treated with DDT or them to wilt and die. Sometimes such de- toxaphene should not be fed to dairy ani- struction by a large population of nymphs mals, animals being fattened for slaughter, is severe enough to prevent flowering of or poultry.

{PLATE LXII A, Normal alfalfa plant; a, undamaged blooms; 6, well- developed seed pods; c, nymphs; d, adult lygus bugs. B, Badly damaged plant showing e, relatively short internodes and /, completely blasted flower buds. C, g. Normal alfalfa seeds; h, lygus-damaged seeds. (A and B, about three times natural size; C, greatly enlarged.) CHINCH corn and sorghums that are resistant to the BUG attacks of chinch bugs. No immune strains are available, but strains differ in their re- The chinch bug is mainly a pest of corn sistance and tolerance. Consult your county and sorghums, but it may injure small agent or your State agricultural experi- grains and other grass crops. As adults the ment station on the best hybrids to plant bugs hibernate chiefly in clump-forming in your locality. Modify farm practices to native prairie grasses or, lacking them, in reduce infestation. Chinch bugs will re- hedgerows, bushy and grassy fence rows, produce faster on barley than other small and the south and west edges of wood- grains and the planting of this crop (espe- lands. The spring flights of overwintering cially spring barley) should be avoided bugs occur on sunny days when the tem- when there is a prospect of an abundance perature remains at 70° F. or more for sev- of chinch bugs. Anything that can be done eral hours. They usually fly to fields of to produce a thick, vigorous growth of small grains but in some years may go small grain such as thorough tillage, ample directly to early-planted corn or sorghums. fertilization, and timely seeding helps to Each female lays an average of 200 eggs reduce injury from the bugs. In the South, over a period of 3 to 4 weeks. The eggs plant sorghums as early as practical; if are deposited behind the leaf sheath, in possible, do not plant corn until after the the ground around the plants, or on the chinch bugs have migrated from winter roots. They hatch in 7 to 14 days. quarters. Several types of barriers are effec- As the small grains ripen, the young tive in preventing the chinch bugs from bugs move into adjacent fields of young crawling from small grain into adjacent corn, sorghum, or other grass plants. In corn and sorghums. The best barriers in- the northern section of their habitat, the clude a narrow band of either a repellent migration is on foot; in the southern area such as coal-tar creosote oil or insecticidal the adults may fly. Mating takes place dusts containing DDT or dinitro-o-cresol. again, and the eggs of a second generation Detailed instructions for building chinch are deposited on the host plants. During bug barriers may be obtained from your the warm fall afternoons the chinch bugs State agricultural experiment station. Use fly to their winter quarters. There are two insecticides on lawns, valuable grasses, or more generations a year, depending on the length of the growing season. grains or where the bugs are confined to the border rows of corn or sorghums. In- Control: Grow immune or resistant secticide formulations containing nicotine, crops. Plant nongrass crops adjacent to rotenone, sabadilla, DDT, chlordane, and fields of small grains. Growing of legumes toxaphene have given good results. among small grains and corn often helps Consult your county agent or State ag- to produce shade and dampness in which ricultural experiment station for current the chinch bugs thrive. Plant strains of recommendations for your locality.

{PLATE LXIII Background shows chincli'bugs leaving maturing wheat to feed on young corn. A, Life stages of the insect (greatly enlarged); a, eggs in wheat sbeatbr^Ä, adult bug; c, red nym^h; anp íÍ, black ^ nymph. \

^•r^ Ü

iiÀmà3-^l WHITE if they are planted in the years of major GRUBS beetle flights. A system of renovating bluegrass pastures badly infested with white White grubs are the young or imma- grubs has proved beneficial. The sod is ture stage of the common brown May thoroughly torn up during the late fall or beetles, of which there are more than 100 early spring, treated with lime and ferti- species. The grubs feed on the roots of lizer as needed, and sown in the spring bluegrass, timothy, corn, soybeans, and with a seed mixture consisting mainly of several other crops, and on the tubers of legumes. These soon provide good pastures potato. They sometimes ruin bluegrass pas- and are gradually replaced by the original tures in the Northeastern and North Cen- bluegrass. tral States and may be serious pests of Lawns and golf courses infested with nursery plantings. The adult beetles eat white grubs may be treated with 10 pounds the leaves of oak, ash, hickory, poplar, of lead arsenate per 1,000 square feet of elm, willow, locust, blackberry, pine, wal- area. Chlordane has also given satisfac- nut, and other trees. Most of the injurious tory control when applied to turf on golf species have a 3-year life cycle and cause courses at a dosage of 10 pounds of the serious outbreaks in certain years. technical material per acre in the form of a The pearly-white eggs are deposited in 5-percent dust, or as a spray preparation. the spring 1 to 8 inches deep in the soil. The inclusion of other crops, such as They hatch 3 or 4 weeks later into young the clovers or alfalfa, in the rotation is grubs, which feed on decaying vegetation recommended to combat white grub dam- and even on living roots. The grubs do age to soybeans or to corn following soy- their greatest injury in their second year beans. but in their third year may sometimes A spray prepared by mixing 2 pounds of damage early plantings. lead arsenate, 1 pound of wheat flour or 8 fluid ounces of raw linseed oil, and 25 Control: Populations of white grubs can gallons of water has been used successfully be reduced by planting the deep-rooted to destroy the adult beetles feeding on tree legumes such as sweetclover, alfalfa, and foliage. various clovers, which are unfavorable to Keep small children and domestic ani- these insects, in rotation with more suscep- mals away from turf treated with lead tible crops, such as timothy and small arsenate or chlordane until the insecticide grains. The use of legumes is most effective has been washed into the soil.

{PLATE LXIV

WHEAT STEM fall to the ground so that many of the SAWFLY heads cannot be picked up by the harvester. The wheat stem sawfly is a serious Control: The sawfly cannot be con- pest of wheat in the northern Great trolled by the application of an insecticide. Plains, particularly in Montana and North Crop losses can be reduced by using cer- Dakota. It also attacks rye and to a lesser tain cultural practices. extent barley, oats, and flax. Several large- Start harvesting as early as possible and stemmed native grasses, such as the wheat, before many of the stems have fallen. rye, and bromegrasses, are favored host Where swathers and binders are used, cut plants. the grain before it is quite ripe. In areas The adult sawflies emerge from the where straight combining is practiced, stubble fields and native grasses in June pick-up equipment on combines will sal- and July. They fly to the young growing vage many fallen stems. wheat plants, where the females deposit Cultivate infested wheat stubble in the eggs singly in the hollow centers of the fall by either deep plowing with a mold- stems. The eggs hatch within a week. In board plow or by extremely shallow till- the worm stage the insect mines up and age. If shallow tillage is practiced, leave down within the growing wheat stem. as much of the stubble on the surface as When full-grown, it cuts a groove around possible. Confine spring cultivation to deep the inside of the stem at about ground plowing. In areas where soil blowing or level, and makes its overwintering cell in washing is serious, follow the practice of the base of the stem. Winter is spent by the extremely shallow cultivation. mature larva just beneath the surface of the ground in the cell. Pupation takes Do not seed heavily infested fields to place during May and June, resulting in sawfly-susceptible wheat. Seed such fields the next generation of adults. There is but to barley, oats, flax, corn, mustard, or other one generation of the sawfly annually. resistant crops. In Montana the sawfly-re- Wheat losses from the sawfly occur in sistant wheat variety Rescue should be two ways: By shrinkage of the kernels in used if wheat is to be grown on infested the heads of tunneled stems, and by total fields. Crop rotations, if they provide for loss of the grain in the heads when in- the seeding of wheat on sawfly-free fields, fested stems break over in the wind and will help hold the sawfly in check.

fPLATE LXV WHEAT STEM SAWFLY

-1. Stubble sbowing cutting by ¡irvac; . pupa in stern. /Í. Growing wheat plants; .v. stem split to show tunneling of larva inside: <. young larva and trass in stem; )'. adult sawfly; ti. adult female depositing eggs inside stem, with stem cut away to show egg within, (il. b. I. and

{PLATELXVl ^A, Infested wheat plant. B. Uninfested. C, Infested stubble with puparia exposed. «/. Puparium; b, larva; c. adult ejnale; d, egg-laying female and eggs; e. puparia in base jf stubble, {il, h, c, and c/. about six times natural size; P^all others, natural size.)

i^.'"i'"i^t»"-Bg»-' -x'si'rrT—mw MORMON 3 years usually elapse after migrations CRICKET start before croplands are invaded. Mormoa crickets, a wingless form of Control: Mormon crickets can be easily grasshopper, are bad pests in the West- killed in all stages by application of wet ern States. Their range extends from the bait made according to either of the fol- Missouri River west to the Cascade and lowing formulas: (I) Standard wheat bran Sierra Nevada Mountains and from the (no shorts or middling), 100 pounds; Canadian line south to northern Cali- sodium fluosilicate, 4 pounds; water, 12 fornia, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado. Most to 15 gallons. (2) Mill-run bran, 25 of the crops grown there are susceptible, pounds; sawdust, 3V^ bushels; sodium but the greatest damage has been done to fluosilicate, 4 pounds; water, 8 to 10 range grasses as well as to dry-land wheat gallons. and alfalfa. Mix the dry ingredients thoroughly, add The eggs are laid during the late sum- the water slowly, and continue mixing mer and fall in well-drained, light sandy- until a moist crumbly mash is attained. loam soil. They are inserted just under the The bait should be spread at about 20 soil surface in bare spots between clumps pounds an acre in the forenoon while of grass or sagebrush. Unlike grasshopper crickets are migrating. It should be broad- eggs, which are in a pod, cricket eggs are cast at right angles to the direction of mi- laid singly. Each female lays about 150 grations. eggs. The young crickets start hatching The following dry-bait formula is well early in April and reach maturity about 6 adapted to spreading by aircraft: Stand- to 8 weeks later. There is one generation ard bran (no shorts or middlings), LOO a year. pounds; toxaphene, I pound, or chlordane, one-half pound; fuel oil or kerosene, one- Mormon crickets persist in small num- half gallon. bers year after year in rough foothill and Dissolve toxicant in oil and spray onto mountainous country remote from farm bran while mixing. This bait can be ap- lands. When weather conditions over a plied at any time of day at the rate of 10 period of years are favorable for maximum pounds per acre. It is not recommended reproduction, their numbers increase for spreading by hand or with ground rapidly and they start migrating. One to equipment.

{PLATE LXVII

WHEAT jointworms will be left in the standing JOINTWORM stubble to be plowed under. Objections to control by plowing, because of its inter- The wheat jointworm does damage that ference with the growing of red clover and ill some years amounts to millions of other crops useful in soil conservation may bushels of wheat. It is widespread through- be met by the temporary substitution of out most of the wheat-growing regions soybeans, sweetclover, and other crops for east of the Mississippi River and in Mis- forage and green manure. For those areas souri, Iowa, and parts of Utah, Oregon, infested with jointworm in Oregon it is and California. recommended that winter barley or Winter Heads of infested wheat plants have Turf (Oregon Gray) oats be substituted fewer and smaller kernels and heavily in- for wheat as a nurse crop for red clover. fested fields show many broken straws In Southern and Southeastern States, and much lodging. where double-cropping systems are in gen- The adult jointworm looks like a small eral use, and in Western States, where sum- black ant with wings. It lays eggs early in mer fallowing is practiced, it would be de- the spring in the succulent plant stems. sirable to plow the stubble under through- The larvae, small footless grubs, soon out large areas and thus secure effective hatch and form cells in the wall of the community control. stem, usually just above the second or Where infested stubble has not been third joint from the ground. By harvest the plowed, the wheat should be sown as far larvae are yellowish in color and about as practicable from such stubble fields. one-fourth inch long. Their cells or "galls" This will make it more difficult for the have now become hard and woody. Some- jointworm adults emerging from the old times they appear as wartlike swellings, stubble to reach the new crops. and the wheat stems are badly twisted and In areas where severe losses from the bent. In winter the larvae change to pupae, jointworm have occurred during the pre- which are pale yellow at first but turn ceding season, land sown to wheat should black later. In the spring the adults emerge be top-dressed only with manure contain- through small circular holes which they ing straw that has been well rotted or gnaw through the walls of their cells. thoroughly trampled. This helps to insure Mating soon takes place and the females the death of jointworms that might other- leave the old stubble fields to find and in- wise emerge from the straw to reinfest the fest green wheat fields in the vicinity. field. There is only one generation a year. If jointworm attacks are especially threatening it may be advisable to substi- Control: The wheat jointworm may be tute temporarily other crops such as rye, controlled by plowing under the infested barley, oats, or buckwheat for wheat. This stubble, preferably late in the summer or can be done safely because the wheat joint- early in the fall, to prevent the emergence worm attacks no other crops except wheat. of the adults during the following spring. When this is done the wheat should be cut Insecticidal control of the wheat joint- as high as practicable so that most of the worm is not practical.

{PLATE LXVIII

VELVETBEAN very active and will spring into the air CATERPILLAR wriggling rapidly when disturbed, at the same time spitting a brownish liquid. After The velvetbean caterpillar is frequently completing feeding, the caterpillars enter a serious ¡Dcst in the Southeastern the soil to pupate at depths of h/i to 2 States where it attacks soybeans, velvet- inches. The adult moths emerge about 10 beans, and peanuts, and also feeds on days later. kudzu, alfalfa, horsebeans, and other plants. The insect is a tropical species which Control: The velvetbean caterpillar on does not survive the winter in continental soybeans, peanuts, and other crops may be United States except perhaps in the most controlled with a 3 percent DDT dust, a southerly tip of Florida. The moths fly into good dusting sulfur, or cryolite, applied this country sometime in June or July and at the rate of 15 pounds per acre, when may produce as many as three generations the caterpillars are starting to hatch. A during the season. The insect does not second application of cryolite may be neces- usually become very abundant until late sary about 10 days later to destroy the summer or early fall. However, a heavy newly hatched caterpillars. The dust mfestation of caterpillars may completely should be applied in the late afternoon strip the plants in a field within a few days. when the air is quiet. The small white roundish eggs are laid singly on the lower surfaces of the leaves If a crop is treated with DDT, it should and hatch in from 3 to 5 days. The cater- not be fed to dairy animals, poultry, or pillars feed for about 3 weeks. They are meat animals being finished for slaughter.

{PLATE LXÏX VELVETBEAN CATÄ^ILLAR

Plant showing general feeding damage, a: b. larvae; f. pupa; d, moth. (All about natural size.)

/ POTATO LEAFHOPPER and September. A severe attack causes the ON ALFALFA plants to wilt. Under favorable conditions, the leafhopper can build up its popula- The potato leafhopper is an important tions rapidly and cause important losses pest of alfalfa in the eastern half of the to both the quality and quantity of alfalfa. United States, as far west as Kansas. It When young stands are injured, weeds also attacks many other plants. It is wedge- and grass crowd out the alfalfa. Alfalfa shaped, pale greenish-yellow, and about is often so severely weakened by this leaf- one-eighth inch long when full-grown. The hopper during the summer that it is unable females deposit their eggs in the petioles to survive the following winter. and in the larger veins of the leaves. In about a week the eggs hatch into wing- Control: The potato leafhopper can be less nymphs, which pass through five controlled effectively on alfalfa with stages and become winged adults in 8 to methoxychlpr. Prepare a spray by mixing 14 days. The period from egg to adult 1 quart of the 25-percent emulsifiable oil under most favorable conditions is about (one-half pound of methoxychlor) with 3 weeks. The adults and nymphs are ex- 5 gallons of water and apply this amount tremely active and feed on the petioles and per acre with sprayer at about 40 pounds lower surface of the leaves by sucking the pressure per square inch. Make the applica- plant juices. This leafhopper probably tion midway in the development of the does not overwinter in the North but crop or earlier if the insect becomes breeds throughout the year in Florida, and abundant. during most winters in other Gulf States. A delay of 10 days to 2 weeks in cutting In the latitude of Washington, D. C, adults the first crop, if this does not lower the usually appear about May 3 to 10 and grad- quality of the hay, will destroy large num- ually become more abundant, causing yel- bers of eggs and young leafhoppers which lowing and dwarfing of the second and otherwise would mature to adults and in- third crop of alfalfa during July, August, fest the next alfalfa crop.

{PLATE LXX POTATO LEAFÎ^jpPPER ON ALFALE

A, Damaged plant show- ng discolored leaves, short internodes, and lack of bloom. B, The insect (greatly enlarged) ; a, nymph; b, adult.

^^usn m an 51 TWO Use the lower rate of chlordane and GRASSHOPPERS toxaphene for young grasshoppers when long-continued killing action is not essen- The two grasshoppers illustrated are tial. Use the higher dosages for older grass- among the most important and injurious hoppers or when kills over a longer pe- species. The control measures recom- riod are needed. When it is necessary to mended are useful against them and other kill young grasshoppers before hatching species. is completed, the higher quantities may ex- The differential grasshopper attacks tend residual action long enough to kill crops over most of the United States but is the rest of the hatch and save the cost of a seldom found north of the southern boun- second treatment. daries of Minnesota and North Dakota. In dry vegetation and short, fall-seeded It prefers heavy soil and rank-growing grain, bait is usually more effective than a vegetation. Females deposit large egg pods, spray or dust. Bait is also useful in gardens containing 50 to 75 yellow eggs, just below and on crops where insecticides applied the ground surface in heavy sod along to foliage might create health hazards. roadsides, fence rows, and field margins. Oil concentrates are best for making dry Eggs are sometimes laid throughout alfalfa baits. Measure out enough concentrate to fields but seldom in grain or cultivated obtain the active ingredient in one of the crops. They are laid during the summer following quantities: Aldrin, 2 ounces; and fall and hatch in the spring. There is chlordane, one-half pound; or toxa- only one generation each year. phene, 1 pound; add kerosene to make The lesser migratory grasshopper at- one-half gallon of solution. Apply as a tacks crops and range vegetation through- finely divided spray to 100 pounds of out the United States. Females deposit egg coarse bran. pods containing about 20 cream-colored To prepare a wet bait, use emulsifiable eggs just below the ground surface in grain concentrates, employing the same quantity stubble, alfalfa fields, ditch banks, and of active ingredient used in making dry weedy field margins. In Northern States bait. Add water to make 10 gallons of eggs are laid in the summer and fall and diluted emulsion and mix thoroughly with hatch in the spring. In the South there are the bran. Distribute 5 pounds of dry bait two or more generations each year. Adults or 20 pounds of wet bait per acre. Dry bait sometimes gather in swarms and fly long is best for airplane application but does distances. not scatter well from wet-bait broadcasting machines. It can be stored and used when Control: Sprays are more effective than needed. dusts. Less material is needed and they kill Do not feed forage or chaff contami- over a longer period. Prepared oil solu- nated with aldrin, chlordane, or toxaphene tions, emulsifiable concentrates, wettable to dairy animals, to animals being finished powders, and dusts in various strengths arc for slaughter, or to poultry. If these insec- available at local dealers and may be di- ticides are used on fruits or vegetables, do luted to suit available equipment. The in- not apply them to the parts of the plants secticides may be applied with hand spray- that will be eaten or marketed. If grass- ers or dusters, power ground equipment, or hoppers must be controlled on legumes for airplanes. Take great care in diluting in- seed production while in bloom, spray with secticides and adjusting equipment to toxaphene in the early morning or late insure application at the acre-dosages evening when bees are not active in the recommended. field. In tall or dense succulent crops and in Cultivation after harvest discourages egg range grass use the following per-acre laying by the lesser migratory grasshopper dosages—Aldrin sprays, 2 ounces; dusts, in fields of grain stubble. Do not drill 3 ounces. Chlordane sprays, I/2 to I pound; grain into unworked stubble. Tillage be- dusts, VA to 11/2 pounds. Toxaphene sprays, fore seeding will destroy many of the 1 to 1 V2 pounds; dusts, 11/2 to 21/2 pounds. eggs.

{PLATE LXXl. PLATE LXXII overleaf MIGRATORY SHOPPER

Background showing badly damaged wheat plant, u. Sec- ond-stage nymph; b, fourth- stage nymph; c, adult male; d, female laying eggs; e, adult male in flight; /. egg pod in soil. (All about natural size.)

Allergies caused by insects, 147 Allethrin chemistry, 213-214 definition, 748 synthesis, 200-201 uses, 201, 606 Állodermanyssus sanguineus, 158 Allotropa burrelli, 383 Index' AUotype, defined, 63 Almond, pollination, 97-98 Alsike clover, 104, 538, 591 Alphelinus mali, 384 Alwood, W. B., 442 Amber, Baltic, 15, 17, 18 American Association of Economic Entomologists, 132, 444 Aaron, C. B., Mrs., 481 Aestivation, 26 American Ornithologists Union, Abbot, John, 441 Africa, insects from, 353 730 Acariña, 6, 158-160 Ageneotetiix dear urn, 596 /7-Aminophenol, use, 660 Achrioplera spinostsstma, 9 Ageratums, 652, 655, plate L Amphibians and insects, 700, 705 Acrylonitrile, 627 Agrámente, Aristides, 467, 481 Amphitornus coloradus, 596 Act Agricultural Research Center, 4l4 Anabasine, 200, 223, 227 Adams, 442 Agriculture, Bureau of, 462 Anabasis aphylla, 223 Bankhead-Jones, 442 Agrilus hyper i ci, 136-137 Anagrus jrequens, 386 Export Certification, 747 Agrióles, 5 Anaplasmosis transmission, 164 Federal Food, Drug, and Cos- Ailanthus, insecticidal value, 226 Anarhopus sydneyensis, 385 metic, 314-316 Aircraft for applying insecticides, An ax, 703 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, 250-251, 254, 257-258 junius, 19 and Rodenticide. 302, 310- Airplane ANDERSON, EARL D.: Choosing 314, 468, 739 dusting, 134, 247, 254 and Using Hand Equipment, Hatch, 441, 442 insect entry by, 351-352 Insect Pest, 360, 362, 365, 368, Alabama, 186, 527, 596, 608 262-269 Andrena 465, 747 pesticide laws, 306 complexa, 119 Mexican Border, 747 screw-worms, 666, 667, 712 habits, 114, 120 Morrill, 442 Alaska, insects, 533, 713 subaustralts, nest, 112 Plant Quarantine, 360, 365, 366, Alder, Kurt, 212 Andrews, E. A., 5 371, 465, 574, 747 Aldrich, J. M,, 442 Anemia Purnell, 442 Aldrin equine infectious, 162, 163 Research and Marketing, 442 chemistry, 212-213 tick-host, 710 Smith-Lever, 457 definition, 748 Terminal Inspection, 364, 366, Animal(s), 2, 6, 275, 351 effect on diseases, carriers of. Gerard 371-372, 747 bees, 134 Dikmans, A. O. Foster, C. D. Uniform State Insecticide, Fun- livestock, 281 Stein, and L. T. Giltner, gicide, and Rodenticide, 302- in soils, persistence, 293 161-168 310, 454 resistance of flies to, 324 toxicity of insecticides to, 276- See also La\v(s) ; Legislation use to control 283 Adaptations of insects, 20-29, cereal and forage crop insects, See also Livestock; Wildlife; 107-108 588, 590, 591, 592 and specific names of animals Aedes, 476, 479-480, 718 cotton insects, 499, 500, 504, albopktus, 4SI 513, plates I, IV Animal Industry, Bureau of, A66 dor salts, 327, 329 grasshoppers, 601, 602, 604, Anise, insecticidal value, 228 color plate XXVI plate LXXI Annand, P. N., 465 nigromaculis, 327, 329 miscellaneous insects, 492, Annonaceae, 223 sylvesiris, 162 495. 556, 571 Anopheles, 4l6, 487 taeniovhynchus, "ill^ 328 Aleochara himaculata, 379-380 albimanus, 485 theoholdt, 163 Aleppo gall, uses, 85-86 control, 482 ff. vexans, All Aleyrodidae, 58, 71 disease transmission, 147, 148, Aegyptianellosis, 164 Aleyrodids, 24 480-481 Aerial spraying Alfalfa, 144, 285, 450, 457 gambiae, 198, 484 effect on bees, 134 dwarf, 186 maculipennis. All precautions, 273 insects on, 538 ff, 581-582, 587- pseudopunctipennis, 329 research, 252-258 590, 592-593, plates LVIII, Aerosol (s) LXI, LXII, LXVII, LXIX- Anophelines, defined, 59 W. N. Sullivan, R. A. Fulton. LXXI Anoplura, 6, 16, 22, 45, 71 Alfred H. Yeomans, 240-244 pollination, 102, 117 Ansbacher, A. P., 452 bombs, 240-241, 273, 471 resistance in, 435 Ansbacher, David, 452 Aeschna, 703 yellows, 188 Ant(s), Í3, 5^, 79, 83, 169, All, Aesculaceae, 223 Alíeles, lethal of bees, 125-126 469, 613 ^ In this index, common names of insects approved by the American Association of Economic Entomologists are indicated by asterisks. Italic page numbers refer to line drawings. 731 Allegheny mound* {Formica Cooley spruce gall* {Chermes Apterygota, 18, 19 exsectoides), 5 cooleyi), 64l Aquatic insects, 21-22, 22-23, 65 amber, 17 corn leaf* (Aphis maidis), 434, Arachnid a, key to, 43 Amazonian, 29 435 Aramite, 565, 654, 748, plate XIV and wildlife, 699, 700, 714-715. corn root* {Anuraphis maidi- Arborvitae, 646, 650 728, 729 radicis), 439 Argentina, fruits, 404, 405 Argentine * {Ifidomyrmex hu- cotton* {Aphis gossypii), 3, Arizona, 361, 372, 582 milis), 197 427, 562, 567 beet leafhopper, 547, 548, 549 army, 13 color plate III dusting program, 134 Australian, 11 control. 499, 503, 504, 513 grasshoppers, 597-598, 601-602 bacteria transmission, 192 See also Aphid(s), melon pesticide laws, 306 carpenter, 469, 47i disease, 391 pink boUworm, 505, 507-508 color plate XXI transmission, 192 potato psyllid, 516, 517 colonies, size, 5 eastern spruce gall* (Chermes Arkansas, 372, 442, 485, 667 common, 169 ahietis), 646-647 cotton insects, 501, 512 control, 220, 241, 473, 649 enemies of, 80, 81, 83 pesticide lawSj 306 dimorphism among, 57 food, 40-41 Armadillo, insectivorous, 729 fire* (Solenopsis geminata), foxglove* (Aiyzus solani), 188, Armed Services, 487 ff. 13, 716 519 if. Armigeres obturbans, 481 Formica, 5 green peach* (Myzus persicae), Army, entomology work, 467-468 gardens, 29 183-185, 247, 435, 519 if., Army Typhus Commission, 487 flF. habits, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26 521, 625 Armyworm(s)* {Cirphis uni- harvester, 29 habits, 20, 22 fT. puncta), 4, 21, 82, 387, 408, honey, 13 increase after DDT, 387 584 house, color plate XXIX losses from, 142, 497 fall* (Laphygma frugiperda), identification 47, 53, 55 maple, 25 427, 503, 513, 584, 587 imported fire* {S&lenopsis sae- melon* {Aphis gossypii), 3, 185 color plate LVIII vissima var, richteri), 445, 717 See also Aphid(s), cotton southern* (Prodenia eridania), in gardens, 649 nasturtium, 227 32 leaf-cutting, 29 on carnation, 188 yellow-striped* (Prodenia or- mound-building prairie, 592 on ornamentals, 642-645 nithogalli), 512 number, 1 on tobacco, 621 fF. Arsenic, 205, 277, 299, 601 oddities, 8, 11, 13 pea. See Pea aphid in soils, effect, 284-285 red harvester* {Pogonomyrmes potato* {Macro sip hum solani- trioxide, use, 218 harbatus), 592-593 jolii), 519 flf. Arsenicals, 132, 133. 218-220, 277, reproduction, 3 potato. W. A. Shands and B. 452 slave-making, 13,25 J. Landis, 519-527 Arthropoda, key to classes, 43 tapeworm transmission, 173 reproduction, 3 Arthur, J. C, 191 Texas leaf-cutting* {Atta tex- spruce, 23-24 Ash, white grubs on, plate LXIV ana), 592-593 spruce gall, 646 AsHBY, WALLACE: Insect Pests of tree, 13 strawberry* {Capitophorus fra- Stored Grains and Seed, 629- velvet, 57, 118, 154 gaefoUi), 185 639 venom, 31, 154 traps, 408 Asparagus, 285 white. See Termite(s) virus transmission, 183-185 Aspirator, 68-69 "wolf-size," 8 wooly apple* {Eriosoma lani- Association of Economic Poisons See also Hymenoptera gerum), 228, 356, 384, 464, Control Officials, 309 Ant-lions, 12, 24, 38, 79. 80 565 Aster See also Neuroptera See also Homoptera ; Hemiptera ; family, 224 Anihophora occidentalis, 118 Plant-lice insects on, 643, 644, 648 nest, 114 Aphis, cane (Aphis sacchari), 387 yellows, 180, 182, 186-187, 189 Anthrax transmission, 148, 151, Aphis-lions, 11, 12, 80 Astilbe, weevil on, 650 162 Apiculture Atkins, I. M.. 433 Apanteles extension work in, 461-462 Atomic Energy Commission, 671 congregatus, color plate LUI See also Bee{s); Beekeeping; Atomizing devices, research, 253 glomeratus, 381 Honey bee(s) Attractants, synthetic organic, 217 solitaries, 382 Apocynaceae, 223 Aughey, Samuel, 725, 730 Apaulina, 714 Appetite in insects, 41-42 Australia, 487, 494 Aphelinus malt, 565 Apple(s), 261, 284 weed control, 87, 136 Aphicide, defined, 203 insects, plates XI-XV Aulocara elliotti, 596 Aphid(s), 30, 52, 183, 427 control problems, 319, 562 flf. Automobile, insect entry in, 351 bean* (Aphis fabae), 200, 224 losses, 143, 562-563 Azalea, insects on, 644, 646 225, 415 oil sprays for, 237, 238 Azobenzene, 209-210, 653, 655 black pecan* {Aielanocallis pollination, 95-96, 100-101 Azteca, 29 caryaefoliae), 562 residues on, 298-300 buckthorn* {Aphis ahbreviata), spray programs, 562-567 BHC 519 ff. Appleworm (Carpocapsa pomo- definition, 748 cabbage * {Brevicoryne bras- ne lia), 727-728 effect on bees, 134 sicae), 3, 227, 415 See also Codling moth in soils. 288, 289, 291 ff. Chinese, 28 Apricot, 285 rate of use, 294-295 control, 189, 190, 230, 238-239 Áptera, 22 use on ornamentals, 649, 650 752 See also Benzene hexachloride Bates, Marston, 479 social life, 110-111 BABERS, FRANK H. Bathyplectes curcul'ionis, 382, solitary, 110, 111, 116 How insecticides Poison Insects, plate LXI South American stingless, 7 205-208 Bats and insects, 708, 728, 729 stings, allergies from, 147 Life Processes of Insects, 30-37 Bawden, F, C, 179 sweat. 111, 118, 119 Babesia infections, 164, 165 Bay-rum tree, 226 tropical, nest, 7 Bacteria Bayne-Joncs, S., 493 venom, 31 and insects, 191-196 Beal, F. E. L., 728 wild, 10 soil, insecticides and, 291-292 Bean, John, 262 colonies, 7 Bacterial Beans, 437, 445 conservation of, 120-121 diseases of curly top, 544-545, 547 diseases, 118-119 animals, 161-162 insecticides in soil, 285, 289 íT. enemies of, 118 insects, 389-390 insects on, 142, 655, plates forage for, 119-120 plants, 191-194 XXXII, XXXVII, XLII habits and habitats, 110-114 soft rot, 193 XLIV, XLV, LX nests, 112, 113, 114, 115 wilt, 191, 192, 193-194 virus, 183, 189 pollination, 90, 102, 110, Bagworm* {Thyridopteryx ephem- Beasts, bugs, and birds. E. R. 116-118 eraeformis), 641 Kalmbach, 724-731 See also Beehives; Beekeeping; Baits for Beauperthuy, Louis D., 480 Hymenoptera collecting insects, 69-70 Beaver, tularcmia, 716 Beebe, William, 9 grasshoppers, 254, 459, 601-603 BECKER, GEORGE G.: Agricultural Beebread, preparation, 112 traps, 410 "Ellis Island," 355-360 Beech BAKER, A. C, 561 Bed bug (s ) * ( Cimex lectularhis ), family, 224 Vapor-Heat Process, 401-404 33. 469 nectria disease, 681 Baker, C. F., 442 control, 156, 471, 474, 495 Beehives BAKER, HOWARD Indian {.Cimex hemiptcrus), 155 moving, 93 Spider Mites, Insects, and DDT, injury to humans, 155-156 size, 6-7 562-567 tularemia transmission, 162 Beekeeping Traps Have Some Value, 406- Bee(s), 17, 21, 25, 54, 223, 225 extension work, 458, 461-462 411 alkali {Nomia melandri), 118, industry, 93-94, 131 BAKER, W. A., 4 119, 120 Beeswax, 84 Good Farming Helps Control color plate Lll Beet(s) Insects, 437-440 life history, 114, plate LII curly top, 544, 545, 547 BAKER, WHITEEORD L. : Insects pollination by, 102, 117, plate insecticides in soil, 288 fï. and Spread of Forest-Tree Dis- LII losses from leafhopper, 142 eases, 677-682 and insecticides. Frank E, Todd pollination, 118 Balsam, 145 and S, E. McGregor, 131-135 Viruses, control, 190 fir, budworm on, 683 breeding. Otto Mackensen and See also Sugar beet(s) tree family, 224 W. C. Roberts, 122-131 Beet leafhopper* {Circuí i fer tenel- Baltic amber, 15, 17, 18 broad-tongued. 111 lus) Bancroft. T. L., 481 bumble. See Bumble bees J. R. Douglass and William C. Bankhead-Jones Act, 442 carpenter* (Xylocopa virgin- Cook, 544-550 Barber, M. A., 482 ica). 111 color plate XLIV Barberry, inspection, 356 cocoons, 113 control, 189-190, 293, 549-550 Barium collecting and preserving, 65, 71, losses from, 142 carbonate, 220 72, 73, 74 Beetle(s), 48, 171, 469 fluosilicate, 622 cotton, 112 and wildlife, 699 fF., 728, 729 Bark bectle(s), 409, 681 cuckoo, 118 aquatic, 700, 702-703 color plate XVIII disease(s), 118-119, 389 as helpers, 79, 83, 90, 107, 109 control, 679. 690-694 transmission, 192 Asiatic garden* {Auto sérica disease transmission, 677-682 resistant, breeding, 129-130 casíanea), 219, 361, 368 in forests. F. P. Keen, 688- families, 110 asparagus* {Crioceris aspar- 694 golden, in U. S., 126 agi), 375-376 native elm* (Hylurgopinus fu- homozygosis in, 128 bark. See Bark beetle (s) fipes), 6n ff. honey. See Honey bcc(s) bean leaf* {Ce rot om a ir i fur- smaller European elm* {S col y tus large mountain carpenter {Xyl- cat a), 270 multistriaius)t 6II fí. ocopa orpifex)^ 111 Black Hills* {Dendroctonus spruce, 440 leaf-cutting ponderosae), 145, 168, 689 Barklice, 24 forage, 119, 120 black turpentine* {Dendroc- See also Corrodcntia pollination, 102, 110, 117 tonus terebrans), plate XVIII Barley, 288, 289, 433 life history, 111-114 black wood, 12 insects on, 144, 146, 612, plates mining. 111 blister, 11, 155, 220-221 LXV, LXVI bombardier, 12 Barnes, O. L., 598 number, 1 parasitic, 115-116 bran, 630, 631, 635 Barracks, fumigating grain in, 347 carpet. See Carpet beetle(s) Barriers, chinch bug, 613-614 publications on, 105, 131, 736 cerambycid, 13 Basil, common, 224-225 renting, 94 cigarette* (Lasioderma serri- Bass, insects in diet, 701 reproduction, 122 come), 146, 409, 621, 626, Bas s us siigmaterus, 382 resin, 112 627 Bates, Henry W., 13 scout, 91 color plate XXX 753 collecting and preserving, ó7, southern pine* {Dendroctonus Black fly(ies) 69, 70, 71, 74, 7Ó fron tal is), 689 and wildlife, 707, 719-720 cucumber. See Cucumber squash* {Epilachna borealis), Arctic {Simul'ium arcticum), beetle (s) 39, 81 160 darkling, 172 strawberry leaf {Paria canella), control, 150, 24l, 177 -178, 707 death-watch {Xestobium rufo- 270 disease transmission, 164 villosum), 13 sugarcane* {Euetheola r n gl- injury to humans, 150 dermestid, 172 ee ps), 436 Black's Mountain Exp. Forest, 693 Douglas-iir* {Dendroctonus striped blister* {Eplcauta vit- Blackberry, insects on, plate VII, pscudotsugae), 689, 693 tata), 270 LXIV dried-fruit* {Carpophiha hem- tiger, 8, 79 Blackfly, citrus* {Aleurocanthus ipterus), 194 tortoise, 270 woglumi), 58, 197, 230, 383-384 drug-store* {Stegobium pani- turpentine, color plate XVIII Blanchard, James A,, 452 ccum), 13 water, 21 Blattidae, geological age, 16 dung, 171, 172 water scavenger, 703 Blight, American, 464 dung-feeding, 178 western pine* {Dendroctonus Blind insects, 10 elm leaf* {Galenaella xantho- brevicomis), 688, 691. 692 Blisters from beetles, 155 mclaena ), 469 whirligig, 22, 703 Blow fly(ies), 4S, 79, 117, 144, color plate XVII white-fringed. See White- 666 Englemann spruce* {Detidroc- fringed beetle black* {Phormia regina), 228 tonus engc'lmanni), 145, 676, See also Coleóptera disease transmission, 152, 162 688, 727 Begonia, insects on, 650, plate L parasitic, 152 engraver, 689, plate XVIII Belastoîna, 703 physiology, 30, 31, 35 fire, 26 ík'nder, Gordon, 326 Blue flea. See Flea bcetle(s) Bender, Harry, 211 strain transmission, 681-682 flour. See Flour beetle(s) Benzene hexachloride tongue, 163 fungus, 172 action, 207 Blueberry stunt disease, 184 fungus-feeding, 21^ chemistry, 211 Bluegrass, white grubs on, 583- grain. See Grain beetle(s) development, 202 58-1 plate LXIV ground, 49, 79, 172, 270, 469, effect on Board, spreading, 74, 75 699 bees, 133 Bobwhite quail, 172, 709, 714, 716 habits, 21, 22, 23. 24, 28 fish, 707 BoHART, CTEORCI; H.: Pollination hairy fungus* {Typhaea ster- livestock. 278-2 79 by Native Insects, 107-121 corea), 629 technical, 211, 329, 492 Bohart, R. M., 329 Hercules, of Africa {Archon use, 211 Boll weevil* {Anthonomus gyan- centaurus), 12 against mites, 494 dis), 39, 350, 368, 424, ^02, hide* (Dermestes maculaius), against mosquitoes, 327-328 562 172 on cotton. 499, 500, 503, 513, R. C. Gaines, 501-5Ö4 Ips, 689, 691, 693 plates I-V, LVI color plate I color plate XVIII on field crops, 585, 590, 591, control, 250, 439, 451, 499, Japanese. See Japanese beetle 592, 639 502-504, 513, plate I June. See June beetle(s) on fruit, 565, 569 effect on bees, 132-133 lady. See Lady beetle(s) on livestock; 659, 663 crop resistance to, 430 larder* {Dermestes lardarius), See also BHC damage, 143, 501, plate I 49, 699 Benzil, use, 217 eradication, 198 leaf-feeding, 187 Benzyl benzoate. 217, 494, 495 Bollen, \V. B., 479 Longhorned, 49 Bergmann, L., 413 Bollworm* {Uel'wthis armígera), May. See May beetle(s) Beroza, M., 223 30, 39, 83 mcloid, 118 Betts, A. D., 91 K. P. Ewing, 511-514 Mexican bean. See Mexican Bignami, A., 480 color plate II bean beetle Biological control, 380-388 control, 499, 503, 504, 512-513 milky diseases, 394-401 See also Diseases of insects; Nat- losses from, 143, 497 minute, 12 ural control; Parasites; Preda- pink. See Pink bollworm mountain pine* {Dendroctonus tors Blue-bug, 709 momicolcie), 145, 688, 690 Bird(s) Booklouse* {L/poscelis d'lvina- number, 1 beasts, and bugs. E. R. Kalm- torius), 24, 427, 474, 745 oddities, 8, 11, 12, 13 bach, 724-731 See also Corrodentia oriental {Anómala or/enfalis), diseases, 480, 716, 718-719 Boophilus annulatus, 164, 165 361, 387, 705 insect suppression by, 724-728 potato. See Potato beetle decoloratus, l62, 164, l65 insects on, 351, 709 ff. powder-post, 30, 420, 469 microplus, 164, 165 malaria, 480, 718-719 color plate XIX Borage family, 223 Birdsfoot trefoil pollination, 104 red turpentine* {Dendroctonus Borax, use as insecticide, 220 Valens), 689, plate XVIII BJSHOPP, F. C, 711 Bordeaux mixture, 220, 238, 451, rice, 146 Carriers of Human Diseases, 562 rove, 48, 15 5, 379-380 147-160 Borden, Arthur D., 260 scarab, 729 Insect Friends of Man, 79-87 Borer(s) Sitka-spruce* {Dendroctonus Safe Use of Insecticides, 271-275 clover root* {Hylasiinus ob- obesus), 689 Black stem rust, 196, 356, 361 scur us), 591 snout, 650 Í Black Death, 154 corn. See Corn borer(s) 754 cotton square* (Strymon meli- BRINDLEY, T. A.: Pea Weevil, torpedo* {Siphanta acuta), nus), 368 530-537 387 dogwood twig* {Oberea tri- Bristletails, 24, 427 true, 1, 49, 728 puncíala), 647 See also Thysanura See also Hemiptera flatheaded apple tree* {Chryso- British Columbia, 350 tumble, 171 hothris femorata), 647 Broccoli, 288, plates XXXIV, water, 21, 156, 703 iris* (MacroKociua onusta), XXXVIII Bulb fly(ies), 404 369, 648-649 Brome grasses, plate LXV lesser* {Eumerus tuberculatus), lesser grain* {Rhyzopertha Broomcorn. 353, 612, 614 369 dominica), 629, 630, 634 BRONSON, T. E.: Choosing and narcissus* {Lampetia eqnes- lilac* {Padosesia syringae sy- Using Hand Equipment, 262- tris), 649 ringae), 649 269 Bullock, R. M., 96 IJma-bean pod* {Etiella zinc- Brose, C. M., 132 Bumble bees kenella), 220 BROWN, R. C: Spruce Budworm, cocoons, 113 moth, 87 683-688 forage for, 119, 120 old house* {Hylotrupes baju- Brown rot transmission, 195 habits, 24, 25, 111, 115 lus), color plate XIX Brown-tail moth* (N y g m i a pollination by, 103, 116, 117 peach tree* {Sanninoidea exi- phaeorrhoea), 155, 423, 727 Bunch-flower, 225 tiosa), 143, 215 biological control, 381 Bunchgrasses, 611, 612, 613 poplar and willow* {Cryptor- eradication, 198 Buprestis aurulenta, 11 hynchus lapathi), 676, 682 parasite of, 82 Burdock, leaf miner on, 646 rhododendron* {Ramnosia rho- quarantine, 360-361, 362, 365 BURKS, BARNARD D.: Insects, Ene- dodendri), 647 surveys, 447 mies of Insects, 373-380 root, 136-137 BRUCE, W. G.: Screw-worms, 666- BURNS, E. A.: Inspection in Trans- rose stem, 647 672 it, 365-370 squash vine* (Meliitia aicur- BRUCE, W. N.: Insecticides and BurrcU, R. W., 483 bitae), 514 Flies, 320-327 Burrelle, Joseph, 407 color plate XXXIX Bruchid, vetch* {Bruchus bra- Burrill, A. C, 725 stalk* {Papaipema ne bris ), 648 chialis), 591 BUSHLAND, R. C, 489, 493 sugarcane* {Diatraea sacchara- See also Weevil(s), vetch Toxicity to Livestock, 276-283 lis), 83, 382, 436, 438, 593 BRUES, CHARLES T.: How Insects Butler, C. G., 91 BoswELL, VICTOR R.: Residues, Choose Food Plants, 37-42 . Butterfly(ies), 1, 41, 47, 50, 51 Soils, and Plants, 284-297 Bruner, Lawrence, 442 alfalfa, i%0 Bot fly(ies), 23, 33 dc Buck, A., 479 cabbage, 38, 40, 392 and horse guard, 374-375 Buckeye, California, 223 common milkweed. See Butter- horse* {Gasterophilus intestina- Budworm fly (ies), monarch lis), 153, 199,672 spruce* {Choristoneura jumi- collecting and preserving, 65, 70, human* (Dermatobia homi- ferana), 4, 145, 440 71, 72,73, 74, 77 nis), 10-11, 153, 199 R. C. Brown, 683-688 dead-leaf. 9 nasal, 713 tobacco* {Heliothis virescens), habits, 21, 23. 24, 27 nose* {Gasterophilus haemor- 512, 621, 624-62 5 monarch* {Danaus plexippus), rhoidalis), 199 Bug(s) 4, 11, 12, 39, 351 on wildlife, 712-713, 721 ambush, 12, 118 oddities, 8, 10, 11 sheep* {Oestrus avis), 153, apple red* {Lygidea mendax), pollination by, 107, 109-110 198, 199 230, 238 snout, 4 throat* {Gasterophilus nasa- assassin, 35, 155, 156, 718 swallowtail, 24 Us), 199 bat, 708 See also Lepidoptera Bots on rodents, 713 bed. See Bed bug(s) w-Butyl acetanilide, 494 Botulism, 162 big-eyed, 519, 550 2 - (p -ÍÍ r/-Butylphenoxy ) -1 -methyl- Boutonneuse fever, 159 blue, 709 ethyl 2-chloroethyl sulfite, Bovicola pilosa, l63 boxelder* {Leptocoris trivit- 655, 656 BowiiN, C. v., 227 tatus), 469, 475 Organic Insecticides, 209-218 chinch. See Chinch bug C-47 transports, 251, 254, 697 Boxwood, insects on, 644, 646 defined, 155 CS-645A, definition, 748 Brachinus jumans, 12 habits, 21, 22-23, 24 CS-674A, definition, 748 harlequin* {Mur gant ia histri- CS-708, definition, 748 Bracon See also Dilan hehetor, 57, 125 onica), 225, 350, 409, 496 color plate XXXIV Cabbage, 38, 288, 290, 359 kirkpatricki, 501 injury to humans, 155-156 insects on, 142, plates XXXIV, mellitor, 501 kissing, 155 XXXVIII ves tic ida, 501 lace. See Lace bug(s) Cabbageworm, 34 Bradley, G. W., 482 large milkweed* {Oncopeltus imported* {Pieris rapae), 223, BRADLEY, WM. G.: European Corn fas ci at us), 227 369, 381, 392 Borer, 614-621 lygus. See Lygus bugs color plate XXXVIII Brancsikia aeroplana, 9 plant. See Plant bug(s) Cacao virus, vectors of, 187 Brandt Brothers, 263 red. See Chigger(s) Cactus, 87, plate L BRAN NAN, CHARLES F., vîi squash* {Anasa ¿ristis), 34, Cactoblasîis cactorum, 87 Brazil, 484, 486, 505 223, 225, 407, 496 Caddisfly(ies), 5S, 701 Breakbone fever, 149 color plate LV and fish, 700, 701, 703 Brennan, J. M., 494, 715 stink. See Stink bug(s) habits, 21, 23, 24 7^3 seine-making, 703 Caprifig, pollination, 84-85 Catfish, mosquito control by, 704 See also Trichoptera Caraway, insecticida! value, 227 Cathode rays, use, 419-420 Cadelle* {Tenebroides mauri- Carbolineum oil, 663, 665 Catohtccus hunieri, 501 îanicus), 639 Carbon Cattle GAFFRI-Y, D, J.: Tobacco Insects, dioxide, 349, 627 diseases, l6l ff. 621-628 disulfide, 201 effect of insecticides on, 277 ff. Cülcium for Japanese beetles, 570, 571, pests, 144, 145, 657 ff., 662 ff., arsenate, 132-133, 284-285, 451 572, 576, 578 666 ff., plates XXIV-XXVI for cotton insects, 451, 498, uses, 215, 332, 340, 347, 535, Texas fever, A66 ^99, 503, 513, plates I. Ill, 636, 649, plate XVIII tick fever, 165 V tetrachloride, 332-333, 348, 627, worms, 171, 173, 176 uses, 218-219, 562, 588, 589, plate XXI Cattle grub(s), 144, 145, 153, 198 650, plates XXXI, LXI for fumigating grain, 346, 347, 460 cyanide, 220, 340, 346-347, 636, 636 Ernest W. Laake, and Irwin H. 645 Caribbean islands, 350 Roberts, 672-676 inonosulfide, 221 j Carlson, J. C, 418 color plate XXIV Calendula, leafhoppers on, GAA: i Carnation, 188, 652, 655 comm o n * ( Hyp ode rma lin ea - California, 240, 443, 667, 674, 700 CARPENTER, FRANK M.: Fossil In- ium), 198, 672-673, 674, 67^ alfalfa production, 1Ü2 sects, 14-19 northern* {Hypoderma bovis), bark beetles, 692, 693 Carpet beetle(s), 49, l4l, 146, 198, 672, 673 bees, 94, 97 469, 470, 474 Cauliflower, 142, plate XXXVIII beet leafhopper, 190, 544 ff. black* {Attagenus piceus), 420, Cecal worm, 172 biological control of insects, plate XXVIII Cecropia, 34 380-381, 384-386 furniture* {Anthrenus vorax), Cedar chests, value, 470 citrus, 143, 185, 463 plate XXVIII Celastraceae, 223 dusting ordinances, 134 Carpophilus, 369 Celery, 142, 183 eucalyptus imports, 356-357 Carroll, James, 467, 481 Celli, A., 481, 484 field crop insects, 597-598, 599, Carrot(s), 189, 289, plate XLV Centipede(s), 5, 43, 44, 72. 469 601-602, 606 family, insecticida! value, 227 Central America, insects from, 350 inspection, 356, 366, 368, 372 Carsner, Eubanks, 546 Ceratomegilla juscilabris, 617 Klamath weed control, 136-140 CARTER, R. H.: Inorganic Insecti- Cercopidae, 10 lady beetles, 4 cides, 218-222 Cereal (s) mosquito control, 483, 704, 707 CARTER, WALTER: Oriental Fruit and forage insects, plates LVII- oil sprays, use, 230, 231, 234, Fly, 551-559 LXXII 235, 236, 237 Casagrandi, O., 481, 484 C. M. Packard, 581-594 oriental fruit fly, 552, 553, 558 Casebearer(s), 563 insecticides in soil, 284, 287 pesticide laws, 302, 306, 310 larch* {Coleophora laricella), ergot transmission, 191 quarantines, 344, 361, 457 382 grains, stored, insects, 630-631 resistant insects, 318, 321 ff. Cassava, virus, 187 losses from insects, 143. 144, 630 vegetable insects, 341, 519, 538 Castor-bean plant, 224 products, insects, plate XXVIII wildlife pests, 712, 714, 716, Cat(s), 277, 279, 280 Chadwick, L. E., 24 717, 719 enteritis, 162 Chaetexorista javana, 382 California Agr. Exp. Sta., 94, 101 worms, 172. 173, 174, 175 Chafer, rose* {Macrodactylus sub- California Citrus Exp. Sta., 236, Cataría clauseni, 383 spin os us), 49. 642, 645 320, 324 Caterpillar (s) Chagas' disease, 156, 164 California, Univ. of, 124, 136, alfalfa* {Col'ias philodice eury- Chalcidfly(ies), 13, 53 384-386, 387, 492 theme), 580, 385, 391, 393, CHAMBEKLIN, JOSEPH C: Pea Cdlliphora, 162 587-588 Weevil, 530-537 Calliphoridae, 714 and wildlife, 699, 700, 127-728 Chandler, W. H., 100 Calvery, H. O., 490 cabbage, 142, 220, 298 CHAPMAN, P. J.: Oil Sprays for Camels, disease, 167 denned, 46 Fruit Trees, 229-239 Camouflage, insects, 8-9 disease, 391 Cheatum. E. L.. 710. 713, 720 Campodids, 24 eastern tent* {Malacosoma Chelonus annulipes, 6\1 Camponotus, 29 americana), 3ö9, 642 Chenopodiaceae, 223 cast an eus, 169 enemies, 81-82, 373-374, 727 Chermes, 24 Cankerworm, 57 habits, 22, 23 Cherries, 99-100. plates XIII, XIV fall* {Alsophiîa pometaria), on ornamentals, 64l Chestnut, American, 224 408 puss* {Megalopyge opercula- Chickens, 277, 280, 726 spring* {Paleacrita vernata), ris), 155 diseases, 162, 163, 164 408 range* {Hemileuca oliviae), ticks and lice on, 663. 66'y-666 Canada, 237, 487, 674, 720 729 worms, 172 dutch elm disease, 679 saddleback* {Sibine stimule a), Chigger(s)* {Euirombicula alfred- insects from, 350 155, 641 dugêsî), 147, 158-159, 715 spruce budworm, 683, 684 stings, 154-155 control, 160, 217, 492-494 vegetable insects, 530, 533, 538, tent, 225, 563 Chigoe* {Tunga penetrans), 153 544 velvetbean* (Aniicarsia gem- Chilopoda, key to, 43 Cankers, inspection for, 358 matilis), 143, 144 CHILDRESS, GEORGE D,: Research Canna. 223, 655 color plate LXIX on Aerial Spraying, 252-258 Cantaloup, 142, 544, 545, 547, yellow-necked* [Batana min- China, S6, 505 plate XLIV i istra), 563, 566 China aster, mites on, 655 756 Chinaberry, insecticidal value, 226 Chrysalids, 70 color plate XXIII Chinch bug* {Blissus leucopter- Chrysanthemums, 644, 647, 652, control, 157, 223, 225, 226, 387. us), 4, 369, 423, 427, 611 655 plate XXIII Claude Wakeland, 611-614 Chrysolina disease transmission. 156-157 ■ barriers, 585, 613-614 gemellata, 136, 137, 138 German* {Blattella germánica), color plate LXIII hyperici, 136, 137, 138 30, 156, 171. 172, 470, 472 control, 225, 437, 585, 612- use in weed control, 136-140 habits, 156, 472, plate XXIII 614, plate LXUI Chrysopa, 519 in hornet's nest, 374 crop resistance to, 431 ff. Chrysops, 167 oriental* (Blatta orientalis), damage. 143. 144. 585, 611-612 Cicada(s), 5h 75, 77, 79, 699 156, 472 disease, 390 habits, 26, 27 See also Blattidae; Roach (es) surveys, 446, 612-613 • periodical* (Magicicada septe>2- Cockroach plant, 223 trap, 408 decim), 3, 4. 13 Cocoons Chipmunks, tularemia, 716 See also Hemiptera; Homoptera bee, 113 Chhonomus plumosus, 26 Cicadellid, 427 silkworm, 86-87 CHISHOLM, ROBERT D.: Nature Cicadids, 24 Codling moth* (Carpocapsa pa- and Uses of Fumigants, 331- Circulatory systems, insect, 31-32 monella), 83, 132, 369, 443 339 Citronella, oil of, use, 217, 485 color plate XII Chlordane, 133, 134, 212. 707, Citrus control, 220, 223, 226, 230, 238, 748 canker, inspection for. 356 261, 727-728, plate XII in soil, 290-291, 292, 293 cold treatment, 404 problems, 298-300, 5Ó2-563 rate of use recommended, 295 fumigation, 340, 344 disease, 390, 392 resistance in flies, 322-324 insects, 143, 318, 463, 561-562. losses from, 143, 562-563 use to control 567, plate L resistance, 319, 320 cereal and forage crop insects, movement under quarantine, 363 tests with radiant energy, 415, 584-585. 588, 590, 592, quick decline disease. 184; 185 420, 593, 594, plates LXI, vapor-heat process. 401-402 traps, 407. 409, 410 LXIII, LXIV viruses, vectors of, 185 Cold treatment of fruits. Henry cotton insects, 499, 500, 503-- Civil Aeronautics Admin., 257 H. Richardson, 404-406 504, 513, plates I, IV CLABORN, II. v.: Toxicity to Live- Cole, M. M., 494 grasshoppers, 601, 602, 603- stock, 276-283 Coleomegilla floridana, 421 604, plate LXXI Clare Island, cattle grubs. 674 Coleóptera, 6, 71, 181, 393, 735 household insects, 472 ff., Clarke, C. H. D., 720 geological age, 16, 17 plates XXIII, XXVIII, Clarke, T. E., 699 identification of larvae, AS, 58 XXIX CLAUSEN, C. P.: Parasites and Coleus, mealybug on, plate L insects affecting man, 490, Predators, 380-388 CoUards, 288, plate XXXVIII 492, 494. 495 Clausema purpurea, 383 Collecting Japanese beetle, 570, 571, Climate and weather. Harlow B. and preserving insects for study. 572, 576, 578. plate VIII Mills, 422-429 Paul W. Oman, 65-78 livestock pests, 279, 658, 659, Clothes moth(s), 215, A69 insects as hobby, 61 664, 665 control, 470, Ani-AlA, plate values. C. E. Mickel, 60-64 Mormon crickets, 606. 607, XXVIII CoUembola, 6. 22. 45, 71 plate LXVII losses from, l4l, 146 geological age, 15, 16 mosquitoes. 327-328 webbing* (Tineola bisselliella), Colletés, nest, 114, 115 pests of ornamentals, 641 fF., color plate XXVIII Collinge, Walter E., 730-731 plate L Clover. 102-104, 539, 590-591 Collins, D. L., 494 miscellaneous insects, 623, Clusiaceac, 224 Colorado, 145, 442, 668. 674, 727 625, plates XVIII. XXI. Coad. B. R., 250, 451 beet leafhopper, 544, 547, 548 XLII Coal-tar creosote, 585, plates XX, fossils, 14, 18 bis (p-Chlorophenoxy ) methane, LXIII grasshoppers, 595, 597, 601-602 213, 748 Coarse mottle, vectors, 183-185 inspection, 366, 368 p-Chlorophenyl p-chloroben2ene Coccid(s) Mormon cricket, 606, 607 sulfonate, 655, 656. 748 habits, 20, 25, 27, 28 pesticide laws, 306 Chlorophyll, metabolism of, 33-34 root-infesting, 27 potato psyllid, 515, 5l6, 517 Chloropicrin See also Scale(s) resistant insects in, 319 uses, 201, 215, 333 Coccinella transversoguttata, 524 soils, insecticides in, 284 against beetles, 572, 578 Coccinnellid, 427, 540 wildlife losses, 713, 717 on stored foodstuffs, 346-347, Coccophagus gurneyi, 385 Colorado Agr. Exp. Sta., 132 348, 349, 636 Cochineal, 85 Colorado 9, structure, 212 miscellaneous. 340, 535 insect* {Dactylopius coccus), Colorado tick fever, 159 Chlorotic streak, cure, 188 33, 87 Colors of insects, 33-34 Cochlospermaceac, 224 Chock. Q. C. 555 Columbine, leaf miner on, 646 Cockerell, T. D. A.. 25, 442 Cholera and flies, 152 Communicable Disease Center, 468 Cholinesterase, 32-33, 207 Cockran, J. H.. 483 Comperiella bifasciata, 385 Chong, Mabel, 551 Cockroach (es), 22, 24, 30, 31, 50 Compositae, 224 Chlordata, 6, 43 American* (Periplaneia ameri- Choriomeningitis, 156 cana), 156, 221, 223, 420, Compound 92 3, definition, 748 CHRISTENSON, L. D.: Insects and 472 Compound 22008, definition, 748 Plant Viruses, 179-190 as host of worms, 172 Compsilura concinnata, 82, 382 Christmas trees, fumigation, 343 Australian, 156 Comstock, J. H., 442.463 757 Conifers, 681-682, plates XVIII, crop resistance to, 430, 433- coulee* {Peranabrus scabricol- XXII 434, 435, 619-620 lis), 725 Conchuela* {Chlorochroa ligaía), cultural control, 437, 438, habits, 22, 23, 24 color plate LVI 439, 440, 617-619 mole. See Mole cricket(s) Conenose(s), 155, 156 disease, 390, 392, 617 Mormon. See Mormon cricket bloodsucking* {Triaioma san- losses from, l4l, 144 snowy tree* {Oecanthus niveus), guisuga), 163 survey, 446^ 448 425 Coniopterygids, 23 traps, 408, 409 See also Orthoptera Con'tum maculatum, 227 southwestern* {Diatraea gran- Crimson clover, 103, 538 CoNKLE, HERBERT J.: Our Do- di os ella), 435 Crocus, aphids on, 643 mestic Quarantines, 360-364 Cornell, early entomology, 442 CRONIN, TIMOTHY C: Off Limits Connecticut, 44l, 448, 696, 718 Corrodentia, 6, 16, 71 for Beetles, 574-580 insects, number, 1 Cory, E. N., 5 Crops Japanese beetle, 571, 574, 580 Cosmos, stalk borer on, 648 resistant. C. M. Packard and pesticide laws, 306 Cottam, C. 699 John H. Martin, 429-436 resistant mites, 654 COTTON, R. T, rotation to control insects, 439- Control Fumigating Stored Foodstuffs, 440, 583 ' insect 345-349 trap, to control insects, 409 good farming helps. W. A. Insect Pests of Stored Grains and Crosby, C. R., 457 Baker and O. R. Mathews, Seed. 629-639 Cross-pollination in plants, 88-89 437-440 Cotton Crotón oil, 224 other than insecticidal, 373 ff. cultural practices to control in- Crowfoot family, 226 weed, by insects, 136-140 sects, 438, 497-498, 502, 509- Crowpoison, 225 Conversion tables and equivalents, 510, 512 Crows, lice on, 715 R. H. Nelson, 743-746 imported, insect entry on, 353 Crustacea, key to, 43 Cook, A. J., 132, 229, 297, 442 insecticides in soil, 284 ff. Cryolite COOK, WILLIAM C. insects, 497-514, plates I-VII, development, 452 Beet Leafhopper, 544-550 LVI use, 220 Pea Aphid, 538-543 increase, 562, 567 on field crops, 586, 593, plate Cooperative Economic Insect Re- research, 497-500 LXIX port, 448 miscellaneous, 294, 446, 451, on tobacco, 622, 623, 624 COPE, OLIVER B.: Insects and 460-461, 583, 586, plates on truck crops, plates XXXII, Lower Vertebrates, 699-708 LVIII, LX XXXVI, XL, LI Copper inspection for pink boUworm, miscellaneous, 236, 513 arsenate, 513 506-507 Cryptochaeium iceryae, 381 ars.enite, 219 movement under quarantine, Oyptolaemus, 385 compounds, 452 363. 364 Cube, uses, 569, 664, 665, plates Coquillett, D. W., 476-477, 601 leaf curl, 184 XXXII, XXXVI, XXXVIII Cordillacris occipitalis, 596 lint, treatment, 509 Cucumber, 288, 290 Coriander, 228 losses from insects, 143, 145, bacterial wilt, 191 Corktree, Amur, 226 497, 505 insects, 652, 653, 655, plates I, CORLISS, JOHN M. : Gypsy Moth, resistance in, 430, 435-436 XXXVI, XXXIX. LI 694-698 saving from insect control, 450 mosaic, 183-185 Corn stigmatomycosis, 195- Cucumber beetle(s) cultural practices to control in- virus, vectors of, 187 disease transmission, 187, 191 ff. sects, 437, 438, 440, 618-619 Cottonseed, 343, 344, 364, 509 spotted* {Diabrotica undecim- drying, 632-634 Coulter pine, bark beetles on, 691 punctata hotuardi), 192-193, insecticides in soil, 287 ff. Council of State Governments, 302, 427, 595, 642 insects, 581, 583 ñ,, 591 fí., 611 454 striped* {Acalymma vittata), ff., plates XLII, XLV, LVII- County agent, entomology work, 192-193, 427 LX, LXIII. LXIV 459-460 color plate XXXVI losses from insects, l4l, 144 Cover crops, 285, 294 Cucurbitaceae, 224 resistance in, 430, 433-434, 435, Cow-killer {Dasymutilla occiden- Cucurbits, 104-105, 192-193, 619-620 taljs), 154 plates I, XXXIX savings from borer survey, 446 Cowan, Frank T., 606 Culex, 416, 480, 718 seed, fumigation, 637 Cowan, I. M., 713, 716 annulirostrjs, 163 stored, insects, 146, 629 ff. Cowpeas, 284, 290 tarsalis, 149, 327, 329, 478, 481 sweet Coyote, tularemia, 716 Culicoides, 150, 163 bacterial wilt, 191, 193-194 Craighead, F. C, 683 Culpepper, G. H., 488 insect control, 586-587 Cranberry false-blossom, 184 Cultural methods of insect control, Corn borer(s) Craw, Alexander, 386 Crawford. D. L., 403 437-440 crop resistance to, 430 Crawler, alpine rock (Grylloblatia Curculio, plum* {Conotrachelns European'^" (Pyrausia ymbilalts), campodeijormis), 10, 423 nenuphar), 143, 195, 407 39, 353, 361, 368, 369, 422, Crawling insects, 263, 408 color plate XIII 617 Creosote control, 294, 298, 566 Wm. G. Bradley, 614-621 barriers, 613-614 Curie, Jacques, 413 biological control, 382, 616 oil, 663, 665 Curie, Pierre, 413 color plate LIX Cricket(s), 30, 156, 369, 469 CURL, L, F,: Pink Bollworm, 505- control, 259, 293, 616 ff. control, 220, 227, 474 511 758 Curly top. 180, 189-190, 544 ff., livestock pests, 657 ff., 662 Diarrhea and flies, 152 plate XLIV ff., 670, plates XXV, XXVI Dibutyl phthalate, 216, 494 Currants, inspection, 356 mosquitoes, 483, 484-485 Dichloroethyl ether, 215, 334 Curtice, Cooper, 466 pests of ornamentals, 641 ff., Dichloronitroethane, 341 Cushman, Gerald, 452 plates XXXV, L Dicke, R. J., 225 Custard-apple family, 223 stored grain insects, 634, 637 Dieldrin Cu tere bra, 713 truck crop insects, 518, 525- chemistry, 212-213 Cutworm(s), 71, 621, 622, 729 526, ' 529, 534-535, 542, definition, 749 army* {Chortzagrotis auxili- 550, plates XXXIII, effect on aris), 584 XXXVII, XXXVIII, XL, bees, 133, 134 clay-backed {Agrolis gladiolus), XLI, XLIII-XLIX livestock, 280-281 color plate XLVIII tobacco insects, 622 ff. in soils, 290, 293 control, 218, 221, 513, 584-585, virus vectors, 189-190 resistance in flies, 322-324 623, 641 DFDT, definition, 749 use to control on ornamentals, 641 DMC, 565, 654, 749, plate XIV cotton insects, 499, 500, 504, on tobacco, 621, 622, 623 DN-111, 564 513, plates I, IV pale western* (Agrotis ortho- Dahlia, insects on, dAA, 648, 655 field crop insects, 590, 593, gonia), 438, 582-583 Dahms, R. G., 433 plate LXI traps, 407, 408 Dairy barns, control of stable fly fruit insects, 556, 571 Cyanides, action of, 208 in, 658 insects affecting man, 492, Cyhister, 703 Damselfly(ies), 24, :52, %0, 701. 495 2-Cyclohexyl-4,6-dinitrophenol, 703 mosquitoes, 329 210 collecting and preserving, 71, 74 Dicls, Otto, 212 Cyrtorhinus mundtilus, 386 predatism, 79-80 Diesel oil for bark beetles, 691 See also Odonata Diet of insects, 30, 37-42 D-D mixture, 201, 333, 341, 749 Dandelion, weevil on, 650 Diisopropyl p-nitrophenyl thio- DDT Daniels, J. Q. A., 495-496 phosphate, 749 action of, 206-207 Darner, big green, 79 DiKMANS, GERARD: Carriers of chemistry, 210, 211 Darwin, Charles, 9, 88, 116 Animal Diseases, I61-I68 definition, 749 Davis, E. G., 598 Dilan, 326, 556 development of, 202, 452 DAVIS, J. J.: Milestones in Ento- See also CS-708 effect on mology, 441-444 Dimethyl bees, 133, 134 Death-feigning in insects, 12 carbate, 216, 217, 749 biological control, 387 Decker, George C, 322 phthalate. 216, 486, 493, 494 livestock, 277-278 Deer, insects on, 663, 668, 711, Dimmockia incongrua, 374 soil micro-life, 291 712-713, 715, 720-721 Dimorphism, 57-58 wildlife, 688, 707-708 Deer fly(ies), 144, 151, 125 Dine Utes, 703 in soils on livestock, 659, 661 Dinitro compounds, use, 236, 564 effect on plants, 286, 287-288 on wildlife, 711, 717 Dinitro-ö-cresol. 210, 585, 614, of regulated articles, 363 Deermouse, 713 plate LXIII persistence, 284, 292 Defense Department, 487 ff. ■ Dinitrophenols, action of, 206 increase of insects after use, Delaware Diopsis apicalis, 12 562-567 Japanese beetle, 573. 574, 580 Diphenylamine, use, 214 plant injury by, 291 pesticide laws, 306 Diplopoda, key to, 43 rate of use, 293-294 DeLong, D. M., 546 Diptera. 6, I6, 22, 46, 71, 393 resistance in Delphacids, 24 disease, 391 house flies, 321-327, 492 Delphinium, stalk borer on, 648 transmission, 148 mosquitoes, 327-330 DeMeillon, B., 484 Diseases role in development of aerial Dendroctomis, 689 animal, carriers of. Gerard spraying, 252 Dengue, 148, l49, 481 Dikmans, A. O. Foster, C. D. structure, 212 Deonier, C. C, 483, 494 Stein, and L. T. Giltner, I6I- spider mites, and insects. How- Deymacentor, 165 168 ard Baker, 562-567 andersoni, 165 forest-tree, insects and spread. to control reticulaius, 165 Curtis May and Whiteford L. cotton insects, 499, 503, 510, Dermaptera. 6, 16, 71, 181 Baker, 677-682 513, plates I-VI, LVI Dermatobia, 153 human field crop insects, 584 ff., Derris, use to control carriers of. F. C. Bishopp 609-610, 611, plates LVII, Japanese beetle, plate VIII and C. B. Philip, 147-160 LVIIl, LX-LXIII. LXÏX livestock pests, 66A, 665 control of vectors, 484-491 forest insects, 679 ff., 683 ff., pests of ornamentals, 641, 644, insect, infectious, 388-394 691, 697, 698, plates XVI, 653 insect-borne, early work, 464, XVII, XX-XXII truck crop insects, plates A66-A61 fruit insects, 300, 556, 557, XXXII, XXXVI, XXXVIII milky. See Milky disease(s) 569 ff., 576 ff., plates VIII, Dethier, Vincent G., 40 plant, transmitted by insects, X-XIII Devil, hickory horned* {Cither- 179-196 house flies, 460 onia regalis), 155 transmission by mosquitoes, household insects, 470 ff., Devil's-darning-needle, 79 studies. 480-481 plates XXIII, XXVIII, Devils-shoestring, 225 use to control insects, 393-394 XXX Diadasia enevata, nest, 112 wildlife, insect-borne, 716-720 insects affecting man, 490 ff. Diamphidia locusta, 31 Distillation range of oils, 231 759 District of Columbia Earwig(s), 24, 48, 55, 469 economic, 441-468 inspection, 365, 366, 372 ring-legged* {Euboiellia annu- books on, 733-734 Japanese beetles, 399-400, 57Í, lipes), 112 history, 442-443 575. 580 See also Dermaptera extension work, 457-462 Ditylenchus dipsaci, 358 Earworm, corn* (Heliothis armí- general, books on, 732-735 Dixippus, 34 gera), 30, 82, 368, 428, 430, milestones, 441-444 Dobsonily(ies), 24, 52, 53, 80 511 work in Federal Government, See also Neuroptera color plate LVII 462-467 Dodd, F. P., 11 control, 220, 259, 439, 586-587 Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Dog(s), 277, 279, 280 crop resistance to, 430, 434 Bureau of diseases, 162, 164, 165, ^66, 167 losses from, 143, 144 history, 465-466 worms, 171, 173, 174, 175 East Coast fever, 166 organization and addresses, 739 Dogbane family, 223 Ebeling, Walter, 2 32 Entotrophi, geological age, 16 Dolerus, 425 Ecology, insects, 20-29 Enzymes, activity in resistance, 32 Donkeys, disease, 163, 166 EDDY, GAINKS W.: Flies on Live- Ephemerids, 729 Doodle-bug, 79, 80 stock, 657-661 Ephemeroptera, 6, 16, 19, 71 Dosch, Theodore, 452 Edwards, F, W., 59, 477 Eretmocerus serius, 383 Douglas-fir, budworm on, 683, Eel worms, inspection for, 358 Eretmopodites, 163 686, 687 Eggs Ergot transmission, 191 DOUGLASS, J. R.: Beet Leafhopper, of solitary bees, 116 Eschcrich, Karl, 3 544-550 self-multiplying, 13 ESSIG, E. O.: HOW Insects live, Dourine transmission, 166 Eggshell, insect, nature of, 35 20-29 DOW, Herbert, 452 Egypt, cotton losses, 505 Esophageal worm, 171 Downs, Wilbur C, 329 Eide, P. M., 483, 485 2-Ethyl-l,3-hexanediol, 749 Dracena, mealybug on, plate L Electric insect traps, 408-409 See also Rutgers 612 Draeculacephala minerva, 364 Electromagnetic waves, use in in- Ethylene Dragonfly(ies), 12, 17, 52, 174, sect control, 416-417 dibromide, 335 701, 703 Elephantiasis transmission, 149 for fumigating stored food- collecting and preserving, 65, Elevator, fumigating grain in, stuffs, 347, 348, 349, 636 71, 72, 74, 75 346-347, 636 for Japanese beetle control, habits, 21, 22, 23, 24 Elk, insects on, 715, 716, 721 570, 572, 576, 578 predatism, 79-80 Elm, 356, 677-681, plates XVII, L for wireworm control, 341 See also Odonata Elmo limestone, 15 dichloride Drepanopterna femoratum, 596 Embiids, 24 for Japanese beetle control, Dr OS op hila, 24 See also Embioptera 572, 576, 578 Duck diseases, 162, 164, 718, 719 Embioptera, 6, 16 uses, 335-336, 348, 636, plate DUDLEY, JOHN E., JR.: Pea Emerson, Alfred E., 3, 5 XVJIi Aphid, 538-543 Emulsifiers oxide, 215, 336, 349, 571, 627 Duke cherries, pollination, 100 classes of, 204 Eucalyptus in California, 356-357 DuNBAR, P. B. : Insecticides and influence in spraying, 232 Euchirus longimanus, 12 Pure Food Law, 314-316 Emulsions Eumenacanthus stramineus, 163 Dunham, W. E., 103 formulation, 203 Eupelmus cyaniceps amicus, 501 DuPont Company, 491 oil, purpose, 232 Euphorbiaceae, 224 Dust(s) physical properties, 245-246 Eupteromalus ntdulans, 382 application by aircraft, 134, 247, Enallagma exsulans, 80- Europe, insects from, 351, 353, 254 Enation mosaic, 539 581, 591 conversion tables, 746 Encephalitis transmission, 148, 149 Eurytoma tylodermatis, 501 diluents, types, 203 Japanese B, 149, 162, 163 Eutermes, 20 formulation, 203 spring-summer, 159 Evans, H., 436 particles, size, 255-256 Encephalomyelitis, 156, 162, l63, EwiNG, K. P.: BoUworm, 511-514 properties, 246 481, 718 Export Certification Act, 747 Dustan, Alan G., 727 See also Sleeping sickness Extension Dusters Encoptohphus sórdidas, 596 directors, addresses, 742-743 care of, 262, 269 Endocrinology, insect, 34-35 work in entomology. M. P. hand-operated, 262-263, 268 Endosepsis transmission, 194-195 Jones, 457-462 power, 261-262 Enemies of insects. Barnard D, Extension Service, 145 Dusty wings, 24 Burks, 373-380 Dutch elm disease, 677-681 Engelmann spruce, 145, 6B8, 691 Evans, R. D., 419 Dutky, S. R., 395 Engraver Evolution, insect, 18-19, 21 Dyar, H. G., 59, ^64:, 476-477, fir* {Scolytus ventralis), 689 Eyeworms, insect-borne, 172 479 pine* {Ips pini), 689 Dyes from insects, 85 Enteritis, feline infectious, 163 Fabre, J. Henri, 10 Dysentery and flies, 152 Entomologists Fabric pests, color plate XXVIII Dytiscus, 703 early 441, 442 Factories, insect prevention, 455 ff. extension, 457-462 Fagaceae, insecticidal value, 224 E-1059, definition, 749 in Washington, 462-468 FAHEY, J. E.: Residues on Fruits EPN, 499, 565. 566, 749 industrial, 455-457 and Vegetables, 297-301 EQ-335 for screw-worms, 669, Entomology Fales, J. H., 484 670, plate XXVII associations, addresses, 742 Faraday, Michael, 211 Earthworms, 221, 729 I courses, early, 442-443 Farm bins, fumigating, 346, 634 760 Farming, good, helps control in- Flea beetle(s), 209, 220, 221 control, 213, 221, 251, 252 sects. W. A. Baker and O. corn--- {Chaetocnema pulicaria), equipment for, 259, 262, 265 R. Mathews, 437-440 194, 587 problems. 320-327 Farner, D. S., 700 disease transmission, 191, 194 crane, 47, 427 Fay, R. W., 330 on tobacco, 621, 622, 623, 625 deer. See Deer fly(ics) Fay, Richard, 322 potato* (Epifrix cucumevis), disease, 391 Federal government, entomology 244, 435, 622 transmission, 147, 148, l6l, work, 462-467 tobacco* {Epiif/x hirtipennis), 162, 192 Federal Act of 1947. W. G. Reed, 622, 627 drain, 469 310-314 toothed* {Chaetocnema denticu- drone, 135 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic lata), 194 fairy. 12 Act, 314-316 tuber* {Epitrix tuberis), color flesh, 35, 48, 82, 712 Federal Horticultural Board, 465, plate XLVI fruit, See Fruit fly(ies) 574 Fleahopper, cotton* {Psallus seri- gall, 28 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and atus), 427 green bottle, 152, 228 Rodenticide Act, 302, 310- color plate IV habits, 21, 22, 23, 25 314, 468, 739 control, 222, 499, 503, 513 heel, 145 Feeding, insect, types, 39-40 FLEMING, WALTER E.: Japanese See also Cattle grub(s) Fees for registration of pesticides, Beetle, 567-573 hessian. See Hessian fly 305 Flight, insect, 23 hippoboscid, 719 FEINSTEIN, LOUIS: Insecticides Florida, 183, 527, 546. 708, 729 horn. See Horn fly(ies) From Plants, 222-229 citrus, treatments, 401-402, 404 horse. See Horse ily(ies) Ferbam, definition, 749 entry of insects into, 351, 352 house. See House fly(ies) Fern, mealybug on, plate L field crop insects, 593, 596, 597, ked, 711 Fernald, C. H.. 442 608 louse, 711, 715 Fertilizers, use to induce resistance, 4-H Club, 462 melon* {Dacus. cucurbitae), 403 431 inspection. 356, 366, 368, 372 moth, 151 Fever, 8-day, transmission, 150 pesticide laws, 305, 306 nemestrinid, 600 Field crops, 293 pink bollworm, 505, 508, 510 number, 1 insects, 581-639, plates VII, resistant mosquitoes in. 327, 329 oddities, 10, 12, 13 XXVIII, XXX, LVII-LXXII screw-worms, 666, 661 , on livestock, 657-661 Fig use of oil sprays, 234, 236, 237 pigeon, 1Ó4 diseases, 194-195 Flour beetle(s), 630, plate XXX pollination by, 90, 107, 109 Smyrna, poUinization, 84-85 confused* {TriboUum conju- pomace, 48, 194 Filariasis transmission, 148, 149 sum), 420 Pyrgota, ^17-518 Finlay, Carlos, 4Ó7, 480, 481 larger black {Cynaeus angus- reproductive capacity, 374 Fir, insects on, l45, 688 tus), 629 resistant, 32-33, 320-327 Fire blight transmission, 191, 192 long-headed {Latheticus ory- robber, 12, 48, 79, US Fireflies, 26 zae), 629 sand, 150. 176, 241, 469 Firethorn, lace bugs on, 644 losses from, 146 scavenger, 373-374 Fish red* {TriboUum castaneum), snipe, 79 and insecticides, 706-708 All, 629, 630, 631 soldier, 423 attacked by insects, 702-703 Flowers stable. See Stable fly(ies) control of insects by, 703-705 adaptations for pollination, 107 stalk-eyed, 12 insects in diet, 700-702 and shrubs, insect pests, plates syrphid, 17, 81, 117, 524 Fish and Wildlife Service, 468, VIII, XXXV, L tachinid, 81-82, 378-379 730 C. A. Weigel and R. A. St. trap, 409 Fish-poison climber, 225 George, 640-651 true, 1. 701 Fitch, Asa, 441, 442 imported, insect entry on, 353 tsetse Flacourtiaceae, 224 Fluke, insect-borne, 174-175 control, 151, 198. 250 Flax, sawfly on, plate LXV Fluno, J. A., 494 diseases carried by, 151-152, Flea(s), 22, 25, ^J5, 147, 175, 427, Fluorine compounds, use 220 1Ó1, 166-168 469 Fly(ies), 469. 471 vinegar, 30, 31. 35, 48, 194 cat* {CtenocephaUdes felis), 'and wildlife, 700. 709, 711-714, warble, l6l, 713 walnut husk* {Rhagoleiis com- 153. 163, 174, 175, 178, 495 728 pleta), 220 control, 178, 217, 223, 227, 241, antlered, 12 See also Diptera; House fiy(ies) 495 bee, 48, 118 Flying insects, 263, 408 diseases carried by, 153-154, 717 big-eyed, 550 dog* {CtenocephalJdes canis), Fog applicators, described, 262 biting, 161, 162-163, 166, 167 153, 174, 175, 178, 495 Food(s) black. See Black fly(ies) ; human* {Pulex irr i tans), 153 dried, fumigation, 348 losses from, l4l, 144 Blackfly, citrus habits of insects, effect of on poultry, 665 blow. See Blow fly(ics) weather on, 428 on wildlife, 708. 709, 714, 717 blue bottle, 152 insect, 13, 21, 28-29, 37-42 rat, 153, 154 bot. ííÉ-Bot fly(ies) insects in. plates XXIII. XXIX, northern rat* {Nosopsyllus fas- bulb. See Bulb fly(ies) XXX cia(us), 154 carrot rust* {Psila rosae), mag- plants of insects, 37-42 oriental rat* {Xenopsylla cheo- got, 5$ processing plants, insect preven- pis), 154, 495 cluster* {Pollen i a rudis), 469 tion in, 455-457 See also Siphonaptera conopid. 118 residues on, laws, 314-316 761 treatment with cathode rays, Fruit fly(ies). 48, 353, 387, 410, Geological ages of insects, 16 419-420 475 Georgia, 186, 579. 608, 632 Food and Agriculture Organiza- cold treatment, 404-406 grasshoppers, 596, 597-598 tion, 468 Mediterranean* {Ceratitis capi- inspection, 356, 366, 368, 369 Food and Drug Admin., 271, 486 iata), 197, 361, 401 ff., 404- pesticide laws, 306 Foodstuffs, stored, fumigating. R. 406, 555 pink boll worm, 508, 510 T. Cotton, 345-349 Mexican* {Anastrepha ludens), screw-worms, 666, 667 Foot rot of deer, 710 223, 350, 402-403 sweetpotato weevil, 527, 528 Forage P. A. Hoidale, 559-562 wildlife losses, 712, 716 and cereal insects, plates LVII- quarantine, 361, 363, 365 Gerbera, vapor-heat process, 404 LXXII oriental* {Dacus dorsalis), 217, Germany, airplane dusting, 250 C. M. Packard. 581-594 344, 352, 387, 403-404, 410, Gersdorff, W. A., 224 crops, losses, 143, 144 554 Giddings, N. J., 544 Forbes. S. A., 442, 730 Walter Carter, 551-559 Giglioli, G., 485 Forbush, E. H., 727 vapor-heat process, 401-404 Giles, G. M., 477 Foreign insects Fruitworm, tomato* {Heliothh Gillette, C. P., 297, 442 entry into U. S., 350-355 armígera), 30, 220 Gillham, E. M., 223 surveys, 447 color plate XL GiLTNER, L. T.: Carriers of Ani- Forest(s) Fuchsia, insects on, 652, plate L mal Diseases, 161-168 bark beetles in. F. P. Keen, Fuel oil for bark beetles, 691 Ginsburg, J. M., 482 688-694 Fulgorids, 24 Gix, structure, 212 insects, 677-699, plates XVI- FULTON, R. A.: Aerosols and In- Gizzard worm, insect-borne, 172 XXII sects, 240-244 Gjullin, C. M., 479, 482 control, hazards to wildlife, Fumigants, 331-349 Glading, Ben, 719 688, 707 development, 201 Gladiolus, 183, 189. 643-644, losses from, 141, 145-146 effect on plants, 293 plate XXXV litter, insects in, 5 nature and uses. Robert D. Glick, P. A., 426-427, 517 products, movement under Chisholm, 331-339 GlossJna, 166-168, 198 quarantine, 362 precautions, 273-274 morsitans, 151 Forest Ser\'ice, 137, 145, 251, 597, synthetic organic, 214-215 palpalis, 151, 152 693 Fumigation Glover, Townend. 462-46^ Forest-tree diseases, insects and at inspection station, 359-360 Glow-worm, New Zealand, 26 spread of. Curtis May and of soils and plants, 340-344 Gloxinia, weevil on, 650 Whiteford L. Baker, 677-682 of stored foodstuffs, 345-349 Gnat(s), 21, 23, 109, 427 Formic acid in venom, 154 Fungicide buffalo {Simulium arcticum), Formica, 5 defined, 203 160 Fossil insects, 14-19 use with oil sprays, 238 Clear Lake* {Chaoborus astic- FOSTER, A. O.: Carriers of Ani- Fungus (Î) topus), 409 mal Diseases, 161-168 and insects, 191-196 control, 226, 24l, 704 Foulbroods of bees, 389 diseases eye, 48 4-H Club, 461, 462 of insects, 390-391 fungus, 221 Fowl of plants, 194-195 North Carolina fungus, 26 pox transmission, 163 gardens of termites, 29 vinegar, control, 475 worms, insect-borne, 171 in soil, effect of insecticides on See also Diptera Foxes and insects, 712, 716 291-292 Goats, 173, 277, 278 Freeborn, S. B., 479 diseases, 165, 166, 167 Freeburg, M. B., 428 Gable, C. H., 4 insects on, 144, 657, 663, 664, von Frisch, Karl, 36, 91 Gahan, J. B., 329, 485 665, 666 ff. Froghopper, 10, 187 GAINES, R. C: Boll Weevil, 501- Goldenglow, stalk borer on, 648 See also Spittlebugs 504 Goldfish and mosquitoes, 704 Frogs and insects, 700, 703 Gall(s) Goldschmidt, R. B., 26 Frost, S. W., 423 cause, 41 Goodhue, L. D., 240, 484, 491 Fruit (s) insects, 41, 70, 646-647 Goosefoot family, 223 cold treatment. Henry H. Rich- inspection for, 358 Gophers, tularemia, 716 ardson, 404-406, 558-559 nature of, 28 Gorgas, W. C, 477, 484 fumigation, 343, 558, 571-572 uses, 85-86 Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, 467 imported, insect entry on, 353 Gamma rays, use, 418-419 Gossard, H. A., 442 insecticide residues, 297-301 Garden sage, 225 Gourd (s) insecticides in soil, 288, 294 Gardenia, mealybug on, plate L borer on, plate XXXIX insects, 143, 551-580, plates Gassner, F. X., 712 family, insecticida! value, 224 VIII-XV Gasterophilus, 33 Graham, S. A., 683 orchard, fire blight, 192 Geese, diseases, 162, 164 Grain(s) pollination, 117 Geigy, S. A., J. R., 452 and seed, stored, insects. R. T. sterilization, 561-562 Geigy Company, 490 Cotton and Wallace Ashby, trees Genera, marks of, 45 629-639 oils sprays. P. J. Chapman, General Electric Co., 671 fumigation, 345-348, 634 ff. L. A. Riehl, and G. W. Geocoris insecticides in soil, 289, 294 Pearce, 229-239 decorat us, 519 moisture content, 631-632 spray service, 459-460 pall ens, 550 small vapor heat process, 401-404, 558 Geologic periods, table, 18 drying, 632-634 762 insects, 582, 585-586, 592, suppression by birds, 725 HALLER, H. L.; HOV/ Insecticides 611 ff, plate LXIII surveys, 446 Are Mixed, 202-204 sorghums, 146, 437 swarms, 4 Hamilton, 'v7. J., Jr., 700 stored, insects, 146, 629-639 tests with ultraviolet rays, 418 Hammon, W. M., 481 Grain beetle(s), 146, plate XXX trap, 408 Hand equipment, choosing and flat* {Laemophloeus pusillus), two-striped* {Melanoplus hivh- using. T. E. Bronson and 629, 630 iatus), 423-424, 596, 599 Earl D. Anderson, 262-269 foreign {Ahasvérus advena), virus transmission, 187 Hand-pollination, 95-96 629 See also Orthoptera Hangars, fumigating grain in, 347 saw-toothed* {Oryzaephiîus su- Green. R. G., 711 Hannan, J. Patrick, 227 rinamensis), 629, 631, 639 Green muscardine, 390 Harpalus pennsylvanicus, 270 color plate XXX Greenbug* {Toxopiera grami- Harper, S. H., 223 Grand Isle, La., mating station, num), 143. 144, 433, 585 Harris, L. E., 227 123 Greenhouses Harris, Thaddeus W.. 441, 442 Granett, Phillip, 485 spider mites in, 652-656 Hart, Ernest, 452 Granfield, C. O., 435 use of aerosols in, 241, 243 Hartzeil, A., 224, 225, 227 Grant, D. H., 224, 225 GRIGGS, W. H.: Honey Bees as Harvey, F. S., 442 Grape(s), 285, 404, 431, 567 Agents of Pollination, 88-107 Hatch, A. T., 97 family, insecticidal value, 228 Grouse diseases, 716, 719, 720 Hatch Act, 441, 442 virus transmission, 186, 187 Grub-prooñng turf, 570-571 Haynic, John D., 462 Grapefruit, fumigation, 344 Grubs, 46, 71, 79 Haviland, Elizabeth, 5 Graphocephala versuta, All cattle. See Cattle grub(s) Hawaii, 187, 356, 372, 482, 505 Graphognathus leucoloma striatus, white. See White grubs beetle control by toad, 705 plate LX Gryllotalpa ajricana, 387 biological control work, 386-387 Grass (es), 290 Guard, horse* {Bembix Carolina), entry of insects into, 351, 352 insects, 584, 585. 612, plates 82, 374-375 fruits and vegetables, vapor-heat LVIII, LXIII, LXV, LXVII, Guava, fruit fly on, 553, 557 process, 403-404 LXXI Guinea fowls, worms, 172 oriental fruit fly, 551-559 protection against Japanese Gullet worm, insect-borne, 171 tests with Medfly, 402 beetle grubs, 570-571 Gypsy moth* {Portheiria dispar), Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta., 387, 552 Grasselli, Thomas, 452 36, 39. 354, 423 Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Assoc, Grasshopper(s), 50, 369, 597, 699 John M. Corliss, 694-698 386, 387, 552 J. R. Parker, 595-605 color plate XVI HAWES, INA L.: Selected List of as host of worms, 172 control, 244, 251, 343, 381, Publications, 732-737 baits, 254, 459, 601-603 440, 694-698, 727, plate XVI Hawks, insects on, 709, 719 Chinese (Oxya chinensis), 387 disease, 391, 695 Hawks, mosquito, 79 clear-winged* {Camnula pellu- enemies of, 82, 694-695 HAWLEY, IRA M.: Milky Diseases cida), 423, 596 eradication, 197, 198 of Beetles, 394-401 collecting and preserving, 67, quarantine, 360 ff., 365, 695 Haynes, T., 482 71, 73, 74, 75 violations, 367, 368 Hazzard, A. S., 702 color plates LXXI-LXXII surveys, 447, 696 Headlee, Thomas J., 479, 482 control, 218, 220, 221, 225, 251, traps, 410, 411, 696, 697 Heat treatment at inspection sta- 463, 601-604, plate LXXI tion, 359 program, 458-459 HETP, 340, 654, 749 Hegarty, C. P., 479 crop resistance to, 432, 434, 435 See also Hexaethyl tetraphos- Heinicke, A. J., 95 cultural control, 438, 439 phate Helicopter for spraying, 257 defined, 596 Habitat, insect, 10, 21 Heliopsis diet, 40 Habrobracon, lethals in, 125 scabra, insecticidal value, 224 differential* (Melanoplus dif- Hadaway, A. B., 485 scabrin from, 201 jerentialis), 187-188, 423- HADLEY, CHARLES H.: Japanese Heliotropine, source, 223 424, 596, 599 Beetle, 567-573 Hellebore, 225-226 disease, 389, 391 Haemaphysalis Hellgrammite* {Corydalus cornu- effect of weather on, 425, 599 bis pin OS a, 165 tus), 365 habits, 22, 23, 24 cinnabarina, 165 Helminths and insects. Everett E. lesser migratory* {Melanoplus le acht, 165 Wehr and John T. Lucker, mexicanus mexicanus), 423, Haematopinus suis, 163 169-178 427-428, 596 Haematopota, 1.67 Helobia hybrida, 427 long-horned, 8, 50 HAEUSSLER, G. J. Hemingway, Frank, 452 long-winged plains* {Dissosteha Losses Caused by Insects, 141— Hemiptera, 6, 16, 71, 74, 735 longipennis), 597 146 losses from, 142, 143, 597 Surveys of Insect Pests, 444-449 Hemlock, 227, 650, 688 nematodes of, 393 Hagen, H. A., 443 Hemocytes, 32 on cotton, 503 Hale, Arthur B., 402 Hemoglobin, function, 33 on tobacco, 621, 622, 623, 625 Halicius, 114-115 Hemolymph, insect, 31-32 parasites, 82, 600 farinosus, nest, 113 HENDERSON, L. S.: Household In- range, studies, 599-601 HALL, DAVID G., 251 sects, 469-475 red-legged* {Melanoplus femur- How To Get Further Informa- Hendrickson, A. H., 101 ruhrum), 172, 427, 596 tion on Insects, 737-743 Heptachlor, 324, 495, 588, 749 Rocky Mountain {Melanoplus HALL, S. A.: Organic Insecticides, use on cotton, 499, 504, 513 mexicanus mexicanus ), 4 209-218 Herald, E. S., 708 763 Herbicides, application equipment, Hopperdozer, 407-408 Human diseases precautions, 249 Hormones, insect, function, 34-35 carriers of. 147-160 Hercules Powder Co., 452-453, 491 Horn fly(ies)=^' {Siphona /rr/tans), vectors, control, 484-491 Herculin, source, 226 82. 657, 660 Hunter, W. D., 451 Herman, C. M., 719 color plate XXV Hurst, C. H., 477 Her rick, Glenn W., 3 control, 660, 661, plate XXV Hurvvood, A. S., 482 Hessian fly* {Phytophaga destruc- losses from, 144, l45 Husman, C. N., 250. 483. 484 tor), 352, 446 Hornet(s), 54 Hutchison, Frank T., 727 color plate LXVI bald-faced* {Vespula maculata), liyalomma, 165 control, 437, 438, 439 375~ù74 dromedarii asiaticum, \66 crop resistance to, 429 ff. control. 421, 475 mauritanicum, I66 effect of weather on, 424 ff. social, colonies, 7 Hybrid breeding of bees, 127. 130 losses from, 143, 144 Horntails, 22, 25 Hydrocarbons, chlorinated, 210- Hcteroptera, 181 Hornworm(s) 213, 322-324. 569-570 Hi'terostylum robust um, 118 moth, traps. 408, 409 Hydrocyanic acid. 215, 318, 336- Hexaethyl tetraphosphate, 453, on tobacco, 621, 624 337, 340. 643. 647 Ó53, 654 tomato* {Protoparce quinque- for fumigating stored foodstuffs, See also HETP maculata). 42 3, 496 348, 349, 635 ff. Hickory, plate LXIV color plate XXXI Hydrogen cyanide, 208, 495. 626 HEENTON, T. E.: Traps Have tobacco* {Protoparcs sexta), Hydrous, 703 Some Value, 406-411 142 Hylaeus, 112 nil?pelâtes texanus, 427 color plates XXXÍ. LIII Hymenoptera, 6, 16, 72, 391 Hippoboscidae, 711 Horogeves punctorius, 617 books on, l^'y-l'b6 Hippodamia Horse(s). 277, 278 identification of larvae, 46-47 cofivergens, 524, 6l7 diseases, 162, 163, 164, 165, parasitic. 22 parenthesis, 524 166, 167, 718 pollination by, 109, 110 HncHNFR, LEA S.: Insecticide In- insects on, 144, 657 ff.. 663 ff. Hymenopterons, parasitic, 25 dustry, 450-454 sickness, African, l62, l63 Hypericum perforatum. See Kla- Hively. H. D., 224-225 worms, 173, 174, 176 math weed Hoffmann, C. H., 5 Horse fly(ies) . 48, 82. 147 Hyslop, J. A., 141 Hogs, 277, 278, 2 80 and horse guard. 374-375 insects on, 144, 662 ff., 666 ff. black* {Tahanus atratus), 162 Ice-bug {Gryllohlatta campodei- HoiDALE, p. A.: Mexican Fruit control, 151, 659-660, 661 jormis), 10 Fly, 559-562 disease transmission, 162 ff. See also Crawler, alpine rock Holdaway, F. G., 5 habits, 659 Ichneumonfly, 54 HoUaender, A., 418 injury to humans. 151 Idaho, 372, 457, 712, 727 HoLLOWAY, JAMES K.: Insects To on wildlife, 711 beet leaf hopper, 190, 544 ff. Control a Weed, 135-140 striped* {Tahatius lineóla), cereal and forage insects, 591, Holly. 105. 646 659 606 Hollyhock, 644. 648 Horsebeans, plate LXIX forest insects, 146, 693 Holotypc, deñned, 63 Horsechestnut family, 223 pea weevil, 530, 531 Homes and man, insects, 469-496, Horseradish, plate XXXIV pesticide laws, 306 plates XlX-XXr XXIII, HoRSFALL, JOHN L.: Safe Use of Idaho Agr. Exp. Sta., 545 XXVI. XXVIIT-XXX Insecticides, 271-275 Idaho, Univ. of, 457 Homoptera, 181, 735 Hough. W. S., 319 Illinois Homozygosis in bees, 128 House fly(ies)* (AíUJC^í domes- early entomolgy, 44l, 442, 443 Honey, 93, 131-132. 133 tica), 7, 24, 48, 225, 226, 228, insects, 483, 538, 546. 579 Honey bee(s)* (Apis mellijera), 409 inspection. 366, 368 24, 34, 89, 191, 22Ó, 365, 427 as host of worms, 172, 173 pesticide laws, 306 breeding, 122-131 control, 152, 177, 241, 320-327, resistant flies in. 321, 324, 326 colonies. 6-7, 90, 93 460, 464, 491-492 stored grain insects. 617, 630, dance, purpose. 36 disease, 391 635 diseases, 389, 392 transmission, 152, I6I, 162 Illinois Natural History Survey. effect of insecticides on, 131 ff. larva, 339 320, 321, 322. 326 food, 30, 90, 112, 131-132 losses from. 141 Illinois, University of, 492 habits. 90-91, 111, 112, 113 reproduction, 3 Indalone, 216, 749 pollination by, 84, 88-107, 109, resistant, 32-33. 152, 320-327. use, 217, 486, 494, plate XXVI 117 492 Index, insect, in U. S. D. A., 448 renting, 94 See also Fly(ics) Indexing test for virus, 358 reproduction, 3, 20, 122 Household insects, plates XIX- India. 327, 328, 505 sting. 154 XXI, XXIII, XXVIII-XXX Indiana, 366. 442. 566, 579 swarm, 4 L. S. Henderson, 469-475 4-H Club, 461 Honey Bee Improvement Coopera- Heuser, J, S., 250 pesticide laws, 306 tive Association, 130 Howard. Leland O,, 3. 463-465, stored grain insects, 630, 635 Honcydew, food for ants, 13 477, 479, 481, 482, 484 Industrial entomologist. Ed. M. Hooper Foundation, 718 Hoyt, Avery S., 465 Searls, 455-457 Hoover, S. L., 226 Huff-Daland Dusters, Inc., 250 Infrared rays, use, 417 Hopkins, A. D., 442, 689 HUFFAKER, C. B.: Insects To Con- INCERSON, HOWARD: Machines for Hopkins, F. G., 34 trol a Weed, 135-140 Applying Insecticides, 258- Hopperburn, cause, 188 Hülst, G. D., 442 262 764 Ingredient statement, defined, 309 Insemination, artificial, of bees, Johnson, H. W., 435 Ink from galls, 86 122-125, 129-130 Johnson, W. G., 539 Inorganic insecticides. 11. H. Car- Inspection Jointworm, wheat* {HarmoUta tri- ter, 218-222 plant, described, 355-360 lid), 438, 439 Insect(s), 46 terminal. A. P. Messenger, color plate LXVIII as destroyers, 141-196 371-372 Jones, H. A., 483, 489. 491 as helpers, 79-140 transit. E. A. Burns, 365-370 JONES, M. P.: Extension Work in distinctive characteristics, 45 Instinct in insects, 2 5, 41-42 Entomology, 457-462 enemies of insects. Barnard D. Intelligence in insects, 25 Jones, M. T., 712 Burks, 373-380 Iodine, metabolism, 31 June beetle(s), 174, 377-379, 705 eradication, 197-199 lonization, use, 418-420 green* (Cotinis nitida), 621 habits, 20-29 Iowa, 356, 442, 460, 713 See also May beetle(s) ; White introducing, 1-42 chinch bug barriers, 613-614 grubs identification, key, 43-55 corn insects, 585, 629, 631-632 number, 1-7 pesticide laws, 306 Kadow, K. J., 546 oddities, 8-14 Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta., 613 Kala azar transmission, 150, 156 pests, surveys, 444-449 loxodes Kale, plate XXXIV Insect Pest Act, 360, 362, 365, àentatus, 710 Kallima 'machis, 9 368, 465, 747 disease transmission, 164 KALMBACH, E. R.: Birds, Beasts, Insect Pest Survey Bulletin, 448 persulcatus, 165 and Bugs, 724-731 Insecta, number of species, 6 ricinus, 163, 165 Kalmus, H., 91 Insecticide(s) Iphidulus sp., 656 Kansas, 442, 448, 568, 589 and bees, 131-135 7/;.f, 689, 691, 693 fossils, 14, 15, 16 and Pure Food Law. P. B. color plate XVIII grasshoppers, 596, 597-598 Dunbar, 314-316 Iris, 358, 642, 643, 648-649 pea aphid, 538, 540 application, 245-269 IRONS, FRANK: Machines for Ap- pesticide laws, 306 by aircraft, 250-251, 254, 257 plying Insecticides, 258-262 stored grain insects, 630, 635 equipment, precautions, 249 ISLER, D. A.: Research on Aerial Katydids, 9, 24, 50, 74 hand equipment, 262-269 Spraying, 252-258 See also Orthoptera machines, 258-262 Isley, Dwight, 424 KEEN, F. P.: Bark Beetles in For- timing, 246-247, 256-257 Isoamyl salicylate, use, 217 ests, 688-694 books on, 734 Isolation of bees, 122-123 Kelleys Island, Ohio, mating sta- contact, 203, 245 Isoptera, 6, 16, 72, 736 tion, 123, 130 conversion tables and equiva- Italy, 327, 353 Kelser, R. A., 481 lents, 743-746 Naples, typhus epidemic, 490 Kent, Arthur, 452 costs in relation to yields, 581 Itch Kentucky, 666 defined, 203 grocer's, 158 pesticide laws, 306 development, 200-202 scrub, 159 Kernel spot transmission, 195 drift, precautions, 274-275 Iwanowski, D., 179 Kerosene, use, 229, 481, 484, plate effect on XIX bees. 131-135 Jackson, Robert C, 143 Kerrville, Tex., laboratory, 671 biological control, 387 Jameson, E. W., Jr., 700 Key, for insect identification, 43-55 fish, 706-708 Japan, 567. 568, 572 Kilborne, F. L., 466 insects, 205-208 Japanese beetle* {Pôp/ll/a japón- Killifishcs and mosquitoes, 704 livestock, 276-283, 661 ica), 31. 32, 49. 563, ^67 King, F. H., 730 soils and plants, 284-297 Charles H. Hadley and Walter KING, W. V., 322, 482, 494 formulation, 202-204 E. Fleming, 567-573 Mosquitoes and DDT, 327-330 industry, 450-454 color plate VIII Kirby, William, 14 inorganic, 218-222 control, 394-401, 568-573, Kircher, Athanasius, 31 list, 748-750 plates VIII, IX Kirkaldy, G. W., 386 mixing. H. L. Haller, 202-204 miscellaneous, 219, 224, 225, Kirkland, A. H., 700 nature, 197-244 226, 284, 285, 292, 320 Kitchen, S. F., 481 organic, 209-218 entry into U. S., 352, 353, 567 Klamath weed control, 135-140 persistence in soils, 292-293 fumigation against, 342, 343 Knab, F., 464, 476-477, 479 plant, 222-229. 276-277 habits, 397-398, 568, plate VIII Knight, Hugh, 452 precautions, 271-275 milky disease, 394-401, plate Knipe, F. W., 484 preparation, 248-249 IX KNIPLING, E. F., 250, 324, 482 rate of use, 293-295 nematodes of, 393. 573. Control of Insects Affecting residues. See Residues parasitized by Tiphia, ^16-511, Man, 486-496 572-573 Ticks, Lice, Sheep Keds, Mites, resistance to. See Resistance quarantine, 361, 362, 363, 365, 662-666 stomach, defined, 203 368, 574-580 Knowlton, G. F., 699 toxic hazards, tests, 454 surveys. 447. 448, 578-579 Koch, Robert, A66, 480 toxicity to livestock, 276-283 traps, 409, 410, 570 Koebele, Albert, 380-381, 386 use to induce resistance, 431 Japygids, 24 Kohls, Glen, 710 using effectively. E. J. New- Jaundice transmission, 156 Kopec, Stefan, 34 comer, W. E. Westlake, and Jellison, William, 710 Korea, resistant lice, 158, 491 B. J. Landis, 245-249 Jelly, royal, 30, 112 Krauss, Noel L. R., 555 warnings, 271-316 Jenks, J. W. P., 730 Kremer, J. C., 97 See also Pesticides Jepson, W. F.. 436 Kutira gum, 224 970134°~52 50 765 LAAKE, ERNEST W. : Cattle Grubs, on ornamentals, 641, 646, 650 Legislation 672-676 miscellaneous, 623, plates on pesticides, 454 Labels for XVII, XXII, LXIV plant regulatory, summary, 747 collections, 77 Leaf miner State, early, 443 pesticides, 309, 310-311 arborvitae* {Argyresthia thui- Legume(s), 285 Labiatae, 224-225 ella), 646 industry and bees, 94 Lac from insects, 85 azalea* {Gracilaria azaleella), insect control, 583, 584 Laccifer lacea, 85 369, 646 pollination, 101-104 Lacebug(s), 28, 51 birch* {Fenusa pus ilia), 382 use in insect control, 439 on ornamentals, 6A4 boxwood* {Monarthropalpus Leguminosae, 225 virus transmission, 187 huxi), 569y 646 LEIBY, R. W.: Surveys of Insect Lacewing(s), 11, 24, 52, 80, 524 burdock, 646 Pests, 444-449 golden-eye* {Chrysopa oculata) ^ columbine* {Phytomyza minús- Leicester, F. D., 211 17, 80 cula) , 6A6 Lcishmaniasis, 164 See also Neuroptera holly* {Vhytomyza ilicis), 369, LEMMON, ALLEN B.: State Pesti- Lachnus piceae, 23-24 646 cide Laws, 302-310 Ladak alfalfa, resistance in, 430 lilac* (Gracilaria syringella), Leonard, F. A,, 702 Ladino clover, 103, 591 646 Leonard, George F., 452 Lady beetle(s), 4, 39, 49, 469, Leaf roll transmission, 519 fT. Leonard, J. W., 702 617 Leaf roller Lepidoptera, 6, 16, 391, 393, 736 Australian {Cryptolaemus mon- fruit tree* (Archips argyrospi- identification of larvae, 46, 58 trouzieri), 381, 384-385 la), 232, 238 killing and preserving, 72, 73 convergent* {Hippodamia con- red-banded* {Argyrotaenia velu- Lepidopterans, 729 vergens)y 519 tinana), 565 Le Prince, J. A., 477 defense, 11, 12 strawberry* {Ancylis comptana Leptomastidea abnormis, 385 predatism, 79, 81, 524, 540 fragariae), 382 Lethane for horn flies, plate XXV LaForge, F. B„ 200 Leaf tier, celery (or greenhouse)* Lethocerus, 703 Laidlaw, Harry H., 124 Phlyctaenia rubigalis), 142, Lettuce, 180, 189, plate XLV Lanai Island, fruit fly. 557-558 227, 646 Libytheana bachmanii, 4 LANDIS, B. J. Leaf-chewing insects on ornamen- Light (s) Potato Aphids, 519-527 tals, 640-642 rays, visible, use, 417 Using Insecticides, 245-249 Leaf-grasshopper, tropical, 8-9 use in coiecting insects, 69 LANE, M. C: Fumigating Soils Leaf-mining insects, 646 use in traps, 408 and Plants, 340-344 Leafhopper(s), 22, 24, 49, 50, Lilac, insects on, 646, 649 Larvae 76, 186, 227, 354, 364, 469, Lily defined, A6 699 family, insecticidal value, 225 classification, 58 beet. See Beet leafhopper insects on, 188, 643, 648 Larvicide(s) clover* (Aceratagallia sanguino- viruses, 183-185, 189 defined, 203 lenta), 427, 429 Lima beans, 195, 285, 288, 290, mosquito, research, 481-483 control, 189, 244, 644 341 Larycith, 481-482, 484 crop resistance to, 430, 435-436 Limber neck of chickens, 162 Latent potato virus, 184, 187 disease, 391 Lime, hydrated, use, 220, plates LATTA, RANDALL, 488 transmission, 192, 680-681 VIII, XI, XIII, XXXI Fumigating Soils and Plants, elm, 680-681 Lime-sulfur, 222, 277, 318, 564. 340-344 geminate (Co Had onus gemina- 681 Lauryi thiocyanate, 210 tus), 182. 186, 187 Lindane, 134, 207, 749 Lauseto neu, 213 mountain (Colladonus montan- chemistry, 211 Lavenburg, Fred L., 452 us), 187 in soil, effect, 289-290 Law(s) on ornamentals, 644 resistance of flies to, 322-324 pesticide, State, 302-310 plum* (Macropsis trimaculata), use, 211, 342, plates III, LI Pure Food, and insecticides. P. 185 against insects affecting man, B. Dunbar, 314-316 potato* (Empoasca fahae), 188, 491, 492, 495 Uniform Custom Applicators', 220, 222, 435, 590, 644 against mosquitoes, 328, 329 454 color plates XXXVII, LXX in households, 470, 474, plate See also Act; Legislation rose* (Typhlocyha rosae), 644 XXVIII Lawns, protection against insects, six-spotted* (Macrosteles divis- on field crops, 588, 590, 591, 570-571, 585, plate VIII us), 187, 188, 189, 644 627, 637-638 La2ear, Jesse, 467, 481 sugarcane* (Perkinsiella sac- on livestock, 278-279, 658, LEACH, J. G., 682 char i cida) , 386 662 if. Insects, Bacteria, and Fungi, traps, 408 von der Linden, T., 211 191-196 virus transmission, 180, 182, LiNDQUisT, A. W., 483, 484-485, 185-187 Lead arsenate, 284, 319, 452 492, 493, 493 See also Hemiptcra; Homoptera residues, 298-299 Some Insect Pests of Wildlife, use, 219 Leaf worm, cotton* (Alabama ar- 708-724 against Japanese beetle, 570, gillacea), 83, 350-351, 428, 572, 576, 578, 579, plate 497 LiNDUSKA, J. P., 494 VIII color plate V Some Insect Pests of Wildlife, on cotton, 498, 513, plate V control. 451, 499, 503, 513 708-724 on fruit, 563, 566, plates XI- Lccanium, European fruit* (Leca- Linnaeus, Carolus, 2, 45, 60, 476 XIII nium corni)» 238 Liphyra bras s o Us, 11 766 Livestock hog* (Haemaiopinus adven- onion* {Hylemya antiqua), 193, diseases, vectors, 161-168 ticius), 665, 664-663 221, 409 experiments with insecticides, human, 198, 487 rat-tailed {Tubifera tenax), 10 described, 281-283 on livestock, 663-664 seed-corn* {Hylemya cilicrura), flies on. G. W. Eddy, 657-661 on wildlife, 708, 709, 714-715, 190 high-pressure spraying, 259 718 color plate XLII pests, 657-676, plates XXIV- pubic, 157 control, 437, 592, plate XLII XXVII resistant, 158, 491 disease transmission, 191 ff. eradication, 198-199 sheep keds, mites, ticks. E. F. Magnesium arsenate, use, 219 losses from, l4l, 144, 145 Knipling, 662-666 Mahogany family, 226 power equipment for, 261 sucking, 55 Maiden-hair fern, weevil on, 650 toxicity of insecticides to. R. animal, 24 Mails D. Radeleff, R. C. Bushland, as host of worms, 175 insect entry by, 354-355 and H, V. Claborn, 276-283 disease transmission, 157-158 regulations on plant material, worms, 169-179 of hogs, 162 371-372 Lixophaga diatraeae, 382 See also Anoplura Maine, 145, 183, 442, 719 Lizards and insects, 699-700, 705 whale, 709 Japanesa beetle quarantine, 574, Loa loa transmission, 151 Low, G. C, 480 580 Locomotion, insect, 22-23 Lucilia sericata, 228 pesticide laws, 307 Locust(s), 21, 23, 725 LucKER, JOHN T.: Insects and potato aphids, 520 flF. control by airplane dusting, 250 Helminths, 169-178 spruce budworm, 683 S. defined, 596 Ludvik, G. F., 329 Mai de caderas, 166 disease, 389 Lugger, Otto, 442 Malaria Moroccan {Dociostaurus maroc- Lumber, imported, insects in, 353 control, 483-484, 485, 486 canus), 4 Luminescence, insect, 26 transmission, 147, 148, 480-481 oriental, 8 Lupine seed fumigation, 343 Malathon, definition, 749 Rocky Mountain, 596 Lycopodium spores, 96, 97 Mallards, disease, 720 17-year. See Cicada(s), period- Lydella stahulans grisescens, 382, Mallophaga, 6, 16, 22, 45, 72 ical 617 Mamey, insecticidal value, 224 swarms, 4 Lygus bugs Mammals and insects, 708-709, Lodgepole pine, beetles on, 145, color plate LXII 728-729 688, 690, 691, 693 control, 225, 244, 440, 582, 588 Man Logs, imported, insects on, 353 effect on bees, 134-135 and homes, insects, 469-496, Logwood, insecticidal value, 225 losses from, 143, 144 plates XIX-XXI, XXIII, London purple, 132, 219, 297, 498 LYLE, CLAY: Can Insects Be Erad- XXVI, XXVIII-XXX Longcoy, O. M., 250 icated? 197-199 insect entry on, 351 Losses caused by insects. G. J. Lymphadenitis, 710 Manganese arsenate, use, 219 Haeussler, l4l, 146 Lynch-Arribalzaga, F., 476 Mann, William M., 13 Louisiana, 366, 442, 729 Lynchia mama, 164 Manson, Sir Patrick, 480 cotton insects, 501, 502, 505, Lysiphlebus testaceipes, 83 Mantid(s), 24, 50 507, 509, 512 cannibalistic, 81 field crop insects, 592, 593, 608 MGK264, 216. 217, 750 oriental, 9 Grand Isle, mating station, 123 MYL louse powder, 489-491 praying, 8, 10, 38, 50, 80-81 pesticide laws, 302, 306 McAlister, L. C, 489 color plate LIV soils, insecticides in, 285 McAtee, W. L., 724-725, 727 See also Orthoptera sweetpotato weevil, 527-528 McCuUoch, James W., 424 Mantis, Chinese* {Tenodera artdi- Louisiana Agr. Exp. Sta., 592 MacDanieis, L. H., 95 folia sinensis), 80-81 Louisiana State Ext. Service, 527 McDuffie. W. C, 494 Mantispids, 24 Louping ill, 162, 163 MCGREGOR, S. E.: Insecticides and Maple, J. D., 483 Louse(ice), 30, 144, 213, 223, Bees, 131-135 March, Ralph, 324, 326 227, 469 MACKEN SEN, OTTO: Breeding Marchai, Paul, 464 bird, 22 Bees, 122-131 Margarodes vît turn, 27 biting, 55, 157, 163, 173 Macnamara, Charles, 428 Marigold, leafhoppers on, 644 bird, 24 McPhail trap, 410 Marlatt, C. L., 442, 465 See also Mallophaga Macro cenirus Marshall, James, 260 body* {Pediculus humanus cor- ancylivorus, 382-383, 386 Martin, George A., 452 poris), 147, 157, 223. 487- gifuensis, 382, 617 MARTIN, JOHN H.: Resistant 491, 663 Macrophya, 42 5 Crops, the Ideal Way, 429-436 cattle, eradication, 199 Macrosiphum ambrosiae, 183 Maryland, 189, 356, 368, 566 chicken, 163, 221. Macrotermes bellicosus, 3 ant mounds, 5 control, 158, 487-491, 664-665 Madden, A. H., 491, 493. 495 Beltsville laboratory, 487, 556 cotton. ^íí? Aphid(s), cotton Madsen, M. J., 702 Japanese beetle, 399, 574, 580 crab* {Phthirus pubis), 157, 487 Maggot(s), 46, 71 pea aphid, 539, 542 disease transmission, 157, 162 apple* (Rhagoletis pomonella), pesticide laws, 307 dog biting* {Trichodectes canis), color plate XI Mason, Edwin, 714 173 cabbage* (Hylemya brasskae), Massachusetts, 354, 366, 442, 6l4 dog sucking* {Linognathus 193, 221, 379-380 birds and insects, 714, 727, 730 setosus), 175 Congo floor, 153 gypsy moth, 694, 695, 696, 69^ head* {Pediculus humanus hu- grasshopper* {Sarcophaga Japanese beetle, 571, 574, 580 manus), 157, 487 kellyi), 82 pesticide laws, 307 767 Massey, C. L., 727 Metacide, definition, 749 Midgc(s), 34. 36, 47, 700-701 MATHEWS, O. R.: Good Farming Mctaldehyde, use. 217, 623 as host of worms, 175 Helps Control Insects, 437 Metamorphosis, 13-14, 19, 24-25, beaked wîllow gall* {Phyto- Mating of bees, 122-123 31, 34-35 phaga r/gidae), 646 Matthews, F. E., 211 Metaphycus helvolus, 384, 385 biting, 176, 177-178 MAY, CURTIS: Insects and Spread Meiciphycus psyllidis, 519 chrysanthemum gall* {Diar- of Forest-Tree Diseases, 677 Metaprosagoga insignis, 8 thronomyid hypogaea), 646 May beetle(s), 49, 73. 174, 378, Metaior parddinus, 596, 600 disease transmission, 163 408 Metcalf, Robert, 324 dogwood club-gall* {Aiycodi- parasitized by flies, 377-379 Meteorus versicolor, 382 plosis altérnala), 646 See also June beetle(s) ; White Mcthoxychlor European, 26 grubs chemistry, 211 gall, 28 Mayfly(ies), 14, 21, 24, 47, 52 definition, 749 larvae on tobacco, 621, 622, 623 eaten by wildlife, 700, 701, 725 effect on wheat* {Sitodiplosis mosellana), swarm, 4 bees, 134 438, 532 Meadowlarks and crickets, 725 fish, 707 Migrations, insect, 4, 23 Mealworms, 30, 32, 34, 365 resistance of flies to, 322-324 Mild mosaic transmission, 519 ff. Mealybug(s), 230 use to control Milk biological control, 381, 384, 387 fabric pests, 474, plate contamination studies, 281-282 citrophilus* {Pseudococcus XXVIII insecticides in, 277 ff. gahani), 381, 384, 385 field crop insects, 588, 590, Milkweed, food for butterflies, 39 citrus* (Pseudococcus citri), 634, plates LXI, LXX Milky disease(s) 384, 385 livestock pests, 657 if, 664, color plate IX color plate L 665. plate XXV of beetles, 394-401 coconut* {Pseudococcus nipae), pea weevil, 534-535, plate spores, 396 387 XLIII to control beetles, 393 Comstock* {Pseudococcus com- miscellaneous, 492, 567, 570 Millet, chinch bug on, 612 siocki), 383 Methyl Millettia pachycarpa, ll") control by fumigation, 341 bromide, 201, 208, 337-338 Millipede(s), 43, 44, 72, 651, 729 disease, 391 for fumigating stored food- on ornamentals. 650 increase after DDT, 566, 567 stuffs, 347, 348, 349, 635, MILLS, HARLOW B., 716 long-tailed* {Pseudococcus 637 Weather and Climate, 422-429 adonidum ), 385 for Japanese beetle control, Minderhoud, A,, 91 pineapple* {Pseudococcus hrevi- 570. 571, 572, 576, 578 Mineral oil, use, 586-587, plates pes), 341 miscellaneous uses, 344, 530, LVII, LVIII virus transmission, 187 535, 558, 593, 609, 627, 643 Minnesota, 145, 442, 629, 683 Mcchling, Edward, 452 chloride aerosols, 654 grasshoppers, 595, 596, 598, Mecoptera, 6, 16, 72 eugenol, use, 217, 556 601-602 Medfly. See Fruit fly(ics), Medi- parathion, 654, 750 inspection, 366, 368, 369. 372 terranean 4-Methyl-umbelliferone 0, 0-di- pesticide laws, 307 Megachile dent'iiarsh, nest, 115 ethyl thiophosphate, 750 wildlife and insects, 708, 711, Megachilidae, 110, 111, 112 716, 718 Metzger, F. W., 224, 225 Megarhinus, 476 Minnesota Agr. Exp. Sta., 585 Mexican bean beetle* {EpHachna Meigen, J. W., 476 Minnows and mosquitoes, 704 vayivesiis), 81, 140, 369, 385 Meillie, C. R., 250 Mint family, 224-225 control, 219, 220, 225, 298, 383. Melander, A. L., 318 Mirbane, oil of, 624 plate XXXII Melanin, 33 Missiroli, A,, 321 damage. 142, plate XXXII Melanoplus Mississippi, 372, 527, 666 habits, 39, plate XXXII angustipennJSj 596 cotton insects, 450, 512 survey, 445 femur-rubrum, 596 field crop insects, 595, 596, 608, Mexican Border Act, 747 gladstoni, 596 630 injantiUs, 596 Mexico, 329, 350, 544, 667 pesticide laws, 307 mextcanus, 596 boll weevil, 501, 502 Missouri, 441, 443, 635 rugghst, 597 Mexican fruit fly, 559 if. inspection, 366, 368, 369 pink bollworm, 505, 509, 510 Mêlant hium vir gink urn, 225 Japanese beetle, 575, 579 vapor-heat studies, 403 Melaphis chinensis, 28 pesticide laws, 307 Miall, L. C, 13 Meliaceae, 226 Mite(s), 43, 72. 469 Mice, 277, 280, 716, 729 Melons, 544, plates I, XXXVI. air-sac {Cytodites nudus), 715 Michigan, 366, 442, 579, 713 XLV beetle, as host of worms, 173 Melsheimer, F. V., 441 insects, number, 1 pesticide laws, 307 broad* {Hem'itarsonemus laius) Membracidae, adornments, 9 188, 645 Memory in insects, 25, 42 Michigan Agr. Exp. Sta., 132 bulb* {Rhizoglyphus echino Menopon pallidum, l63 MiCKEL, CLARENCE E.: Values of Mercury compounds, use, 221 Insect Collections, 60-64 pus), 645 Aiermiria macultpennis, 596 M'icroceromasia sphenophori, 386 bulb scale* {Tarsonemus lair MESSENGER, A. P.: Inspection at Microlepidoptcrs, 12 ceps), 645 Terminals, 371-372 Micro-organisms, soil, effect of chicken* {Dermanyssus galli- MESSENGER, KENNETH: From 0 to insecticides on, 291-292 nae), 158, 162, 163, 716 5,000 in 34 Years, 250-251 MiDDLETON, WILLIAM: Off Limits citrus bud* {Aceria sheldom) Metabolism, insect, 30-31 for Beetles, 574-580 235 768 citrus red* {Paratetrafiychus Mormon cricket* {Anabrus sim- Angoumois grain* {Shoiroga citri). 111, 235 plex), 408, 446, 601, 121, cerealella), 629, 630, 631, clover* {Bryobia praetiosa), Claude Wakeland and J. R. 635 469, 589, plate XIV Parker, 605-608 atlas {Att'icus atlas), 12 control by oil sprays, 237, color plate LXVII brown-tail. See Brown-tail 238, 564 Morningglory and weevils, 529 moth control, 209, 213, 214, 217, Morrill Act, 442 buffalo. See Clothes moth(s) 221, 222, 230, 235 Morton, F. A., 485 cecropia* {Hyalophora cecro- cyclamen* {Tctrsonemus palli- Mosna, E., 327-328 pia), 39 dus), 404, 645 Mosquito (es), 11, 31, 47, I4l, clothes. 5'é'^ Clothes moth (s) disease transmission, 158, 159 213, 217, 223, 352, 422, 469, codling. See Codling moth European red* {Paratetrany- 471, 478 collecting, 65, 70 ff. chus pilosus) Harry H. Stage. 476-486 control, 241, 265, 729 color plate XIV adults, control, 484-485 diamondback* {Plutella macu- control, 237, 238, 247, 564 African {Anopheles gamhiae), lipcnnts), 223 feather, 715 198, 484 Douglas-fir tussock* {Remero- itch* {Scarcoptes scahtei), 147, and DDT. W. V. King. 327- campa pseudotsugaia), 146 158, 715-716 330 European pine shoot* {Rhya- mange, 715, 716 and human bot fly eggs, 10-11, cionia buoliana), 369, 648 losses from, 144 153 eye-spotted bud* {Sptlonoia nasal, 708 anopheline. See Anopheles ocellana), 238 northern fowl* {Bdellonyssus as host of worms, 175, 176 flannel, 155 syh'iarum), 716 classification, 59, 476-477 flour. 146, plate XXX number, 1, 6 common malaria* {Anopheles grape berry* {Polychrosis vite- on alfalfa, 589 quadrimaculatus), 329-330, ana), 238, 438 on poultry, 665 427. 477, 47S, habits, 21, 22. 23, 24 on wildlife, 708, 709, 715-716, control, plate XXVI hawk. 107-108 718 by airplane, 250-251, 484-485 hummingbird, 23 orchard by fish, 704-705 Indian-meal* {Plodia inter- color plate XIV by water manipulation, 177- punctella), 347, 630 control, 564-565, plate XIV 178, 483-484 color plate XXX increase after DDT. 300, 564 equipment for, 259, 262, 265 io* {Automeris io), 155 resistance, 565 ha2ards to fish. 707 meal, 146, plate XXX oribatid, as host of worms, 173 research, 327-330. 481-486 metamorphosis, 13-14 Pacific {Tetranychus pacificus), with aerosol bomb, 241, 484 Nantucket pine* {Rhyacionia 564, 566, plate XIV crusade, 464 ¡rustrana), 647-648 scaly-leg* {Cnemidocoptes mu- disease transmission, 147, 148- number, 1 tans), 716 149, 161, 163. 164, 718 nun {Lymantria monacha), 391 sheep scab* (Psoropfes eí/uí var. studies, 467, 480-481 oriental* {Cnidocampa flaves- ot'is), 664, 716 enemies, 79, 80, 729 cens), 382 spider. See Spider mite(s) habits, 21, 23, 27 oriental fruit* {Grapholitha mo- ticks, lice, sheep keds. E. F. irrigation-water, color plate lesta), 206, 344 Knipling, 662-666 XXVI color plate X tropical rat* {Bdellonyssus ha- larvae, control, 177-178, 224. control, 382-383, 386 cotí), 158 225, 226, 481-484 pine tip, 647-648 vapor-heat process, 404 life-history studies, 477-480 pollination by, 107, 109 See also Acariña; Chigger(s) malaria-carrying Rupela, 57 Miticides, 203, 493-494 control, 250-251, 252 satin* {Stilpnotia salicis), 350, Mitlin, N., 224 See also Anopheles 361, 382 Moburg, Fred, 452 northern house* {Culex pipiens), sphinx, 24 Mold on pollen, 118-119 149, 163, 327, 476, 477 stings, 155 tobacco* {Ephestia elutella), Mole cricket(s), 221, 270, 387, on wildlife, 709, 711 repellents, 485-486, plate XXVI 621, 622, 626, 627, 628 625 tussock. 251, 727 on tobacco, 621, 622, 623 resistant, 32, 327-330 salt-marsh* {Aedes sollicitans), wax* {Galleria mellonella), ^2 Moles and insects, 708, 728, 729 163, 327, 328, 426, 478, 486 yucca* {Tegeticida yuccasella), Mollusca, number of species, 6 southern house* {Culex quin- 108 Molting, physiology of, 34 quefasc'tatus), 149, 163, 327, See also Lepidoptera Monophagous insects, 40 Mothproofing solutions, 470. 474. 328, 478, 480 Montana, 457, 530, 582, 674. 683 plate XXVIII swamp {Aedes vexans), 478 grasshoppers, 427-428, 595 if. Mounting specimens, methods, 71, inspection, 368, 372 yellow-fever* {Aedes aegypti), 73-77 Mormon cricket, 606, 607 34, 198, 415, 420, 478, Mourning doves, 714, 719 pesticide laws, 307 484, 704 Mud daubers, parasitism by, 82 potato psyllid,-5l6, 517-518 disease transmission, 148- MUEST^BI-CK, C. F. W. wildlife, 715, 721 149. 163, 481 Progress in Insect Classification, Montana Agr. Exp. Sta., 588 See also Díptera 56-60 Montana State College, 602 Moth (s), 47, 51, 90, 469. 701 What Kind of Insect Is It? 43-55 Monterey pine, plate XVIII almond* {Ephest'ia cautella), Muir, Frederick, 386 Morgan? H. A., 442 541, 369, 630 Mulberry for silkworms, 86-87 769 Mules, 144, 163, 176 injury to plants, 188 miscellaneous uses, 565, 666, Müller, Paul, 210, 452 insect-borne, 172 plates, XXXIX, L Mundulea, insecticidal value, 225 inspection for, 358 use on cotton, 499, 503, plates Munro, J. A., 427 of insects, 393 II, III Murray. W. D., 329 Neonicotine, synthesis, 200 miscellaneous uses, 541-542, Murriña, 166 Ncoptera, 19 643, 647, plate LXIII MuskmeloR, 191, 288, 289, 290, Neorhynchocephaîus sackenii, 600 Nightshade, 227 544, plate LI Nesting places of bees. 111, 120 No-see-ums, 150 Muskrat and insects, 715, 716 Nests of wild bees, 112 ff. Nolan, \V. J., 124 Mustard oils, 38, 40 Nets for collecting insects, 65-66 Nomia, 119 Myiasis, 152, 711-712 Neuroptera, 6, 16, 72 color plate LII Myiophasia globosa, 501 Neuropterons, 21 mclandcrj, nest, 115 Myrtle family, 226 Nevada Nornicotine, source, 227 Myxomatosis, 163 beet leafhopper, 546, 547, 548 North Carolina, 5, 448, 501, 608, Mormon cricket, 606, 607 666, 713 Nabam, definition, 750 pesticide laws, 307 insects, number, 1 Nahis ferus, 519 Nevada, University of, 602 Japanese beetle, 571, 574, 575, Nagana transmission, 166-168 New Brunswick, budworm, 683 579, 580 Naiads, description, 80 New England, 350, 595 pesticide laws, 307 Nairobi disease, 163 airplane spraying, 250, 251 North Dakota, 516, 582, 606 Naphthalene forest insects, 684, 695, 696, 698 bird diseases, 718, 719 chemistry, 215 insects, number, 1 grasshoppers, 596 ff. properties, 338 quarantines, 360-361 pesticide laws, 307 uses, 215 New Hampshire, 574, 580, 695, Nott, Josiah, 480 to control clothes moths, 473, 728 Nottingham, E., 483 plate XXVIII pesticide laws, 307 Number of insects. Curtis W. miscellaneous, 338, 340, 576, New Jersey, 285, 442, 448, 718 Sabrosky, 1-7 578, 636-637, 653. plate gypsy moth, 695, 696, 698 Nursery (ies) XVIII Japanese beetle 567-568, 571, beetle control in, 609 Narcissus bulbs, 361, 404 573, 574, 580 inspection, early, 444 Nasutitermes insects, number, 1 stock exiliosus, 5-6 mites, 565, 654 foreign, insect entry in, 353 sur'tnamensis, 5 Moorestown laboratory, 395, movement under quarantine, National Association of Commis- 396, 397 362 sioners, Secretaries, and Direc- mosquitoes, 479, 482, 483 Nutrition, insect, 30, 37-42 tors of Agriculture, 302, 454, pesticide laws, 307 Nuttall, Thomas A., 227 740-742 screw-worms, 666, 661 National Cotton Council, 143, 144 New Mexico, 350, 442, 597, 717. Oak, white grubs on, plate LXIV National Institutes of Health, 468 729 Oats, 288, 289, 433 National Livestock Loss Prevention beet leafhopper, 547, 548, 549 insects on, 144, 146, 612, plate Board, 674 livestock pests, 667, 674 LXV National Museum, collection, 468 pesticide laws, 305, 307 Octamethyl pyrophosphoramide, National Pest Control Assoc, 470 pink boUworm, 505, 507 214, 570, 656 National Plant Board, 444 potato psyllid, 516, 517 See also Schradan Native insects, pollination by. New York, 189, 352, 445, 448, Oddities, insect. Edwin Way George E. Boh art, 107-121 457, 458, 483, 596 Teale, 8-14 Natural control of insects, early Adirondacks, spruce budworm, Odonata, 6, 1Ó, 19, 72, 73 work, 463-464 684, 685, 686, 688 Oecophylla smaragdina, 13 Navy Medical Corps, 468 early entomology, 441, 442, 443 Oedemagena larandi, 713 Neal, P. A., 490 gypsy moth, 695, 696, 698 Ohio, 319, 442, 695 Nebraska, 366, 442, 606 insects, number, 1 inspection, 366, 368 grasshoppers, 450, 596, 597, 599, inspection, 366, 368, 369 Japanese beetles, 574, 575, 579, 604 Japanese beetles, 574, 580 580 locusts, 4, 725 pesticide laws, 302, 307 pesticide laws, 307 pesticide laws, 307 use of oil sprays in, 237-238 stored grain insects, 630, 635 potato psyllid, 516, 517 ff. wildlife and insects, 710, 713, Oil(s) stored grain insects, 629, 631 720 action of, 206 Necrotic fleck, vector of, 185 New York State Agr. Exp. Sta., deposition rate, 232-233 Nectar, composition, 92 231, 237, 591 dormant, 230, 237-238 Ncwcomb, Ralph V., 260 Nectria disease transmission, 681 emulsible, nature, 233 NEWCOMER, E. J.; Using Insec- Neff, Johnson, 714 ticides Effectively, 245-249 emulsions, purpose, 232 NFLSON, R. H.: Conversion Newman, J. F., 328 miscible, 233, 452 Tables and Equivalents, 743 Nícandra physaîodes, 111 nonvolatile, action of, 206 Nematode(s) Nicholson, A. J., 136 solutions, formulation, 204 common bulb {Ditylenchus djp- Ni CO liana spp., 227 sprays for fruit trees. P. J, saca) ,358 Nicotine, 200, 205, 227, 338, 452 Chapman, L. A. Riehl, and control, 209, 215, 340, 341 sulfate, 277, 452 G. W. Pearce, 229-239 golden {Heterodera rosîochien- use against tobacco insects, summer, defined, 230 sis), 358 641, 643, 6AA, 641 to control mosquitoes, 481-482 770 viscosity, measurement, 231 Owen, F. V., 546 Parcel post, regulations on plant volatile, action of, 206 Owls and insects, 709, 719 material, 371-372 Oil-beetle, 10 Oxeye, insecticidal value, 224 Paris green, 132, 297, 452. 459 Oklahoma, 505, 512, 589, 611, use, 219 674 Pachyrhizus erosus, 225 against mosquitoes, 482, 483 fossils, 14, 15, 16 PACKARD, C. M. on cotton, 498, 499, 513, plate grasshoppers, 597, 601-602 Cereal and Forage Insects, 581- V pesticide laws, 307 594 on field crops, 603, 623, 624, Oklahoma Agricultural and Me- Resistant Crops, the Ideal Way. plate LVIII chanical College, 278 429-436 miscellaneous, 641, plate Okra, 363, plate I Pack, H. J., 700 XLVIII Oligophagous insects, 40 Packaged goods PARKER, J. R. OMAN, PAUL W.: HOW TO Collect fumgation, 349 Grasshoppers, 595-605 and Preserve Insects for Study, losses from insects, 146 Mormon Cricket, 605-608 65-78 protection from insects, 637 Parks, T. H., 457 Onchoceriasis transmission, 150 Painter, R. H., 431, 435 Parthenocarpy in fruits, 90 O'Neill, W. J., % Paipu, insecticidal value, 227 Parthenogenesis, 20, 115 Onion, 184, plates XLV, XLVII Palaeodictyoptera, 15-16 Pea(s) Ontario, spmce budworm, 683, 684 Palaeoptera, 18, 19 aerosols for, 241, 542 Ootetrastichus Palophus rey}, 9 dusting, 534-537 heatus, 386 Panama Canal Larvicide, 482 family, insecticidal value, 225 jormosanus, 386 Panama Canal Zone, Health fumigation, 535 OpeU obscura, 596 Dept. 467 insecticides in soil, 285, 288, Orangeworm, navel* {Myelois Panorpa rujescens, 64 293 v€}2Îpars), 369 Pantry pests, 141, 146, 472 insects, 142, 530 if., 538 flf.. Orchard (s) color plate XXX plates XLII, XLIIÏ, XLV. fruits, fire blight, 192 Papaya bunchy-top, 184 XLIX insects, control problems, 562- Pappataci transmission, 150 mosaic. 184 567, 652 Paradexodes epilachnae, 383 pollination, 118 power equipment for, 259, 261 Paradichlorobenzene, 201, 215. resistant to aphids, 540 soils, insecticides in, 284, 285, 334-335 saving from insect control, 450 286, 292. 294 use against clothes moths, 474, viruses, 185, 539 See also Fruit(s) ; and specific plate XXVIII Pea aphid* {Macrosiphum pisi) crops miscellaneous uses, 340, 576, John E. Dudley, Jr., and Wil- Orchardists, spray service for, 578. 636-637 liam C. Cook, 538-543 459-460 Paraffin oil for mosquitoes, 481 color plate XLIX Orchids. 344, 358-359. 552 Paraffinicity of oils, 231 control, 227, 241, 293, 539- hawk-moth, pollination, 107 Paralysis, tick, 160 543, 588-589 Oregon, 350, 516, 591. 597 Paranagrus optabilis, 386 crop resistance to, 430, 435, 540 bark beetles, 690, 692, 693 Parasites. 373 ff.. plates LIII, LV losses from, 142, 144 beet leafhopper, 544. 547, 548, and predators. C. P. Clausen, virus transmission, 185, 539 549 380-388 Pea weevil* {Bruchus pisorum), inspection, 369, 372 diet, 37-38 333 Mormon cricket, 60ö, 607 early work with, 463-464 T. A. Brindley and Joseph C. pea aphid, 538, 541, 542 entomophagous, defined, 37 Chamberlin, 530-537 pea weevil, 530, 531, 533-534 examples of, 81-83 color plate XLIÏI pesticide laws, 302, 307 hymenopterous, 20 control, 438, 534-537 spruce budworm, 683, 686, 687 livestock, that attack man, 153 trap, 409 Organic insecticides, 209-218 mass production, 385-386 Peach(es) Oriental sore transmission, 150 secondary, defined, 82 brown rat transmission. 195 Orius insidiosus, 512 twisted-winged, 550 insecticides in soil, 285, 287, Orlando laboratory, 328, 483, 484- Parathion, 133, 134, 453, 707, 288 485, 487 ff. 750 insects on, 143, 567, plates X, Ornamentals, pests of, 583, 586, in soil, 290-291, 293 XIII-XV 609, 640-656, plates VII, use, 214 mosaic, 188 Vlir, XXII, XXXV, XL, L, against mosquitoes, 328. 329 viruses, 180, 185-186, 188 LX on cereal and forage crops, yellows, 180, 184, 185, 188 Ornithodorus laborensh, 166 586, 588, 589, 591, plate Peanut(s), 288, 289, 291, 364 O'Roke, E. C. 719 LXI hay fumigation, 343 Oroya fever transmission, 150 on cotton, 499, plates I, III, insects on, 144, 583, 584, 586, Orr, L. W., 683 VII 590, 591-592, plates LVIII, Orthodichlorobenzene. 334, 691. on fruit, 556, 564 ff., 570, LX, LXIX plate XX Pear(s) plates X, XIII-XV Orthoptera, 6, 16, 45, 72, 181, insects on, plates XII, XIV, XV on tobacco, 622 if. 393, 736 pollination, 98-99 camouflage, 8-9 to induce resistance, 431 residues on, 298-300 Osmia, 119, 120 miscellaneous, 340, 342, 526, PEARCE, G. W.. 206, 232 Owlflies, 24 542, 653-654 Oil Sprays for Fruit Trees, 229- Overley, F. L., 96 Paratype, defined, 63 239 Oviduct fluke of poultry, 174 Para-oxon, 322-324, 654, 750 Pearse, A. S., 5 771 Pecans, 195, 562, 567 Pigments, insect, 33-34 sensitivity to insecticides in Peck, William D.. 441, 442 Pillbug(s), 469, 651 soils, 287-291 Pedaliaceae, 226 on ornamentals, 650 viruses and insects, 179-190 Pcnick & Co., S. B., 492 See also Sowbug{s) Plant bug(s), 222, 499 Pennsylvania, 5, 366 Pimpinella ants urn, 228 four-lined* {Poecilocapsus line- gypsy moch, 695, 695, 698 Pinchot, Gifford, 689 atus ), 644 Japanese beetle, 398-399, 573, Pine, insects on, 647-648, 688, on ornamentals, 644-645 574, 580 plates XVIII, XXII, LXIV phlox* {Lopidea davisi), 64i~ pesticide laws, 308 Pineapples, 187, 344 645 resistant mites, 654 Pineapple Research Institute, 387, rapid* {Adelphocoris rapidtis), Pennsylvania, University of, 125 552 503 Pentachlorophenol, use, 214, Pink bollworm* {Pectinophora tarnished* {Lygus oblineaius), plates XIX, XX, XX.I gossyptella), 350, 427, 498, 188, 244, 249, 503. 644 Pentatomids, control, 244 503 use in weed control, 87 Peony, insects on, 642, 648 L. F. Curl and R. W. White. yucca* {Halticotoma valida), Pepper, J. H., 423, 425-426 505-511 644 Periphyllus, 20, 25, 26 color plate VI Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricul- Perkins, R. C. L., 386 crop resistance to, 430, 436 tural Engineering, Bureau of, Persimmon wilt, 682 cultural control, 438, 439 356, 409, 468, 546 Pesticide(s) eradication, 197 Plant Quarantine Act, 360, 365, defined, 202 fumigation for, 343, 344, 509 366, 371, 465, 574, 747 imported, regulations, 313 quarantines, 361, 363, 365, 507 Plant Quarantine and Control Ad- labels, 309, 310-311 surveys, 447 ministration, 465 laws. State, 302-310 Pinnas pi s buxi, 387 Plant-lice, 24, 51, 699, 728 misbranding, 311 Pinning methods, 72, 73-75 crop resistance to, 436 registration, 303-305, 311-312 Pinworm, tomato* {Keiferia lyco- defense method, 11-12 seizure, 313 persicella), 220 See also Aphid(s) Peters, Harold, 714 Piperonyl Plantain, weevil on, 650 Petroleum(s) butoxide, 215-217, 750 Planting dates, use in insect con* crude, types, 230 use on field crops, 609, 634, trol, 437 oils 637 Plath. O. E., 714 effect on livestock, 276 use on livestock, 658 ff. Plath, Otto, 12 use in sprays, 229 cyclonene, 216, 217, 569, 750 Plathemis lydia, 17 Phaeogenes n'tgr¡dens, 617 Pirie, N. W., 179 Plaiyura jtdtoni, 26 Phasmids, 24 Piroplasmosis, 164-165 Plecoptera, 6, 16, 17, 72 Pheasants, 715, 716, 718 Piiyogenes, 689 Pliny the Elder, 8 Phenothiazine, 201-202, 209 Pityophthorus, 689 Plowing to control insects, 438-439 PHILIP, CORNELIUS B.: Carriers of Piver, William C, 451, 452 Plums, 101, 195, plates XIIT, XIV Human Diseases, 147-160 Plague Poinsettia, mealybug on, plate L Philippines, College of Agricul- bubonic, 153-154 Poison, economic, defined, 303 ture, 555 in rodents, 717 Poliomyelitis transmission, 152 Phillip. Arthur, 87 of locusts, 4 Polistes, 82 Phîebotomus, 150 sylvatic, 154 Pollen, 96 Phlihostroma quadrîmaculatum, Plank, Harold K., 224 grain, described, 92-93 596 Plant(s) mold on, 118-119 Phloem necrosis of elm, 1S4, 680 absorption of insecticides, 291 pellets, 94-95, 97 Phlox, insects on, 644-645, 648 and soils, fumigating, 340-344 Pollination Phoetaliotes nebrascensis, 596 bacteria, fungi, and insects, 191- by honey bees, 88-107 Phony peach, 180, 182, 184 ff. 196 by native insects, 107-121 Phosphates condition, effect on insecticide Pollinizers, examples of, 83-85 organic, action of, 207-208 application, 248 Polyembryony, 3, 83 use to control aphid, 542 diseases Polymorphism, 20 Phosphorus inspection for, 358 Ponderosa pine, 145, 688 ff. compounds, development, 453 transmission, 179-196 insecticides, organic, use, 214 Poos, F. W., 435 food, of insects, 37-42 Popenoe, E. A., 442 paste, plate XXIII foreign P.hry gane a vesttta, 701 POPHAM, W. L.: From 0 to 5,000 insect entry on, 354 Phyla, defined, 43 in 34 years, 250-251 importing, permit, 360 Phylloxera(s), 24 Poplar, grubs on, plate LXIV fungi, bacteria, and insects, grape* {Phylloxera vitafoliae), 191-196 Porcupines, tularemia, 716 340, 431, 443, 463 injury by DDT, effect of soils PORTER, B. A. Physalts mollis, 227 Insects Are Harder To Kill, 317- Physiology, insect, 30-37 on, 291 320 Pickleworm* {Diaphania nitida- insecticides, 222-229, 276-277 Residues on Fruits and Vegeta- lls), 409, 747 inspection, described, 355-360 bles, 297-301 color plate LI pollination, construction for, Postal Laws and Regulations, Pierce's disease of grapevines, 184, 88-89, 107-108 plant movement under, 365 186, 187 quarantines. See Quarantine(s) Postal Terminal Inspection Act, Pteris brassicae, 34 regulatory legislation, 747 371-372 Pigeon malaria, 164 residues, and soils, 284-297 Potassium fluosilicate, 622 772 Potato (es) Protozoan diseases of Quarantine(s), 351-372 cultural practices to control insects, 392 domestic, 360-364 psyllid, 518-519 livestock, 164-165 enforcement, 364, 365 family, insccticidal value, 227 Protura, 6, 22 foreign plant, 355-360 fumigation, 343, 344 Pseudaphycus malinus, 383 Japanese beetle, 361, 362, 363, injury by Pseudolynchia canariensis, 164 365, 368, 574-580 insects, 188 Psocidis), 22, 53, )5, 469 officials, addresses, 740-742 psyllid yellows, 515, 516 control, 474 soil fumigation under, 342-344 insecticides in soil, 285, 288, Psorophora, 4l6 violations, 367-368 289, 291, 294 columbiae, 163 Quassia family, 226 insects on, 515 ff., 519 ff., plates sayi, 162 Quay le, H. J„ 318 XXXIII, XXXVII, XLII, Ps or optes, 1\6 Quebec, budworm, 683, 684, 686 XLV, XLVI, LX, LXIV Psylla, pear* {Psylla pyricola), Quinces, plates X, XII leaf roll, 184, 189, 519 ff. 230, 237, 238 losses from insects, 142, 340 Psyllid(s), 24, 28, 227, 408 R-242, definition, 750 planting dates, 437, 518, 519 boxwood* {Psylla bux'i), 644 Rabbit(s), 162, 163. 173, 176 resistance in, 435 potato* {Paratrioza cockerelli), fever, 151 spindle tuber, 184, 519 ff. 435 insects on, 710 ff. sprouts, use in rearing parasites, R. L. Wallis, 515-519 RADKI.I'FF, R. D.: Toxicity to Live- 385-386 tomato* {Paratrioza cockerelli), stock, 276-283 viruses, 180, 183, 187, 189 222 Radiant energy and transmission 519-522 Psyllid yellows, 515-517 insects, 411-421 yellow dwarf, 184 Pterines, function, 34 screw-worms, 671 Potato beetle Pterygota, 18 Radio waves, use, 416-417 Colorado* {Lelytinotarsa decem- Ptilodexia, 573 Rain, effect on lineata), 369, 452, 514 Public Health Service, work, 299, insecticide application, 248 aestivation, 27 484, 468 insects, 424-426 color plate XXXTil on insects affecting man, 487, RAINWATER, C. F.: Progress in control, 219, 225, 263, 437 490, 492, 495 Research on Cotton Insects, diet, 38-39 on resistant flies, 320, 322, 324, 497-500 eradication, 198 326 Ranunculaceac, 226 old-fashioned {Epicauta solanr), Puerto Rico, 356, 372, 705 Raphidids, 24 155 Pulex irritan s, 153 Rash, harvester's, 158 Potter. C, 223 Pumps, described, 268 Raspberry mosaic, 184 Poultry, 164 Pumpkin, 224, 288, 290, plates Rats, 277, 280 insects, 144, 663, 664, 665-666 XXXIX, LV de Reaumur, René, 6, 477 worms, 169-179 Punkies, 106, 150, 469 Red-bug. See Chigger(s) Powders Pure Food Law and insecticides. Red clover louse-killing, 488-491 P. B. Dunbar, 314-316 insects, 538. 581, 591 wettable, 203-204, 246 Purnell Act, 442 pollination. 102-103, 116-117 Power equipment for applying in- Pyrethrins REED, W. G.: Federal Act of 1947, secticides, 258-262 resistance of flies to, 322-324 310-314 Prairie dogs, plague, 717 use against Reed, Walter, 467, 481 Pratt, B. G., 452 livestock pests, 658 ff. Reeher, Max. 725 PRATT, JOHN J., JR. stored grain insects, 634, 637, Reeves. W. C, 481, 718 How Insecticides Poison Insects, 639 Registration . of pesticides, 303- 205-208 miscellaneous, 569, 586, plate 305, 311-312 Life Processes of Insects, 30-37 LI Reindeer, warble fly on, 713 Predators, 373 ff., plate LIV Pyrethrum. 200-201, 205, 224, Relapsing fever, 156, 158, 159, and parasite?, 380-38Ö 452 162, 710 diet, 37-38 synergists, 491, 492 Repellents, 217, 494, 495 early work with, 465-464 use against mosquito, 485-486, plate XXVI examples of, 79-81 insects affecting man, 490, Research and Marketing Act. 442 mass production, 385-386 491, 495 Residue (s) Prickly-ash, southern, 226 livestock pests, 657, 658-659, disposal, use in insect control, Pricklypear, control by insects, 87 660, 664, plate XXV 438 Primrose, weevil on, 650 mosquitoes, 482, 484 on food, laws, 314-316 Primulas, inspection, 358 pests of ornamentals, 643, on fruits and vegetables, 297-301 Privet, lilac borer on, 649 644, 645, 646, 648 soils, and plants, 284-297 Processing plants, food, insect pre- roaches, 470, 472, plate Resistance in vention in, 455-457 XXIII codling moth, 319, 320 Production and Marketing Admin- miscellaneous, 577, 609, 625, crops, 429-436 istration, 468, 739 627, plate XXXIV. house flies, 32-33, 152, 320-327, w-Propyl isome, 216, 217, 658 XXXVIII 492 Propylene dichloride, 636 Pyrgota, 377-378 insects, 317-330 Protective devices of insects, 20- Pyrophorus, 26 physiology of, 32-33 21, 25-26 lice, 158, 491 Proteins in insect diet, 30 Q-137, definition, 750 mosquitoes, 32, 327-330 Protelytroptera, 16 Q fever, 159-160, 162 scale insects, 318 Protodonata, 16 Quail, 172, 173, 716, 719 spider mites, 652-656 773 Reíiculitermes Rotation of crops, use to control introduced pine* {Diprion sim- flavipes, 650 insects, 439-440, 583 ile), 676 viginicus, All Rotenone, 206, 452 larvae on ornamentals, 641-642 Rhipicephalus in oil sprays, 236 plum web-spinning* {Neuroto- appendículatus, 165, 166 on field crops, 591, 622, 625, ma inconspicua), 369 bursa, 165 plate LXIII pollination, 107 capen sis, 166 on livestock, 644, 673-674, red-headed pine* {Neodiprion everísi, l62, 165, 166 plate XXIV lecontei), color plate XXII simus, 166 on ornamentals, 643, 645, wheat stem {Cephus cincius), Rhode Island, 574, 580, 696 649, 653 430-431, 438, 439. 440, 582 pesticide laws, 308 on truck crops, 534, 535, 542, color plate LXV Rhodnius, 12 plates XXXIV, XXXVIII, Sawyer, W. A., 481 prolix us, 35 XLIII, XLIX, LI Say, Thomas, 441 Rhododendron, 644, 650 miscellaneous, 472, 569, plate Scabies, 158 Ribbands, C. R,, 91 XXI Scabrin, 201, 224 Rice, 146, 180, 630, 635 Row crops, power equipment, 261 Scale(s) RICHARDSON, HENRY H. : Cold Royal jelly, 30, 112 armored, 22, 235 Treatment of Fruits, 404-406 Rue family, 226 beech* {Crypiococcus fagi), Richmond, R. G., 103 Rugose mosaic transmission, 519 ff. 681 Ricinus communisy 224 Rupela, 57 black* {Saissetia oleae), 235, Rickettsiae transmission, 162 Russell, P. F., 484 236, 318. 384, 385. 443 Rickettsialpox, 158 Russia, pink boUworm, 505 California red* {Aonidiella au- RiEHL, L. A., 236 Russian-thistle, 548, 549 rantii), 56-57, 143, 233, 235, Oil Sprays for Fruit Trees, 229- Rust fungi, "pollination" by in- 236, 318, 320, 385, 386 239 sects, 196 citricola* {Coccus pseudomag- Rift valley fever, 163 Rutaceae, 226 noliarum), 235, 318, 387 Riley, C. v., 143, 580, 381, 44l, Rutgers 612, 216, 217, 486, plate cottony peach* {Pulvinaria 442, 463 XXVI amygdali), 238 Rio Grande Valley, entry of insects See also 2-Ethyl-l,3-hexanediol cottony-cushion* {leery a pur- into, 350 Ruzicka, L., 200 chasi), 81, 380-381, 384, 387, Roach(cs), 50, 220 Ryania, 593 443, 567 brown-banded* {Supella sitpel- Ryania speciosa, 224 euonymus* {Unaspis euonymi), lectilium), 156, 472 Rye 645 color plate XXIII ergot transmission, 191 Forbes* {Aspidiotus forbesi), control, 241, 470, 471, 472 insecticides in soil, 285, 288, 566 Surinam* (Pycnoscelus suima- 290, 291, 294 Hall* {Nilotaspis halli), 340 mensis), 111 insects on, 144, 612, plates hemispherical* {Saissetia hemi- See also Cockroach (es) ; Orth- LXV, LXVI sphaerica), 369, 645 optera insects, 23, 47, 73. 85, 728 RoARK, R. C: How Insecticides Sabadilla, 225, plates XXXIV, LI, control, 230, 235, 236, 340 Are Developed, 200-202 LV, LXIII diseases, 390-391 ROBERTS, IRWIN H.: Cattle Grubs, Sabethes, 476 on ornamentals. 645 672-676 SABROSKY, CURTIS W.: HOW predators of, 381 ROBERTS, R. A. Many Insects Are There? 1-7 resistance in, 318 Sweetpotato Weevil, 527-530 Saccà, Giuseppe, 321 traps, 408 White-Fringed Beetle, 608-611 Sadusk, J. F., 493 See also Coccids; Hcmiptera; ROBERTS, WILLIAM C: Breeding ST. GEORGE, R. A.: Insect Pests Homoptera Bees, 122-131 . of Flowers and Shrubs, 640 juniper* {Dias pi s carueli), 369 Robins and insects, 709, 714, 730 St. Johnswort. See Klamath weed obscure* {Chrysomphalus ob- Rockefeller Foundation, 481, 487 Saissetia nigra, 384 scur us) , 197 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Salamanders and insects, 700, 703 oleander* {Aspidiotus hederae)^ 156, 159 Salmon, insects in diet, 701 369 Rodenticide, defined, 203 Salmonellosis, 157 on coconut, 387 Rodents and insects, 713, 717, 728 Salmonflies, 24 oystershell* {Lepidosaphes Rohm and Haas Co., 491 Salvia officinalis, 225 ulmi), 369, 372, 645 Root crops, 289, 291 Sanderson, E. D., 728 parlatoria date* {Parlaioria Root-infesting insects of ornamen- Sand-fly fever, 150 blanchardi), 197, 361 tals, 649-650 pine needle* {Phenacaspis pini- Roo two rm Sanitation-salvage logging, 693 Sapindaceae, 226 foliae), 369 corn* {Diabrotica longicornis), purple* {Lepidosaphes beckii), Sarcophaga 437. 439-440 235 southern corn* {Diabrotica un- bar bat a, 35 pyriform* {Pfotopulvinarin py- decimpuncíaía howardi), 193, haemorroiddlis, 712 ri for mis), 369 591-592 Saugstad, Stanley, 427 red date* {Phoentcococcus mar- Rose, William, 452 Saunders, W. W., 505 iai ti), 361 Rose-slug, bristly* {Cladius iso- Sawfly(ies), 20, 22, 28, 46-47, 55, rose* {Aulacaspis rosae), 645 merus), 641-642 425 San Jose* {Aspidiotus pernicio- Roses, 641-642, 644. 652 ff. European spruce* {Diprion sus). 111, 238, 318, 369, Ross, H. H., 425 {Gilpinia) hercyniae), "^6-51, 386. 426, 443, 566, 645 Ross, Ronald, 480, 481 391 color plate XV 774 scu rf y * ( Chionaspis furjura ), Shipman, H. J., 606 Snaii(s), 174, 217, 650 238 Shipping insects, 78, 355 white garden {Theba pisana), soft'" {Coccus hesperidum), 567 Ships, insect entry by, 351, 352 191 tesselatcd {Eucalyinnatus tessel- Shoo-fly plant, 227 Snakes, 699, 708 latNs), 645 ShotwcU, R. L., 423-424, 599 Snap beans, 285, 288, 290, 544 yellow'-' {Aon'idiella citrina), Shrews, 708-709, 715, 728. 729 Snapdragon, insects on, 652, 655 ■^6-51, 235, 385, 386 Shrubs Snead, Edwin, 713 Scaphoideus luteolus, 680 and flowers, insect pests, 640- SncUing, Ralph O., 429 Scarabaeus sacer, 111 651 Snyder, F. M., 493 Schistocerca, 389 See also Ornamentals Snyder, John C, 96 Schoenocaulon officinale, 225 Silicofluoride, 470, 474, plate Soapberry family, 226 Schtadan, 207-208, 750 XXVIII Social See also Octamethyi pyrophos- Silk, 31, 86-87 insects, 3, 5-7, 29 phoramide Silkworm"' {Bombyx mori), 32, life of wild bees, 110-111 Schrader, Gerhard, 214 33, 34, 365 Sodium Scientific Research and Develop- disease, 390, 391, 392 arsenite, 219-220, 602, 603. 606. ment, Office of, 485, 487 giant, 31 plate XX Scolytus, 689 life history, 86-87 fluoride, 221, 665, plates XXI, Scorpion(s), 43, 44, 469 Silverfish* {Lepisma saccharina), XXIII Scorpionfly(ies), 24, 64 22, 24, 34, 55, 469 fluosilicate. 221. 601-602, 606, See also Mecoptera control, 472-473 622, 623, 641, plates XXVIII, Scotland, fossils, 15 See also Thysanura LXVII Scott, R. W., 452 Simarubaceae, 226 selenate, 653 Scott, Thomas, 713 Simmons, J. S., 487 Soft rot bacteria, 191-192, 193 Sccew-wocm* {Callitroga ameri- Simuliidae, ,150 Soil(s) cana), 56-57. 147, 153, 199, S'lmulium character, effect on plant injury 214 Jennings}, 164 by DDT, 291 W. G. Bruce, 666-672 nigroparum, 164 fumigating, 340-344 adult, 669 occidentale, 164 fumigation against Japanese bee- color plate XXVII slossonae, 164 tle, 572 losses from, 144 vemistum, 164, 719-720 improvement by insects, 79 on wildlife, 708, 711-712 Singh, Sardar, 91 micro-life, effect of insecticides sterilization, 420, 671 Siphonaptera, 6, 16, 22, 45, 72, on, 291-292 surveys, 446, 667 736 movement under quarantine, 362 ScuUen, H. A., 103, 104 Sirrine, W. J., 442 residues, and plants, 284-297 Seal, insects on, 708, 715 Size of insects, unusual, 12 Soil-infesting insects, 649-650 SFARLS, ED. M.: Industrial Ento- Skeletonizer, oak*^ {Bucculatrix Solanaceae, 227 mologist, 455-457 ainsltella), 369 ,^ SOLLERS, Hr.LFN: Entomologists in Seed and Grains, stored, insects, Skipper, 31 Washington, 462-468 629-639 Skunks and insects, 714, 729 Solvents Seizure of pesticides, 313 Sleeping sickness, 149, 151, 481, effect on livestock, 276 Self-pollination in plants, 88-89 718 types of, 204 Selenium compounds, 221, 653 See also Encephalomyelitis Songs of insects, temperature indi- Selocide for mites, 653 Slingerland, M. V., 728 cation by, 423 Sensory organs of insects, 36 Slug(s), 217, 631 Soper, F. L., 484 Sereh, cure, 188 black European {Deroceras re- Sorghum(s), 290, 431. 434. 438 Sericulture, 86-87 ticulata), 622, 623 insects, 585. 593. 612, 613, Sesame oil, use, 491 on ornamentals, 650 plate LXIII Sex hormones of insects, 34 on tobacco, 621 Sorgo, Atlas, resistance in, 432 Shade trees, power equipment, 261 See also Rose-slug Sound Shales, 14, 15, 18 Smear 62, 669, 670. plate XXVII production in insects, 17 SHANDS, W. A.: Potato Aphids, Smear 82, 669, 670 weaves, use, 412-416 519-527 Smell, sense of, in insects, 36, 38 Sour cherries, pollination, 99-100 Sheep Smith, C. N., 494 Souring of figs, 194 diseases, 162 ff. Smith, C. R., 200, 227 South Africa, 250, 353. 404, 405 effect of insecticides on, 277, Smith, D, B., 262 South America, insects from, 350 . 278, 279, 280, 281 Smith, E. H., 206, 232 South Carolina, 527, 592. 711 insects on, 144, 657, 662 ff., Smith, Erwin S., 191 cotton insect control, 460-461, 666 if., plate XXVII SMITH, FLOYD F. 503 worms, 171, 173 Insects and Plant Viruses, 179 pesticide laws, 308 screw-worms, 666, 661 Sheep keds Spider Mites and Resistance, mites, ticks, lice. E. F. Knip- soils, insecticides in, 284-285 652-656 ling, 662-666 South Dakota, 442, 606, 629, 667, Smith, John B., 479, 482 Sheep-tick* {Melophagus ovinus), 674 Smith, H. H., 227 55, 664 forest insects, 145, 689 eradication, 199 Smith, Harry S., 136, 384-386 grasshoppers, 596, 597, 598, 599, habits and control, 665 Smith, R. H., 710 602, 604 SHERMAN, RALPH W.: Summary Smith, Theobald, 466-467 pesticide laws, 308 of Federal Plant Regulatory Smith-Lever Act, 457 Sowbug(s), 43, 44, 631 Legislation, 747 Smut of figs, 194-195 See also Pillbug(s) 77^ Soybeans, 430, 631, 635 Squash, 288, 290, 291 Stoddard, Herbert, 716 insecticides in soil, 284, 285, curly top, 544, 545, 547 Stomach 288, 289, 290 insects on, plates I, XXXVI, poisons, application, 245 insects on, 144, 583, 586, plates XXXIX, LI, LV worms, insect-borne, 171, 172, LXIV, LXIX Squirrels and insects, 713 ff. 174 Spain, insects from, 353 Stable fly* {Stomoxys calàtrans), Stone, W. S., 487, 490 Sparrows and insects, 709, 719, 82, 427, 638 Stone fruits, viruses, control, 188 726, 731 as host of worms, 173, 176 Stonefiy(ies), 21, 24, 52, 701 Spear, F. G., 419 control, 177, 657-658. 660, 661 See also Plecoptera Spence, William, 14 disease transmission, 162, 163 Stored Sphecophaga burra, 374 losses from, 144, 145 foodstuffs, fumigating, 345-349 Sphinx, catalpa* {Ceratomia ca- trap, 409 grains and seed, 629-639 lalpae), 250 Staff-tree family, 223 grains, losses from insects, 146 Spider(s), 23, 43, 44, 700, 732 STAGE, HARRY H.: Mosquitoes, Storms, insect entry by, 350-351 black widow* {Latrodectus mac- 476-486 Stowaways, insect, 351-352 tans) , 469 Stainer, western hemlock {Gnata- Straw-worm, wheat* {Harmolita crab, 118 hotrichus sulcatus), 682 grandis), 438 house, 46^, 474 Stanley, W. M., 179 Strawberry, 288, 359, 404 ff. red. See Spider mite(s) Starlings, lice on, 714-715 crinkle, 184 Spider mite(s), 87, 226, 227, 228 State mites on, 650, 655 and resistance, 652-656 agricultural colleges, early ento- viruses, 185, 189, 190 color plate VII mology in, 442-443 yellow edge, 184 in greenhouses, 652-656 agricultural experiment stations, Stream management, 706 increase after DDT use, 300, 441-442, 738 Strepsiptera, 16 387, 564 entomologists Strepsipterons, 21 insects, and DDT, 562-567 duties, 443-444 Strode, G. K., 487 on cotton, 499, 503, 504, plate early, 441, 442 Strong, Lee A., 465 VII extension Stunt disease of rice, 180, 182 on ornamentals, 645-646 directors, addresses, 742-743 Suckfly* (Dicyphus minimus), spruce* {Paratetranychus unun- work, 457-462 621, 625 guis), 643 pesticide laws, 302-310 Sucking insects, 263, 642-646 two-spotted* {Tetranychus bi- State Leaders' Advisory Committee Sudangrass, chinch bug on, 612 maculatus), 247, 564, 565, on Grasshopper Control, 604 Sugars in insect diet, 30 589, 645, 652 if. Staudinger, H., 200 Sugar beet(s) See also Mite(s) Steam sterilization at inspection curly top, 184, 544 ff. Spies, J. R., 224 station, 359 insects on, 142, 544 ff., plates Spinach, 288, 544, 545, 547 STEFFERUD, ALFRED D.: Preface, ix XLIV. XLV Spindle tuber, 187, 519 ff. STEIN, C. D.: Carriers of Animal virus, 180, 187, 189 Spirochetosis transmission, 162 Diseases, 161-168 See also Beet(s) Spittlebugs, 24, 590-591 Steiner, L. F., 319 Sugar pines, beetles on, 688, 693 See also Froghopper STEINHAUS, EDWARD A.: Infec- Sugarcane, 188, 290, 437, 438, 705 Spore dust. See Milky disease(s) tious Diseases of Insects, 388- insects, control, 593-594 Spotted fever, 156, 159 394 mosaic, 184 Spotted wilt virus, 187 Stem-infesting insects, 647-649 resistance in, 430, 436 Spray(s) Stemonaceae, 227 Sugaring for moths, 70 conversion tables and equiva- Stenomema canadense, 14 Sulfotepp, 654, 750 lents, 743-746 Sterilization of Sulfur, 134, 452 discharge volumes, 260 fruit, 401-404 dioxide, 222, 339 drops, sÍ2e, effect on deposition, screw-worms, 420, 671 use, 221-222 2 55-256 Stern, Arthur, 452 on citrus, 236 oil, for fruit trees, 229-239 Stewart, W. S., 236 on cotton, 499, 503, 513, oils, summer, 451-452 Stigmatomycosis, 195 plates VII, LVI preparation, 248-249 Stings of insects, 154-155 on livestock, 277 programs for apples, 562-567 Stink bug(s), 11, 31, 49, 699 miscellaneous, 493, 526, 590, pumps, hand, described, 268 Arizona brown {Euschistus im- 645, plate LXIX service for orchardists, 459-460 pktiventris), plate LVI SULLIVAN, \V. N., 240, 484, 491 types, defined, 203 control, 499, plate LVI Aerosols and Insects, 240-244 Sprayers damage, 497, plate LVI Summers, H. E., 442 disease transmission, 195 care of, 262, 269 Surra, 166, 167 green* {Acrosternum hilare), for airplanes, 252-254 Surveys of insect pests. G. J. 195 Haeusslcr and R. W. Leiby, hand-operated, 262-269 pinning, 73, 74 444-449 power-operated, 258-261 Say* {Chlorochroa sayi), color SWAIN, RALPH B,: How Insects Springtail(s), 10, ;5, 79, 427, 46^ plate LVI Gain Entry, 350-355 habits, 22, 24, 26 southern brown (Euschistus Swaine, J. M., 683 population, 5 servus), color plate LVI Swallows, parasites of, 709, 714 See also CoUembola southern green* (Nezara viri- Swammerdam, Jan, 6, 477 Spruce, insects on, 145, 646-647, dula), 503 Swamp fever, 163 683 ff., 688 color plate LVI Swarms, insect, 4 Spurge family, 224 See also Conchuela Swat-the-fly campaign, 464 776 Sweet cherries, pollination, 99 Tennessee Valley Authority, 251, Thrips, 51, 227, 230, 469 Sweet peas, mites on, 652 468, 483, 484, 487 collecting, 69, 72, 73 Sweetclover, 103, 538 Tenthredo, 425 flower* {Frankliniella tritici), Sweetpotato(es) Tephrosia virginîana, 225 421 cultural practices, 529 Terminal Inspection Act, 364, 366, gladiolus* {Taen'íothrips sim- fumigation, 3'î3, 530 371-372, 747 plex), 643-644 insecticides in soil, 289 Tcrmitaria, 29 color plate XXXV losses from weevils, 142, 527 Termite(s), 52, 55, 19, 427, 469, habits, 21, 23, 24, 28 nonplanting zones, 528 650, 729 on cotton, 499, 503, 513 storage, 529 Australian, 20 on ornamentals, 643-644 Sweetpotato weevil* {Cylas jormi- colonies, size, 5 onion* {Thrips iabaci), 142 carius elegantulus), 368, 528 control, 214, 222, 226, 475. plate color plate XLVII R. A. Roberts, 527-530 XX pollination by, 90, 109 color plate XL! East African, 3 tobacco* {Frankliniella fusca), control, 343, 438, 528-530 fungus gardens of, 29 590. 621, 624, 625 eradication, 197, 527-530 habits, 20, 23, 24, 29 virus transmission, 187 quarantine, 366, 530 identification, 47, 52, 55, 57 See also Thysanoptera surveys, 447 in grain packages, 639 Thunder-god vine, 223 Swezey, O. H., 386 losses from, l4l Thysanoptera, 6, 16, 72, 181 Swine number, 2 Thysanura, 6, 16, 22. 45, 72 diseases, 162, 163, 164, 167 on ornamentals, 649-650 Tick(s), 43, 72, 147, 469 worms, 171, 174 oddities, 13 American dog* {Dermacentor Switzerland, DDT, 452 ■ South American, 5-6 variabilis), 159, "^64, 494 Symbionts, 30 subterranean, 29, 369, 475 brown dog* {Rhipicephalus san- Symes, C. B., 485 color plate XX guineus), 162, 164, 165, 175, Symphilids, 340 See also Isoptera 469, 470 Sympiesis viridula, 617 "Terrible Ant," 13 castor bean (Ixodes ricinus), 163 Synergists, synthetic organic, 215- Terry, F. W., 386 cattle* {Boophilus annulatus), 217 Tetracnemus 165. 197-198, 277, 662 Systox, definition, 750 peregrmus, 385 cattle fever, 161, 164, 165, 466 preiiosus, 385 control, 160, 494-495 TDE, 211, 212, 707, 750 Tetraethyl disease transmission, 158, 159- against mosquitoes, 328, plate dithiopyrophosphate, 643, 646, 160, 161 ff., 466, 1\1 XXVI 656, 657 ear* {Otobius megnini), 162. on field crops, 624, 634, plates See also Sulfotepp 663, 670 LIII, LVIII pyrophosphate, 453, 707 fowl* {Ar gas per sic us), 162, on livestock, 280, 657, 659, structure, 214 164, 663 664, 665. plates XXV, uses, 214, 499, 586, 589, 624, Gulf Coast* {Amhlyomma macu- XXVI 625, plates III, IV latum), 662, 670 miscellaneous, 340, 492, 565, See also TEPP hard, disease transmission, 159- 569, plates XXXI, XL Tetrastichus 160, 166 TEPP, uses, 564, 565, 645, 654, asparagi, ^15-116 lice, sheep keds, mites, 662-666 750, plates VII, XIV triozae, 519 lone star* {Amblyomma amevi- See also Tetraethyl pyrophos- Texas, 512, 527, 704, 729 canum), 159, 162, 494, 662- phate beet leafhopper, 547, 549 663. 711 Tab anus, 166 boll weevil, 501, 502, 503 losses from, l4l, 144 abactor, 659 citrus, 402-403 number, 1, 6 sepientrionaUs, 163 field crop insects, 592, 595, 611 on livestock, 662-663 sulc/jronsj 163 entry of insects into, 350, 352 on wildlife, 708, 709-711, 717 Tall oil, 660 4-H Club work, 461 Pacific Coast* {Dermacentor oc- Tank-mixing of oil sprays, 233 inspection, 356, 366, 368 cidentalis), 160, 162, l64 Tapeworms, insect-borne, 171 fF. Kerrville laboratory, 671 rabbit* {Haeniaphysalis leporis- Tarantula Mexican fruit fly, 559 ff. palustris), 176, 709, 710, bites, 31 pesticide laws, 302, 308 711, 717 killers, 82 pink bollworm, 498, 505, 507, relapsing-fever* {Ornithodorus Taxonomy 509-510 turicaia), 159 potato psyllid, 516, 517 defined, 63 Rocky Mountain wood* {Der- quarantines, 36l insect, 56-60 macentor andersoni), 159, screw-worms, 666, 661, 671, 712 162, 163, 164, 710, 718 Taylor, Charles, 452 Texas fever, tick-borne, 466 seed, disease transmission, 165 TEALE, ED^xaN WAY: Oddities of Thanite for horn fly, plate XXV the Insect World, 8-14 Theiler, Max, 149 soft, 159, 166 Temperature and Theileriasis transmission, 165 soft-bodied, on wildlife, 709-710 aerial spraying, 256 Theobald, F. V., 476 winter* {Dermacentor albipic- insecticide application, 247- Therates labiatus, 8 tus), 66^ 248 Thiocyanates, use, 210, 491, 645 See also Acariña insects, 422-424, 425-426 Thiram, definition, 750 Tick fever, 159, 165 Tennessee, 366, 442, 608, 666 Thistle family, 224 Tick paralysis, 160, 164, 710 pesticide laws, 308 Thomas, Cyrus, 463 Tick-bite fever, 159 Tennessee River Valley, 329-330 Thomas, F. J. D.. 211 Tick-host anemia, 710 777 Tillage, use in insect control, 438- Transit inspection, 365-370 Ultrasonic sound waves, use in in- 439 Transportation methods of insects, sect control, 412-416 Tillyard, R. J., 21, 136 curiosities, 10-11 Ultraviolet rays, use in insect con- Timber Trap(s) trol, 417-418 losses from insect damage, l4l crops, use, 409 Umbelliferae, 227 protection against insects, 440 value, 406-411 Undecylenic acid, 495 Timothy, grubs on, plate LXIV Travis, B, V., 485 Uniform State Insecticide, Fungi- Tip-infesting insects on ornamen- Travis, Bernard, 716 cide, and Rodenticide Act, tals, 647-649 Tree(s) 302-310, 454 Tiphia forest, diseases and insects, 677- United States Entomological Com- fall {Tiphia popilliavora), 376- 682 mission, work, 463, 595 377, 572 forests, and pests, 677-699, Unsulfonated residue, defined, 231 spring {Tiphia vernalis), 572 plates VIII, XVI-XXII, Utah, 372, 457, 516 Toads, insectivorous, 700, 705 LXIV beet leaf hopper, 180, 544 ff. Tobacco injection for bark beetles, 691 dusting program to protect bees, insecticidal value, 227 losses from insects, 141, 145-146 134-135 insecticides in soil, 288 fiF. Treehopper(s), 9, 24 Mormon cricket, 606, 607 insects, 584-585, plate LIII buffalo* {Ceresa bubalus), 230 pesticide laws, 308 D. J. Caffrey, 621-628 Tremble, Helen, 711 wildlife, 700, 712, 726 losses from insects, 142, 621 Trench fever, 158 Utah Agri. Exp. Sta., 588 mosaic, 180, 184, 187 Triaspis ringspot, 184, 187 curculioms, 501 Vacuum fumigation, 349 viruses, 180, 187-188 vestid da, 501 Vampire bat, 166 ToDD, FRANK E.: Insecticides and Triaioma, 718 Van Dine, D. L., 482 Bees, 131-135 uhleri, 156 Vanda Miss Joaquim, fruit fly on, Toddy disease, 155 protract a, 156 552, 553 Toe-biters, 702, 703 Triatomids, 156 VANSELL, GEORGE H., 223 Tomato (es) Trichlorobenzene, plate XX Honey Bees as Agents of Pol- curly top, 544 if. Trichloroethylene, 636 lination, 88-107 insecticides in soil, 285, 288, Trichogramma minutum, 83, 617 Vapor-heat process, 558 290 Trichopsidea {Parasymmicius) A. C. Baker, 401-404 insects on, 142, 515 if., 544 if., ciausa, 600 Vault, atmospheric, fumigation, 652 if., plates XXXI, XL, Trichoptera, 6, 16, 72 348-349 XLIV, XLV. LIII, LIV Tricopoda pennipes, color plate LV Vedalia* {Rodolia cardinalis), pollination, 117 Trígona, 7 81, 381, 384, 387 psyllid yellows, 515-516 Trogoderma sp., 427 Vegetable (s) spotted wilt, 184 Trout, insects in diet, 701, 702 and fruits, residues, 297-301 viruses, 180, 187, 189 Truck crops, 294 chemical treatment against Japa- Torrel, Tom T., 727 losses from insects, 142, 143 nese beetle, 571-572 Tortrix, orange* {Argyrotaenia See also Vegetable(s) fumigation, 343 ciirana), 236 Trypanosomiasis, 156, 164, l66 fli. Hawaiian, 403-404 Toxaphene, 133, 134, 212, 452- Tsetse fiy disease, l6l, l68 imported, insect entry on, 353 453, 707, 750 Tsutsugamushi disease, 159 insecticides in soil, 285, 290 in soils, 290, 292, 293 Tuberculosis, 152, 156-157 insects, 515-550, plates XXXI- resistance of flies to, 322, 324 Tuberworm, potato* {Gnorimo- XXXIV, XXXVI-XXXIX, use against schema operculella), 334, 344, XL-XLIX, LI, LV cereal and forage crop insects, 386, 447, 449 losses from insects, 142, 143 584-585, 588, 589, 590, Tufts, W. P., 97 pollination, 104-105, 117-118 592, 594, plates LVIII, Tularemia, 148, 151, 156, 160, soft rot bacteria, 191-192, 193 LXIII 162, 716-717 Velvetbeans, caterpillar on, plate cotton insects, 499, 503, 513, Tulips, aphids on, 643 LXIX plates I-V, LVI Turf, protection against Japanese Venom of insects, 31, 154 grasshoppers, 601, 602, 604, beetles, 570-571 Veratrum, 225-226 plate LXXI Turkeys, 162, 163, 164, 172, 711 Vermont, 574, 580, 696 insects affecting man, 490 ff. Turnip, 285, 286. plate XXXIV pesticide laws, 308 livestock pests, 280, 657, 659, Typhus (es) Verruga, 150 662 ff., 670, plates XXV, carried by ticks, 159 Verschaffelt, E., 40 XXVI endemic, 154, 157, 495 Vertebrates, lower, and insects. Mormon crickets, 606, 607, louse-borne, 157-158, 486 Oliver B. Cope, 699-708 plate LXVII mosquitoes, 329, plate XXVI murine, 153, 154, 158 Vetch, 144, 284, 289, 538, 591, miscellaneous, 623, 625, 644, scrub, 159 plate VII 650 vectors, control, 487-491 Violets, insects on, 652, plate VII Toxic hazards of insecticides, 454 Typhoid transmission, 152 Virginia, 442, 483, 501, 542, 566, Toxicity of insecticides to live- 596, 667, 699 stock, 276-283 U. R., defined, 231 Japanese beetle, 368, 574, 580 Townsend, C. H. T., 442 U. S. Industrial Chemicals Co., leaf spot disease control, 590 Trachoma, 152 Inc., 492 pesticide laws, 308 Trachyrhachis kiotva, 596 Uhler, E. M., 699 resistant appleworms, 319 Transformation, insect, 24-25 Uichanco, Leopoldo B., 555 Virginia creeper, 228 778 Virus (es) Polistes, 82 sweetpotato. See Sweetpotato diseases of pollination by, 107, 109 weevil animals, 162-163 social, colonies, 7 Taxus {Brachyrhtnus sulcatus), insects, 391-392 thread-waisted, 54, 55, 82, 110 ^16 encephalitides on wildlife, 717- wood, 53 See also Weevil (s), black 718 venom, 31 vine plant, and insects, 179-190 See also Hymenoptera tlmrberia* {Anthonomus grandis Viscosity of oils, 231 Water striders, 10, 22-23 íhurheriae) ,361 Vitaceae, insecticidal value, 228 Watermelon, 290 vegetable* {Listroderes costiros- Vitamins in insect diet, 30 Watson, Lloyd R., 124 tris ohliquus) , 27, 514, 621, Volck, William Hunter, 452 Watts, Lyle F., 145 622. 623 Vreeiand, C. D., 452 Wax, product of metabolism, 31 vetch {Bruchus hrachialis ), 144 Weather See also Bruchid, vetch WADE, J. S.: Selected List of Pub- and climate, 422-429 white-pine* {Pissodes strobi), lications, 732-737 effect on insecticide applications, 440 Wadley, F. M., 599 247-248 See also Coleóptera Waite, M. B., 191 reports for spray programs, 460 WEHR, EVERETT E.: Insects and WAKE LAND, CLAUDE Webster, F. M., 132, 442 Helminths, 169-178 Chinch Bug, 611-614 Webworm(s) WEIGEL, C. A.: Insect Pests of Mormon Cricket, 605-608 beet* {Loxosiege stictkalis), Flowers and Shrubs, 640-651 Walkingstick* {Diapheromera 425-426 Weismann, R., 321, 491 j em or at a), 9 y 12 fall* {Hyphantria cunea), 563 Weiss, Harry B., 567 East Indian, 12 garden* {Loxosiege similalis), West Indies, insects from, 350, 351 Wallace, Alfred Rüssel, 8, 9, 12 503, 589 West Virginia, 442 WALLIS, R. L.: Potato Psyllid, on tobacco, 621 Japanese beetle, 574, 575, 580 515-519 sod, 624 orchard insects, 565,'566 Walnut, insects on, plate XII, Weed, C. M., 442, 730 pesticide laws, 308 LXIV Weed(s) Western white pine, 691, 693 Walsh, B. W., 441 control by insects, 87 Western X-disease, 182, 184, 186 War James K. HoUoway and C. B, WESTLAKE. W. E.: Using Insecti- and typhus, 157-158 Huffaker, 135-140 cides Effectively, 245-249 entry of insects during, 355 hosts of Wettable powders, 203-204, 246 special surveys during, 447-448 aphids, 522-523 Whales, lice on, 709 Warehouses beet leaf hoppers. 547, 548-549 Wheat fumigating, 347-348, 635-636 insects on, plates ÛY, XLVII, black stem rust, 196 use of aerosols in, 243 LIX, LX bran in baits, 459, 601, 606-607, Warren, B. H., 730 Klamath, control, 135-140 plates XLVIII, LVIII, LXVII Washington, 516, 591, 674 spraying, effect on bees, 132 cultural methods to control in- bark beetles, 692, 693 Weevil(s), 48, 220, 226, 227, 469, sects, 437, 438, 440 beet leafhopper, 544, 547, 548, plate XXX insecticides in soil, 288, 289 549 alfalfa* {Hypera pos tica), 382, insects, 582-583, 6l2, plates coulee cricket control, 725 457, 462, 581-582, 588, 726 LXV, LXVI, LXVII, LXVIII entry of insects into, 350 color plate LXI losses, 144. 146, 630 inspection, 356, 372 bean* {Acanthoscelides ohtec- resistance in, 429 ff. mites, 564, 565 tus), 418, 420 stored, insects, 629-630, 632 Mormon cricket, 606, 607 black vine* {Brachyrhtnus sul- Wheeler, William Morton, 11, 17, pea aphid, 538, 542 catus), 650 25 pea weevil, 530, 531 clover seed, 591 White, G. F., 394 pesticide laws, 302, 308 coffee bean* {Araecerus fascj- WHITE, R. W.: Pink BoUworm, potato ahpids, 520 ff. culatus), 369 505-511 resistant scale, 318 fern* {Syagrius fulvitarsis), 387 White, Ralph T., 398 soils, insecticides in, 285 grain, 631 White clover, 103, 591 time for spraying fruit trees, 247 granary* {Sitophilus granarius), White fir, budworm on, 686. 687 use of air-blast machines, 261 430, 443, 634 White grubs, 79, 174, 649, 729 Wasp(s), 54, 469 habits, 20, 21, 22, 25, 27, 28 color plate LXIV bethylid, 20 New Guinea sugarcane* {Rhah- control, 439, 583-584, 705 chalcid, 118, 374 doscelus obscurus), 386-387 crop resistance to, 430 collecting and preserving, 65, pales* (Hylohius pales), 270 See also May beetle(s); June 71, 72, 74 pea. See Pea weevil beetle(s) control, 241, 475 pecan* {CurcTilio caryae), 407 White-fringed beetle* {Graphog- digger, 82 pepper* {Anthonomus eugenii), disease transmission, 192 nathus leucoloma), 408, 447, fig {Blastophaga psenes), 84-85, 220, 438 608 194-195 rice* {SJtophilus oryza), 629, R. A. Roberts, 608-611 gall, 20, 25, 28, 41 630. 634, 635 color plate LX habits, 20, 21, 25 color plate XXX control, 342-343, 583, 586, 609 mutillid, 57 strawberry root {Brachyrhinus quarantine, 361, 362, 365, 610 number, 1 ovatus), 568-369, 649 White-pine blister rust, 356, 361, parasitic, 3, 70, 76, 82-83, 550 sugarcane {Anacentrinus suh- 365 philanthinid, 118 nudus), 456 Whitefly(ies), 23, 24, 227, 230 119 zalea* {Aleyrodes azaleae ), Wireworm(s), 215, 339, 649, 729 pesticide laws, 308 369 control, 340, 341, 437 potato psyllid, 516, 517-518 citrus* {Dialcurodes citri), 197, crop resistance to, 435 369 on cereal and forage crops, 592 X-rays, use in insect control, 418- disease, 391 on sugarcane, 593-594 419, 671 mulberry* {Teíraleurodes morí), on tobacco, 621, 623-624 Xylcne, 663 569 Pacific Coast* {Limonius can- virus transmission, 187 us), color plate XLV Yam bean, insccticidal value, 225 See also Aleyrodidae; Beet leaf- population, 5 Yates, W. W., 482 hopper sand* {Horistonoius uhleri), Yaws, 152 Whiting, P. W., 125 592 Yeast spot transmission, 195 Whitlock, S. C, 713 trap, 407 Yellow bean mosaic, 183, '>39 Wilcoxon, F., 224, 225, 227 Wisconsin, 225, 539, 583 Yellow fever, 148-149, 464, 467, Wildlife pea aphid, 540, 542-543 480, 481 and insects, 699-731 pesticide laws, 308 Yellow-jackets, 82, 475 diseases, insect-borne, 716-720 saving from insect control, 450 YEOMANS, ALFRED H. insect pests of, 708-724 Wisecup, C. B., 483, 485 Aerosols and Insects, 240-244 insect suppression by, 724-731 Wisteria, weevil on, 650 Radiant Energy and Insects, 411 Wilfordine, source, 223 Wohlfahrtia vigil, 712 Yew, weevil on, 650 Willow disease, 682 Wood, insects, plates XIX, XX, Yucca, pollination by moth, 108 Wilson, C. C, 599 XXI YuiLL, J. S.: Research on Aerial Wilson, D. B., 484 Woodchucks, 714, 715, 716 Spraying, 252-258 Wilson, Frank, 136 Woodpeckers, 726-727 Wilson, G. H., 491-492 Woodworth, C. W., 442, 452 Zanthoxylum clavaherculis, 226 Wind(s) Woolen articles, protection from Zatropis incertus, 501 effect on moths, 470, 474, plate Zeidler, Othmar, 210 insecticide application, 247, XXVIII Zinc World Health Organization, 468, 256 arsenate, 220 485 insects, 426-428 Worm(s) arsenite, 220 in pollination, 89 parasitic, insect-borne, 169-179 compounds, 222 insect entry by, 350-351 railroad. See Maggot(s), apple Zineb, 750, plate LI Wing(s) Wrens, flies on, 714 Zinnia, insects on, 644, 648 beats, 24, 36 Wyoming, 145, 546, 606 Ziram, definition, 750 insect, 18, 22, 34 grasshoppers, 595, 597, 599-600 Zoraptera, number of species, 6

180