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PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS
KAP Survey of Young Adults in Metropolitan Manila
October, 1989 Survey of Young Adults
Aged 18-24
AIDSCOM Porter/Novelli Objectives:
* Data to guide development of communication /education strategies * Baseline for assessment of program progress Methodology
• Probability sample of 300 young adults e Random selection of precincts/respondents * Metropolitan Manila * Face-to-face interviews
e Structured questionnaire/"sealed envelope" e January 10-28, 1989 *Limitations* Generalize Findings to:
Young adults 18-24 , Metropolitan Manila * Accuracy: +/- six percent overall /- eight percent for men/women *1- ten percent for income groups * Differences between groups: Generally, 12-14% difference between groups is "statistically significant" Characteristics of Sample Sex and Age
Men 50% 18-19 years
20-21 • ~25%yeais . .
22-24 years Women 33% 50% Sex Age Characteristics of Sample Income Groups
P.6001-10.000 P 3001-4000 22% 3 P 4001-6000 6% P 4001-8000 P 3001-4000 26% 4%
P 26.001. 16%
P 8001-10.000 DK/Rel 17% 39% P O.O01*" 4% Upper Income (:ABC) Lower Income (D) (137 respondents) (163 respondents) Characteristics of Sample Education and Occupation
•3er vice 1. School Grad 2116 7% Crafts/Labor.
-- . Clerical/Sales 10%
H. Soh./'Less 7% Prof./Manager.
Some College 62% 9
d ai~~Not, College 19ti Emlt.. cruaI
[_duca ti on O~cc upa tion - _-&
"Please tell me how much you agree or disagree with each of these statements. Let us start with (STATEMEN). Would you say that you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree or strongly agree?" Psychographic/iestyle Beliefs
% Strongly/m ewhat Agree Female Male Locus of Control-Internal vs.External (Higher - Internal Loss of Control) Index 71 71 In the long run. people get the respect they deserve in this world. 93% 87% When I make plans. I am almost certain that I can make them work. 85% 85% Leaving things to fate does not work out well generally; It is better to decide what to do yourself. 96% 88% What happens to me is my own doing. 91% 88% Usually; what Is going to happen will happen. 75% 71% Luck has little or nothing to do with me getting what I want. 73% 73% ido not think I have much Influence over the things that happen to me. 51% 53% PeopleWs misfortunes result from the mistaks they make. 87% 85% Mamy of the unhappy things that happen In people's lives are partly due to bad luck. 54% 49% There Is no such thing as "luck:" 59% 49% Planning for the future is a waste of time. 18% 18% Psychographic/Ufesy* Beliefs (cont.)
% Strongly/Somewhat Agree Female Male Conformity vs. Individualism (Higher = More Individualistic) Index 46 48 When I know Iam right, I stand pat on my decision regardless of my group's disapproval. 93% 87% Ioften think about how I look and what impression Iam making upon others. 84% 76% A person should adapt his ideas and behavior to the group that happens to be with him at the. time. 87% 84% Ieasily get influenced by other people 37% 35% PsychographiclUfestyle Beliefs (cont.)
% Strongly/Somewhat Agree Female. Male Rational vs. Emotional Items (Higher = More Rational) Index 85 84 I like to plan and organize things carefully before starting a job. 97% 95% When faced with a problem. I usually study It carefully before I make a decision on what action to take. 95% 94% Itend to react to things emotionally rather than rationally. 36% 37% PsychographicUfe*tyle Beliefs (cont.)
% Strongly/Somewhat Agree Female Male Assertive vs. Passive 1tms (Higher - More Assertive) Index 66 66 Ihave a very strong desire to be a success in this world. 95% 92% Itusually takes me a lorig time to make a decision for fear of making a mistake. 89% 81% Iget things done. 89% 85% Iprefer doing things on my own than rely on the help of others. 88% 79% Ihave no qualms about going over others In order to get ahead in life. 66% 66% I consider myself a leader. 73% 66% Iam aggressive. 45% 59% Iwould rather listen to what others have to say than voice out my own opinions. 39% 41% Psychographic/Lifestyle Beliefs (cont.)
% StronglySomewhat Agree Female Male Group-Oriented vs Sel -Orlented (Higher - More Group-Oriented) Index 69 69 1am good at associating with other people. 94% 93% Ioften take an active role In group activities. 81% 82% 1would rather stay home than go to parties. 70% 53% i prefer to pass the time In the company of others rather than being alone. 79% 77% -Iam Interested only In myself. 37% 38% Itend to be secretive, not Interested In sharing my thoughts/feelings. 50% 45% Psychographic/Lifestyle Beliefs (cont.)
% Strongly/Somewhat Agree Female Male Moralistic vs Permissive Items (Higher = More Moralistic) Index 81 73 I think I am stricter than'most people about right or wrong. 83% 73% The young generation of today have lower moral standards than the older generation. 79%. 72% PsychograplicUfestyle Beliefs (cont.)
% Strongly/Somewhat Agree Female Male
Miscellanous Items Men and women should be paid the same amount for the same job. 79% 72% I normally give allowances for other people's mistakes. 80% 85% In the Philippines, men and women have equal opportunltiss. 75% 68% The idea of dying frightens me. 61% 55% Ifa woman feels attracted to a man, It Isall right for her to make the first advances or Initiatives. 37% 58% I don't much wish to change my present situation. 53% 43% Awareness of AIDS Awareness of Diseases. (Aided Recall)
% Aware
AIDS 100
Cancer 100
Leukemia 99
TB 99 Herpes 99 Hep. B
Syphilis 82
Gonorrhea 6 22
0 20 40 60 80 100 Concern About AIDS Seriousness of Various Diseases % Rating Them "Very Serious"
AIDS ______88 Cancer
Herpes 33;
Hep-B -2
_____27
Syphilis 25
TB -j25
Gonorrhea 1
0 20 40 60 80 100 Seriousness "to Them" % Rating Each Most Serious
Al DS 60
Herpes IS Hop B 21 TB 3%
Leukemia 8%
Cancer 22% Likelihood of Catching Diseases "Person Like Yourself"
AIDS Hep B TB Herpes Cancer Syphilis Leukemia Gonorrhea
0 20 40 60 80 100
Very Somewhat SSomewhat Not Not at All Likelihood of Catching AIDS
Somewhat 4%Not 25%6Very :i!: h.Somewhat ,20%
Very
N t tAl Very . ~4% 2% N~Ot
N61: Very 21% 28% Not at All 49% Someone Personally "You, Yourself Known Likelihood of Catching AIDS "You, Yourself"
Smwhat 23% Not Very 23% Somewhat 17% Not Very 26%
Very 6% Very 3% 0K 2% DK 2%
Not at All 43% Not at All 55% Men Women How Respondents Feel About AIDS
Worry--real threat for someone like me 24 Worry, but possibility of catching it is not great 36% Don't worry--not threat to me 23% I could never get AIDS 17% Impact of AIDS in the Philippines Respondents' Opinions
Definitely spread 23%
Somewhat spread 46%
Def. not spread 3%
Controlled/limited 28% Impact of AIDS In the Philippines
Spread of AIDS Worry for Filipinos? Will definitely spread 23% More pressing concerns 62% Will somewhat spread 46% OWestern disease' 41% Limited/Controlled 28% "US disease' 39% Definitely not spread 3% What to Do If Someone Got AIDS
Self Got AIDS Friend/Family Got AIDS Seek help (general) 56% Show support 47% Seek medical help 51% Seek med. help 41% Isolate self 43% Isolate them 38% Passive/Negative 25% Pray 23% Knowledge About AIDS Knowledge About AIDS As Perceived by Respondents
Fair Amount 32%
Great Deal 2%
Nothing 2%
A Little 64% When Symptoms Appear After Infection with AIDS
...... - - - -6 Ye a r s +
11% 2-5 Years
Right Away After Some Time 1 Year 5% DK 93% 12" 2% 6 Months28%
A Month 20%,
When Symptoms How Long Appear Can Someone Infected With AIDS...
-- DK 2% No 11%
No Yes 39% 59% Yes 87%
DK -..------..- 2% ...Look healthy? .,Infect others?
Baee-Believe symptoms show after a time Means of AIDS Transmission Rated "Very Likely" by Over Half
% Rating Each. Very Likely
Sex w/woman wlAIDS 4.3 Sex w/man w/AIDS M4 Sex w/prostitute 84 Sex w/homosexual 78 Any 66. Body fluid in wound 65 Passing to unborr 62 Blood transfuon 61.3
Donating blood -.
0 20 40 60 80 100 Means of AIDS Transmission Rated "Very Likely" by Over Half
% Rating Each-Very Likely
Sex w/woman w/AIDS 43 Sex w/man w/AIDS 4 Sex w/prostitute 84 Sex w/homosexual 78 Any sex Body fluid in wound 65 Passing to unborn 62 Blood transfusion - 61.3 Donating blood. 5 3
0 20 40 60 80 100 Means of AIDS Transmission Rated "Very Likely" by Under Half
% Rating Very Likely
Deep kissing 44.3 Use/share needles -_ _ . 3, Living w/PWA 2 Sharing dental equip - . 20.3 . Sharing toothbrush 19.7 Using public toilets - .7 Sharing utensi!3 -8.3 Mosquito bite 17.3 Swimming pools -I Sneezing/coughing -13.3
Sitting near PWA -13
Social kissing -12.7 Infected air 10
0 10 20 30 40 50 Likelihood of Catching AIDS By Various Groups
Average Likelihood Female/Male Prost.- Promiscuous People Homosexs./Bisexuals Americans. Bisexuals IV Drug Users Europeans/Japanese Filip. Overseas Wkrs Filip. w/Foreign Hus Anybody Young Adults 18-24 People Over 24 Children/Religious Stay-Home Types 0 1 2 3 4
S4-Very, 1-Not at All Means of AIDS Transmission Level I
% "Very Likely":
Sex w/Woman w/AIDS 9 Sex w/Man w/AIDS 9 Sex w/Prostitute 84 Sex w/Homosexual 78 Any Sex 66 Body Fluid In Wound 65 Passing to Unborn 62 Blood Transfuslon 61 Use/Share Needles 37
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Means of AIDS Transmission Level I %"Very Likely": Donati~g Blood --"N---EW_ 53 Deep Kissing -E 44 Living w/PWA - i21 Sharing Dental Equip l 20 Sharing Toothbrush h 20 Using Public Toilets __ 19 Sharing Utensils 18 Mosquito Bite 17 Swimming Pools 16 Sneezing/Coughing 13 Sitting Near PWA 13 Social Kissing 13 Infected Air 10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 "Primary" Risk Reduction Methods Rated "Very Effective" By Over Half % "Very Effective":
Avoid Sex 'w/Homosex. 7
Avoid Sex w/Prosts. 7
Avoid Sex w/Stranger 69
Avoid Anal Sex 63
Abstain From Sex. 36
Use Condoms 34
No Pre-Marital Sex 33 -333 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 "Secondary" Risk Reduction Methods Rated "Very Effective" By Over Half % "Very Effective":
Reduce Casual Sex 59
One Sex Partner 57
Fewer Sex Partners 56
Selective w/Friends 36
Sex Only w/Known 35
Not Donate Blood 29
Practice Withdrawal 24
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 "Other" Risk Reduction Methods Rated "Very Effective" By Over Half % "Very Effective":
Prayers
Vitamins 38
Medicine/Antibiotics 33
Wash Bef/Aft Sex ",5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Beliefs About AIDS % Agreement *
AIDS is a punishment from God. 62% Little is known about how AIDS spreads. 75% Regular check-ups will protect me. 63% US bases will increase spread of AIDS. 78% Can sense if sex partner is a carrier. 37%
• Strongly and Somewhat Agree Sexual Behavior/Attitudes Sexual Attitudes
% Who Agree *
Sex should be limited to married partners 81% Sex should be limited to one partner 90% Sex partners should discuss. previous exp. 86% Embarassing to discuss previous exp. 51% Natural for men to pursue sex 47% Most men known have multiple partners 38%
* Strongly or somewhat agree Sexual Partners % Who Have Ever Had Sex
Type of Partner
Any -.. .
Woman -_"_ _ _ _ _
Man
Female Prost. -______
Homosexual
Bisexual
Male Prost.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
=Total JM~en =Women Substance Use/Abuse % Who Have Used
100 91.3
87.3 8...... :' ...... s0 ...... 73 60 647...... 69.7 s o , ...... 852.7 40 ...... ~.....~...... ~ ~...... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~....~~~~~~~~~lii...... i++ 414. 30.7
...... ~ii...... 2O2
Total Ili Drugs Marijuana Alcohol Type of Substance
Total EDMen =Women Sexual Partners % Who Have Ever Had Sex With was Type of Partner:
'Any B 8
Woman 57 2 Man A 10 Female Prostitute 0 27 0
9 Homosexual 0
Bisexual o
Male Prostitute 0 5 Male Female
0 10 20 30 40 s0 60 70 80 High-Risk Activities
By Men in Past Six Months
Multiple female partners 17% Visited prostitutes 6% Homosexual activities 3% IV drug use 1% Changes in Behavior Due to AIDS Changes in Behavior/Lifestyle Due to AIDS
A Little Other 14%
No Risk Grps 10% LSo.of e 19%
Not at All Lim. Soc. Life 19% 2 % A Lot . .. 17% Limited Sex 48%
No Need To 21% Extent of Change Reasons for Not Changing Changes in Behavior/Lifestyle Due to AIDS
A 36%...Little OK 4%
Not at'All 30%
Not at All Smwa o 4 26
A Lot Somewhat 43% 17%
..... __Very 0% No Need ToV 211 Extent of Change Likelihood of Change in Future Precautions Taken Against AIDS By Respondents for Whom They Apply
.% Taking Each
Avoid sex w/prosts.
Fewer sex partners 76 Avoid sex w/homosex. 75 Avoid sex w/strangr- 7 Reduce casual sex 7 Prayers 7 Selective w/friends 71 Avoid anal sex EMM 69
Sex only w/well know 6
0 20 40 60 80 100 Precautions Taken (continued) By Respondents for Whom They Apply
% Taking Each
Vitamins 66 Wash genitals bef/af 63 One sex partner1 Medicines/antibiotic 60 Withdrawal 55 Condoms 52 Avoid pre-marital sx 52 Not donate biood Abstain from sex
0 20 40 60 80 100 AIDS Testing
-Aware of tests for AIDS 86% Aware it is a blood te3t 62% Feel those at risk should be tested 91% Have taken test 2% (7 respondents) Results: 6 negative, 1 'don't know" Condom Use Condom Use Frequency of Use
Never sometimes 43% 15%
Always %Ye8 3% 5%
Never Had Sex 76% exr4 Never Had Sex 40% Men: Use Condoms Women: Ask Partner to Use Barriers to Condom Use
Mentioned by Half or More
Reduce' sexual sensitivity 72% Not safe to use--can break 72% Are an interference during sex 65% Shows distrust of partner 60% An insult to partner 59% Might give unclean impression 52% Partners don't like 51% (Strongly/somewhat agree) Positive Attitudes About Condoms
Can prevent venereal disease 83% Shows concern for partner 75% Would wear if asked (men) 74% Easy to get 74% Not as bad as everyone says 68% "Useful for people like me" 63% Safety from AIDS 57% (Strongly/somewhat agree) Profiles of Various Groups Profile of Men
* More concerned about catching AIDS " Less likely to admit that fewer sex partners and avoidance of sex with high-risk groups is effective in risk reduction " 62.7% sexually experienced (27% w/prostitutes, 9% homosexual activity) " Less committed to monogamy " Far more likely to use/abuse substances
" More likely to have changed behavior due to AIDS " 'Forget about AIDS when sexually excited' Profile of Women
* Less likely to feel they are at risk * More inclined to believe any sexual activity is a likely mode of transmission; more likely to have misconceptions regarding transmission * More likely to feel fewer sex partners and avoidance of sex with risk groups are effective in risk reduction * 11% sexually experienced * More committed to monogamy * More inclined to feel partners should discuss previous partners * More likely to seek info; prefer female counselor Profiles of Age Groups
18-19 Years, 21-21 Years 22-24 Years Less sex. experienced More personally More sex experienced threatened More + about condoms Lees + about condoms More alarmist about Less substance use transmission modes More likely to say any sex is risky More concerned about Less + about condoms impact in Philip. More likely to have More likely to have changed, less to Some AIDS knowledge changed behavior continue higher More likely to say can sense carriers Profiles of Income Groups
Upper Incomes (ABC) Lower Income (D) More concerned about impact of More concerned they will AIDS in Philippines catch AIDS More knowledgeable; fewer Less knowledge; more misconceptions misconceptions Higher sex/substance use Less likely to use condoms More likely to use condoms Feel it is natural for a man to pursue sex More likely to believe being selective reduces risk More likely to believe can sense a carrier Channels for Education Sources of Information About Aids % Naming Each
All Mass Media 11 ,7 TV WRO 20 4 Newspapers
Magazines 12 Radio lip
Medical Profes. 40
Books 1 24 . Friends 2 14 School 2
Gov't agencies 4 Family 21=
0 20 40 60 80
For Future Info 0 Most Trusted Further Information Desired About AIDS
60- 60/ 52 ...... 50
40- 33
30- 24 23 C,M,...... 6...... 201
10-" o------
Treatment Avoidance Symptoms Transmission Origin % Desiring Each Topic Frequency of Discussing AIDS With Friends or Family
Sometimes45%
Very Often 9%
Not at All
17%
Rarely 29% Conversations About AIDS As Described by Respondents Positive Negative Important 50% Frightening .55% Enlightening 49% Depressing 29% Useful 46% Embarassing 19% Only natural 28% Offensive 3% Interesting 25% Leisure Activities Engaged in by Young Adults
% Who Engage Visit friends Help w/chores - I Time w/famllyTiml.y.e w lfa m - ...... ILIi ...... Church ...... -.... Eat out "Tambay" (w/friends) W . Sports evonts .. Indoor games ...... Disco/dance i B arkadanc( i...n...... e ...... ad ).. w ( d in ...... I ...... Ber g a dConcertsn / b rt s ...... Beer gardens/bars ______0 20 40 60 80
Men Women Affiliations of Respondents
Religious organization 32% Sports club 26% Civic/social organization 22% Cultural club 15% Media Activities in Last Week % Who Viewed/Listened/Read
Watched TV 98% Listened to radio 96% Read newspaper 93% Read magazine 64% Read comics 41% Seen movie 78% Peak Media Times for Young Adults
Television Viewing 12-2 PM 7-11 PM Radio Listening 7-11 AM Newspapers Read At Least Twice a Week
Manila Bulletin 42% People's Journal 28% Tempo 19% People's Tonight 15% Balita 14% Philippines Daily Inquirer 14% Taliba 8% Magazines Read At Least Every Other Issue
Panarama 17% Women's Journal 11% Mod Filipina 10% Woman Today 8% Time 6% Newsweek 5% Favorite Local Personalities of Young Adults
Actors/Actresses TV Personalities Bands/Singers Fernando Poe Jr. Joey DeLeon The Dawn Christopher DeLeon Edu Manzano ASIN Rudy Fernandez Randy Santiago APO Hiking Soc. Martin Nievera Sharon Cuneta German Moreno Gary Valenciano Vilma Santos Vic Sotto Martin Nievera Lorna Tolentino Zsa-Zsa Padilla Maricel Soriano Corey Reyes Pops Fernandez Alice Dixson Kuh Ledesma Summary of Results oummary of Results
* 100% aware of AIDS e Most are concerned; a quarter to a third perceive themselves at some risk * High knowledge of major (sexual) modes of transmission; !ow knowledge of IV risk and gross misconceptions- about low-, no-risk situations e Some feel selectivity of partners is adequate protection, believe carriers can be "sensed' e Avoidance of risk groups, selectivity and fewer contacts are considered best risk reduction Summary of Results (c'd)
" Most men sexually experienced, but few women " Commitment to idea of monogamy, esp. women " Up to 27% of men engaged in high-risk behavior in past six months " Half embarrassed to discuss previous contacts " A quarter have changed sex behavior due to AIDS; rest feel limited activity/selectivity of partners protects them " Risk reductions practiced are avoidance of risk groups, selectivity and fewer contacts; some spurious practices as well Summary of Results (c'd)
" Few use/suggest condoms; feel reduce pleasure, an interference, doubt safety " Religion/morality major component of sexual attitudes AIDS Behavior Change Continuum
Unaware Aware Concerned * Knowledgeable Motivated Ready to Change Try New Behavior Assess Sustained Behavior CGiange
* Young adults In Philippines Comparison with KAP Survey of the General Population
Young Adults General Population • Awareness 100% Awareness 96% V. likely "person like them' Concerned they will will get AIDS 23% get AIDS 16% Feel promiscuous are at Feel promiscuous are at high risk 98% high risk 97% Feel young adults at risk 54% Feel genera population Feel over 24 at risk 53% at risk 56% Feel "anybody" at risk 62%
• Based on 246 respondents in Metro Manila Comparison with KAP Survey of the General Population (c'd)
Young Adults General Population * Believe AIDS transmitted by: Believe AIDS transmitted by: Mosquito bites 56% Insect bites 66% Coughing/sneezing 50% Coughing/sneezing 52% Social kissing 32% Kiss on cheek 31% Sitting near a PWA 38% Working near a PWA 39%
• Based on 246 respondents in Metro Manila Recommendations Recommendations
* AIDS not a "foreign disease" * Infected person cannot be recognized * Detailed education on transmission/risk activities; high-risk, low-risk, no-risk situations/activities * Knowledge a avoid risk a freedom from anxiety e Myths that medicines, prayers, etc. can protect Encourage positive condom attitudes * Confidential testing/need to consult professional Recommendations Targeted for Men
" Acknowledge high-risk behavior of some men; stress "safer sex" and condom use " Link risk reduction with male ego: "A man protects those he loves" " Basic information before age 18 " Clear, frank terms * Need for testing (older, risk background) before putting loved one at risk Recommendations
Targeted for Women
" Increase 'awareness of risk activities of men " Stress difficulty of knowing partner's history
" Sensitize about right to decline or insist on condom use * Duty to loved ones/future children SBasic information by age 20