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Socioeconomic Drivers and Pressures

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Chapter: II SOCIOECONOMIC DRIVERS AND PRESSURES Valentina Doncheva, Snejana Moncheva, Ivelina Moncheva Institute of Oceanology-BAS, Varna 9000, POBox 152 INTRODUCTION The large Varna Bay coastal region has been identified as one of the hot spots in the Black Sea basin, along the Bulgarian coastline (see Fig in Moncheva et al., this volume). The main source of nutrients load and pollution is industry, shipping, the urban and agricultural effluents transported by the current flowing through the cascade system Beloslav/Varna lakes - Varna bay (see the map in V. Doncheva, this volume). The Provadijska river with its watershed 2330 km2, contributes substantially to the water quality and ecosystem degradation of the Varna bay coastal region. There is enough evidence that the system Lakes –Bay could be considered a continuum influenced mainly by the Provadijska flow (Rojdestvenskyi, 1977, 1991, 1992, 1996, Stoyanov, 1991, Moncheva et al.1992, 2002, 2002, Konsulova et al., 1991, Konsulova, Todorova, 2000, Shtereva, 2001, Shtereva et al., 2000, Shtereva et al., 1999, Trajanova et al., 2002, Stefanova, this volume, Trajanova, this volume). According to the WFD typology the Beloslav and Varna lakes could be classified as “heavily modified” water bodies, due to dramatic alterations of both physico-chemical and biological elements, after the digging of the two channels connecting Varna Bay with the lakes. According to Annex II, system A -1.2.3 (WFD) the lakes correspond to Mediterranean ecoregion, by average annual salinity (about 16‰- Stoyanov , 1992, Rojdestvenskyi, 1991) are classified as mesohaline, and by the mean tidal range – as a micro-tidal. The system could well be classified as “transitional waters”, but the very small salinity (14,5 – 17 ‰) and environmental gradients call for further revision and consideration. The aim of the present study is to present some of the most important socio-economic indicators for the Varna region to serve as a base for assessment the main drivers and pressures over the Black Sea coastal area. MATERIAL AND METHOD The assessment is based on existing information, published in different statistical books (Economy status of the North-Eastern planning region, 2003; Yearbook of Bulgarian Municipalities, 2002; NHDR, 2004; NIHDR 2002;and papers (Totev S, N. Chkorev 2003, Minev, Jeliazkova, 2003). RESULTS General characteristics The catchment is situated in the North-East Planning region of Bulgaria and occupies a total area of 19 973.4km2 (18% of the country). The population in the catchment is distributed among 11 municipalities (Varna, Beloslav, Devnia, Provadia, Vetren, Avren, Kaspichan , Novi Pazar, Hitrino, Venez, Shumen) that Black Sea Coastal Region 151 BULGARIA Ecological and Socio-economic Indicators Chapter: II belong to two administrative districts – Varna and Schumen – Fig.1. Only part of district Shumen is located within the catchment area, excluding the town Shumen itself, although its characteristics influence substantially the indicators values averaged for the district. Fig.1. Municipalities map of Provadijiska river catchment Population The total population is 530991 inhabitants (6.7% from the country, excluding Shumen 427187 - 5.4%, census 2001) with highest density in the conurbation of Varna - Beloslav - Devnya - Provadiya. The general trend of population dynamic is decreasing as typical for most of the municipalities in Bulgaria, contrasting to Varna town, where the increase is mainly related to migration (Economy status of the North-Eastern planning region, 2003- Table.1. Table 1 Districts and Municipalities Statistics 3 , 2 ) 2 , 8 n m ) . 9 o k 2 o i s 4 9 t / e g m i 1 1 1 e h e 1 1 t s k 0 i n u t n n l ( n R i 0 a d n o o ( n o y 1 i i s 2 g i e r p s o t t e t t i i n e s o s a y a c a i t c m l l t i t l a g i l u i a i n r 1 u e u s e a u r r n s t s l n r t r p n p s n l g p u n t a c i i i e e w l o o e e o o n P D M T S T V P d I m p C P Country 111001.9 5336 240 5096 71.1 0 8190876* 7891095 7845841 North-eastern R 19973.4 939 39 900 65.3 -2932 1343682* 1304344 1294249 Varna District 3819.5 158 9 149 120.7 -54 440563* 461174 460001 Avren 353.8 17 0 17 24.5 212 8345 8714 8650 Beloslav 60.1 4 1 3 185.4 80 12145 11131 11138 Varna 237.5 6 1 5 1351.7 247 305737 320464 321009 Vetrino 292.3 10 0 10 23.5 -165 6964 7023 6861 Devnya 121.1 3 1 2 79.2 -268 9289 9683 9589 Provadia 517.9 25 1 24 49.1 -58 26185 25718 25422 Shumen 3389.7 151 8 143 60 -313 214877* 203383 201890 Venetz 222.6 14 0 14 36.1 -64 26185 25718 25422 Kaspichan 274.4 9 2 7 35.5 88 11082 9808 9749 Nonvi Pazar 317.6 16 1 15 61.6 150 20678 19559 19571 Hitrino 276.7 20 0 20 25.2 -69 8535 7045 6972 Shumen 652.3 27 1 26 159.4 -313 109042 104456 104002 Black Sea Coastal Region 152 BULGARIA Ecological and Socio-economic Indicators Chapter: II Data source: *data for 1999, from 1-Yearbook of Bulgarian Municipalities,2002; 2- Economy status of the North-Eastern planning region, 3 –NHDR,2000, 4 –NHDR 2002 Municipalities’ typology and ranking The Bulgarian district typology is based on 7 main characteristics, the first 3 playing the core role- (National Human Development Report. Bulgaria –NHDR 2003, 2004).The municipality ranking according to their typology ( F1 – Urban –rural type, F2 -Ethnic type, F3-Mountain-plains type, F4-Financial outlook (industrial type); F5-“Roma” unemployment, F6 - Good educational coverage type and F7 - Good demographic outlook. is presented on Table.2. Table 2. Municipalities ranks according to typology (NHDR, 2003) F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 N Municpality Urbanisation Ethnic Mountain- Finansial Roma Eductional Demographic Population Plains outlook unemployment covarage outlook 1 Devnya 36 83 187 6 120 118 243 2 Varna 2 181 189 26 256 54 106 3 Beloslav 47 94 223 10 230 183 57 4 Shumen 13 85 191 46 178 30 187 5 Provadia 97 73 205 79 29 184 167 6 Novi Paza 84 50 148 221 84 42 171 7 Vetrino 228 80 192 149 123 185 245 8 Kaspichan 188 60 182 63 32 165 156 9 Hitrino 256 9 133 170 81 112 64 10 Avren 254 70 232 117 61 197 17 11 Venetz 241 2 124 215 58 102 142 F1 and F4 play the main role in municipality ranking, representing the two extremes – municipalities of the highest and the lowest rank, the level of urbanization (F1) being the major differentiating factor. The opposition “urban” versus“ rural” is based on indicators such as population density, share of reinforced concrete housing units, relative share of rural population, share of own revenues in municipal budget, unemployment among university graduates, share of population having access to sewerage, number of students in one school, and share of population with higher and secondary education. F4 - financial typology of municipalities is mostly determined by the degree of industrialization. High average wages, net revenue from sales, tax revenue from sales, tax revenue per capita GDP, combine in the same typology with emissions of harmful substances and industrial waste. This set of indicators is typical for municipalities with well developed extraction industries and energy sectors. This corroborates observations from MHDI that financial success of (formal) economy of municipalities is based on the industrial sector. The main typology of lakes-bay coastal region corresponds to highly industrialized urban area in contrast to the Provadijska river upstream region. The urban level is high (90.8% versus 60.5% average for the country), 75% of the total population in the catchment concentrated in one municipality (Varna) - (Minev, Jeliazkova, 2002). Chemical industry (Devnya, Shumen) and mechanical engineering (Varna, Shumen) are the sectors with greatest output. Novy Pazar, Kaspichan and Beloslav account for 1/3 of the glass and porcelain and faience industry output. Black Sea Coastal Region 153 BULGARIA Ecological and Socio-economic Indicators Chapter: II According to the District index of Human Development (DIHD) Varna district is progressing in the country scale - ranked 7th in 2001, 6th – in 2002 and 4th in 2003. The Shumen district is far behind, ranked 20th during 2001 и 2002, in 2003 of even lower position – 21st. Thus Varna district is classified as of High HD, while Shumen as - Low - Table 3, Fig. 2. (NHDR 2000, 2002,2003). Fig 2. Levels of human development index by municipalities in Bulgaria Among the three components of HDI (1- Life expectancy (LEI), 2- Combined educational index and 3- Real GDP for final consumption per capita, a recalculated GDP of municipality in Purchasing Power Parity) GDP is of primary importance. The districts and municipalities leaders by GDP are at the top list of the overall HDI ranking while combined educational index and life expectancy index are less significant. Table 3. MHDI and its components (LEI and GDP) in watershed municipalities. GDP LEI LEI LEI GDP GDP GDP MHDI MHDI MHDI Municipality per capita 2002 2001-2002 rank 2003 PPP index rank 2003 rank rank in BGN 2001 Varna 72.3 0.789 36 3680 6754 0.703 29 0.819 14 High Beloslav 70.5 0.759 164 4385 8047 0.732 16 0.804 35 High Devnya 70.3 0.754 184 6342 11639 0.794 3 0.823 12 High Provadia 71.1 0.761 122 2196 4030 0.617 96 0.77 96 Medium Avren 70.3 0.755 182 1677 3079 0.572 191 0.745 199 Low Vetrino 70.3 0.755 180 1767 3.243 0.581 173 0.751 173 Medium Kaspichan 71.6 0.777 79 1862 3417 0.589 154 0.75 175 Medium Novi Pazr 69.8 0.747 199 2200 4037 0.609 110 0.757 139 Medium Venetz 69.8 0.729 215 1716 3149 0.576 183 0.74 214 Low Hitrino 71.3 0.772 105 1724 3164 0.577 180 0.75 178 Medium Shumen 71.3 0.772 103 3173 5824 0.678 38 0.798 39 High Black Sea Coastal Region 154 BULGARIA Ecological and Socio-economic Indicators Chapter: II Varna is among the districts with highest GDP and nominal GDP increase in Bulgaria (NHDR 2002).
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  • ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 5(12), 205-218

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    ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 5(12), 205-218 Journal Homepage: - www.journalijar.com Article DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/5956 DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/5956 RESEARCH ARTICLE AN ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF THE MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE BELOSLAV AREA, NORTHERN BLACK SEA COAST (BULGARIA). *Petya Boycheva1 and Viktoria Marinova2. 1. University Botanic Garden Varna, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, BG. 2. Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, BG. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….... Manuscript Info Abstract ……………………. ……………………………………………………………… Manuscript History This study is part of an ethnobotanical investigation of the medicinal plants in the Northern Black Sea coast region, which includes the area Received: 03 October 2017 from the village of Durankulak to the town of Obzor. The boundaries Final Accepted: 05 November 2017 were determined using the map of the floristic regions in Bulgaria. Published: December 2017 Field work was conducted in the period from June and July 2017. Key words:- Surveyed were 92 people from 3 communities. The study was carried Ethnobotany, medicinal plant, North out on the basis of the survey methodology. Interviews with the local Black Sea Coast. population were conducted using original questionnaires prepared upfront. The respondents belong to different gender, ethnicity, age and education groups. The data from the different applications of medicinal plants in the life of the local population were processed and summarized. Copy Right, IJAR, 2017,. All rights reserved. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….... Introduction:- The Republic of Bulgaria is situated on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. Its territory occupies the temperate latitudes between 41014’05” and 44012’45” N. The national territory of the country covers an area of 110,993 sq.