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Resources – Resources Prof. Metin Metin Prof. To use this in your own course/training, please obtain permission from Prof. Prof. from permission Toobtain please course/training, own your in this use    Outline If If you find any inaccuracies, please contact [email protected] for corrections. Çakanyıldırım Tidaland Wave Hydro Pumped - up Storage Renewables - used various resources to prepare this document for teaching/training. teaching/training. for document this prepare to resources various used Updated in Springin 2020 Updated Hydro Çakanyıldırım .

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metin /~ • • • “The “The up when you,it.see the Bhakra new temple of resurgent India,the is symbolof India’s progress.” About 250 Bhakra Bhakra Dam on Sutlej River,DamIndia. on Sutlej Pradesh, Himachal - India’s primeminister Jawaharlal Nehru in1963. Project issomething tremendous, something stupendous, something which shakes you high dam openedin1963. Hydro

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metin /~  Dropping from a high altitude, loses energy losespotential water altitude, high a Dropping from      – in . energy potential obtain to these multiplythen – much water should pass through each 750 MW turbine? turbine? 750 MW each through should pass water much Example: How Example: 1 /s energy Potential Water constant gravitational & meters in drop of height kg, in If 𝑚𝑚 Head = 1 much water should go through a through should go water much gains potential energy when it evaporates with the coming from the the . from coming heat the with when it evaporates energy potential gains ,000 100,000 million 1000 = Gorges Three m. 200 ofabout head and 17 turbines MWwith DamHoover 2080 generates 1   kg of water at ℎ at water kg of Joules H Zero dam? hydroelectric a at cost the is What captured by by captured = ead is the term in the hydroelectric industry hydroelectric the in the term is ead Potential Energy ⇒ 𝑚𝑚 ⇒ = ∗ 1 million Joules is 1 Joules 1 million 1 MWh = 10 1 , 000 ∗ 200 , 000 𝑚𝑚 = has has so so 100 kgs at kgs at 3600 kg 24 turbines with 750 with 24 turbines 𝑚𝑚 m s meter high has potential energy Joules. million of 1 potential energy has high meter 2 2 = turbine ℎ MegaJoules = 50 (head) (head) is 1 ,000 , MW 000 kg per per kg ,drop a of second to generate MW?100 generate to second ∗ 𝑚𝑚 10 𝑔𝑔 m = s MW MW - 2 50 proportional proportional massto & height ℎ ∗ (1/ 100 ) MW 3600) powe for of waterper second. m the the r and similar head, how head, similar and 𝑔𝑔 eight of the drop. the of height = h. 10 𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚 2 ≈ 9 . 8 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠 2 ,

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metin /~     during nightsthrough a 2,100 reservoir lower the from filled is reservoir Upper turbines. power million and holds walls 30 has meter reservoir Upper reservoirs: two has It of part Range. Mountain Ozark Taum Taum – – Looking southtowards ArkansasOzarks Upper reservoiris on Upper Lower reservoir is onthe East fork of Black river. Sauk mountain (highest peak in Missouri), a Missouri), in peak (highest mountain Sauk Sauk cubicmeter Taum is a pumped storage reservoir close to to close reservoir storage a is pumped of water 240 metres 240 water of Sauk Pumped Storage: Heart of Ozarks Heart Proffit mountain. tunnel. above the the above 5.7   and partially collapsed. collapsed. partially and by water wall overtopped Dec 15, northwest 2005, the energy. potential stores Upper reservoir How much? – – – – – – ℎ MegaJoules FERCfined the owner Luckily, no fatalities. mountain, clearing house.thick forestout the a and Suddenly 6meterwaveof water flowed down the Potential 𝑚𝑚 3600) operational since the 2010s. Northwest wall was rebuilt and the reservoir is = = 240 weight ∗ 10 metres energy 4 = of MW 1368 5 ; overflow = .7 𝑔𝑔 Path ofPath water h ∗ = 1368 = ∗ 10 10 10 0 AmerEn 6 .38 in 2005 in 4 m m ∗ MW / 1 3 ∗ s 0 = 2 10 10 second for $15 million.for $15 5 4 Joules = .7 MWh ∗ 10 = 9 = ( 1368 kg 1368 3 ,800 / ∗ MWh 10

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metin /~      includes plant hydroelectric A long-distance transmission. Electrical substation substation. powerhouse is transmitted to the electrical falling waterand generated in the Powerhouse Pipes ( (downstream)throughdam pipes. the is connected to the surface of the water behind higher altitude and a atReservoir waterthe stores Damtraps the water to build a controlledpowerhouse.the fashion to penstock includes the turbinesincludes the rotated by ) bring the water down in a in downwater ) bring the increases the voltageincreasesthe for Hydroelectric Dams reservoir .

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metin /~    include regulating wind regulatingandinclude solar ….” according to J. Jessop, Hydro- 170 gigawatt province’s thein awaymiles 1,000oris more .capacity generating is about Our reservoir free“Somerenewables. 80% of the Quebecis demand alongthe St. LawrenceRiver, but our pumped Theallows Hydrostorage naturally - Appeared on Appeared H.K. Trabish H.K. Pumped storage: Pumped storage: Diversion: Impoundment: when electricity is expensive( when electricity – – – – – – – – – – – Three Types of Hydroelectric DamsTypes ofHydroelectricThree This is viable aspumpingThis causes friction In reality,loses during conversions. or loss. no gain ideal conditions, Under is used Electricityto pumpwater thelowerto up from the upper. fill the flows Waterupper tothe from lower togenerate electricity. altitudes. lakes a Think of at different two (artificial) Waterat high elevations can be thought as an mechanism. Disadvantage: Exposuretoseasonality water of flow. footprint. Ithaslimited/no cost asdamis built. Low no Advantages: create microclimates.and can change ecology lakes can Large gounderwater. life and natural villages Existing Big footprint. Disadvantage: Advantage: Reduced irrigation. of seasonality agricultural water flow. Flood reduction; - . 2015. www.UtilityDive.com » Seasonality is Seasonalityless in or tropical orsubtropicalclimates:Hawaii,CentralAmerica Brazil. No reservoir. River (a stream thereof) flows through penstock. through flows thereof) stream(a River reservoir. No (170,000 mWh Why utilityWhy storageemerging execs say top energy the is technology. Reservoir fills naturally with the water flowing with the upstream.waterfrom naturally flowing fills Reservoir Reservoir is filled with recycled water. water. recycled with filled is Reservoir on Feb 24. on ) of capacity, which is of ) battery.capacity, is storage a huge energyfor which Goals ) while is cheap(night) happens whenelectricity ). Demand for electricity is low in the night and so is price. and its the night is lowin electricityDemandfor ). Québec to obtainfromof99%emission its electricity Québec Quebec Research Institute. Research Quebec generation - happens of Narbel of penstock. Figure 4.20 Figurepenstock. Diversion Dam has has a Dam Diversion et al. (2014) Penstock

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metin /~   Radial in and out out and in Radial Pelton Typesof Turbines Energy of Department to according Sizes – – – Sizes and TechnologiesSizes and Turbine: Turbine: Large: More than 30MW. than More Large: 30MW. and 0.1 Between Small: MW. 0.1 than Less Micro: Radial in; Axialout Francis Turbine Francis Immersedwater into Kaplan Turbine Kaplan

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metin /~    Carbon dioxide emissions standards quality Water Fish mortality – – – – – – – Nothingburnt is – Quality Environmental on Commission Springs. in and freshwaters in more is oxygen Dissolved liter. than 6 mgper mademore be can water downstream(DO) the oxygen in Dissolved it down 2%. to reduce can designs New turbine mortality pass rate Single die. may they turbines, the and reach penstock the enter fish When » » » » San JacintoSan River Segments Basin RiverBasin Segments ScrewTurbine.Waterrotates turbine it flowsthedownwards. as DOmean 6 mg/L is exceptional; 5 is high; 4 is intermediate; 3 is limited; 2 is minimal.   Tidal has 2 mg/L and Tidal has 1 mg/L.1 BuffaloandTidal Bayouhas mg/L 2 HoustonChannel Ship Tidalhas Lewisville Lake,,White Rock Lakeall have 5mg/L. Environmental Issues no emissions in most existing turbines is 5 is turbines existing in most - 10%.

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metin /~     Why extra capacity immediately? into line brought not capacity extra Why 30,000 MW.atarrive DoE capacity. possible maximum the is MW 73,200 is That into account. feasibility and financial engineering only by taking capacity MW73,200 an additional FERC estimates accordinganto EIAreport in 2010. MW 149,000 China’s after second the is MW.This 100,000 is capacity hydropower US installed – – – – – – – –  Hydropower Hydropower Capacity and Expansion Sugar Company);Non24%-federal public; Industrial; 9% Federalinstitutions. 7% Ownersof dams in numbers: 31% Private utility; 27% Private non-utility (e.g., Hawaiian Commercialand municipalities). Ownersof capacity inMW:50% Federal institutions; 24% Private utility; public22% (e.g., Non -federal owner torecover financial investment. years;Re 50 Originalissued for licensesare Pre Licensing: buildingdams.by new28% 14%increasing isby the capacity/ efficiency utilization / of the existinghydropower plants. 57% of this capacity increasebe can refined FERC’s 73,200 MW estimate by also considering environmental and legal constraints to to constraints and legal environmental considering by also FERC’s estimateMW73,200 refined 6.5% of domestic energygeneration in US.16.9% in China. 58.7% in Canada. 98.5% in Norway. » . » -applicationactivity should Source:United Study of A States Hydroelectric Plant Reeves.K.S.Ownership.2006. Hall and D.G. (ESA), Species Endangered Coordination (NEPA)Act ofPolicy 1969 Environmental National Electric Cooperative on Aug 26, 2011. 2007-2012 Texasonlylicense: LakeLivingston Hydroelectric Projectlicense newEastTexas issued to see the flowchartthe on see (FWCA), 1934. National Historic PreservationHistoric (FWCA), 1934.National 1973. Coastal Zone Management (CZMA), ManagementZone1973. Coastal start 5yearsbefore -info/licensing/ilp/flowchart.pdf www.ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/gen from generating -licences the expected date of license issuance. and others: are for 30 for are electricity at (NHPA), Clean Water (CWA), Water Clean 40 years. Periods are long enough forenough the long Periods are -40 years. existingdams that do not currently generate. 1966. Wild and Scenic Rivers (WSRA), Rivers Scenic and 1966. Wild 1972. AmericansDisabilitieswith (ADA), 1977. Fish and Wildlife Wildlife 1977. Fish and 1968. 1990.

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metin /~  Hydroelectric plants in US, in plants Hydroelectric – – – – – – – Increasedappreciation stability of Greater efficiency fromadvanced turbines. Fish-friendly turbines A Smartand extensive Turbines usingnaturallydropping water Licensing for greenhousereduction gas policy Hydropower Past &US Future:Hydropower Redridge smaller plants The damThe was made from steel as opposed concrete.to damopened Salmon on 1901 isin Trout River, Michigan electricity grids can ease environmentaleasecan objections. (<5simpler MW)is and exemptions arepossible. of hydroelectric poweropposed (asto solar /) helps hydro projects. can encourage hydropowercan plants. can make small projects viable. are easier to license. license. to easier are

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metin /~   each with 750 MW 750 each with Itaipu On river Parana Parana riverOn operated jointlyBrazilby Paraguay. and 20 turbines (visibleinpicture) the each with700 MW. 24 Turbines, China has acquired/developedChina has technology through ThreeGorgesDam Canada, Brazil, China have high hydroelectric power capacity and potential (mountains with rivers). damopened capacityin 1984and has 14,000 MW: of – – Source: China'sMarch M. ThreeGorgesAmerican, 25, Catastrophe? Dam:Scientific An 2008. Hvistendahl, Environmental of towns, Relocation Ground slides, Faultbe linecanby waterlevels the in triggeredaltering reservoir. turbines Franciswith 22,500 MW capacity Hydropower Future:Hydropower International Three Gorges Dam Three 3 significant dams from3 continents: Asia, Africa,Asia, America, clockwise. 1800 km Upstreamfrom Shanghai Yangtze RiverYangtze Technology Transfer Merowedam opened 2009 and has capacityin 1,250 of MW Economist. May6, 2010. Source: Tap Source: Tap that Water.

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metin /~     power Tidal Hydropower Future: Tidal and Wave Power Future:and WaveHydropower Tidal Examples: A tidal dam is are predictableTides at each location rotationof and sun’s gravity. Tides are created mostlyby Britishsee government, – 2012. 23, Jan – – Russian Seaboard.of onEastern3) Okhotsk Sea Alaska;in 2) Inlet Cook Canadaof Fundy,1) BayEastern 240 MW 240 MW 24turbines.with Severn EstuaryEngland&Dam betweenConsidered Wales; by Roosevelt IslandProjectissued (RITE)Tidal license Energy on 1960,Lain Built efficient Rance www.corlanhafren.co.uk ⇐ (high tied− tidal dam in Northwest France can produce can Northwestin Francedam tidal moon’s gravity – Northern Maine, difference > 40 > 40 feet. difference Maine, Northern     Wave Power at the hinges. at rotate withother respectto each madeup of about 5 segments. a turbine will notwork. but low tide)low substantial capturedpistons. with Rotational energy at hinges Segmentsallowedare to likesnake tube Insteada lay Waves are created by winds, differ locations across.  , and, somewhat by . Center. EnergyMarine is aby testthe Scotland coast of OrkneyIsland, down, laid is A snake in Oct 2010. This 2010. This Octin . European west

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metin /~ Summary – Summary - - on Based R.L.Nersesian. 2007. A.Chambers. 2004. ConventionalAlternative and Resources.  Hydro Hydroelectric Energy Sustainable Renewable - Renewable Chapterof Renewable6 Energy inNontechnical Language. Chapter 9 of Energyfor the 21 Hydro st Centrury: A ComprehensiveCentrury:Ato Guide

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metin /~ Energy Investments Energy Investments in 2008-2018 Source: Source: • • • • • A small-size of lot mid-size few a Quite More than 10 largeMore than -size Several 1 nuclear powerplant investment How To Build a Better Business Case for Utility Asset Investment for Business PlanningBetter Case a Build To How size in the sate of the sateof Washington smallwater damsin -size of solar farm investmentssolar farm investmentswind farm -powered generator investments on the coats on the in the middlein , Zpryme webinar, April 5, 2018. 5, April webinar,

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metin /~ Some other uses ofdams Some other uses • • • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lARdpsbz8ZQ With its 650 climbing holds, it is used as a climbing wall Luzzone About 165 Damnamed withreservoir LagodiLuzzone,Switzerland. metres high dam openedin1963.

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metin /~