European Union

European Union From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search "EU" redirects here. For other uses, see EU (disambiguation). European Union [show] Flag Motto: United in diversity[1][2][3] Anthem: Anthem of European Union Ode to Joy[2] (orchestral) Brussels Political centres Luxembourg Strasbourg 23[show] Official languages [4] Demonym European 27[show] Member States Leaders European Herman Van - Council Rompuy José Manuel - Commission Barroso - Parliament Jerzy Buzek Council of - Belgium Ministers Establishment - Paris Treaty 23 July 1952 - Rome Treaty 1 January 1958 Maastricht - 1 November 1993 Treaty - Lisbon Treaty 1 December 2009 Area 4,324,782 km2 - Total 1,669,807 sq mi - Water (%) 3.08 Population - 2010 estimate 501,064,211[5] 2 - Density 115.9/km 300.1/sq mi 2009 GDP (PPP) (IMF) estimate - Total $14.793 trillion - Per capita $29,729 2009 GDP (nominal) (IMF) estimate - Total $16.447 trillion - Per capita $33,052 30.7 Gini (2009) (EU25)[6] (High) HDI (2007) 0.937 (High) Euro + 12[show] Currency Time zone (UTC+0 to +2) (UTC+1 to +3[nb - Summer (DST) 1]) [nb 2] Internet TLD .eu Website europa.eu Calling code See list The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 27 member states[8] which are located primarily in Europe. Committed to regional integration, the EU was established by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1993 upon the foundations of the European Communities.[9] With over 500 million citizens,[10] the EU generated an estimated 28% share (US$ 16.5 trillion) of the nominal and about 21% (US$14.8 trillion) of the PPP gross world product in 2009.[11] The EU has developed a single market through a standardised system of laws which apply in all member states, and ensures the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital,[12] including the abolition of passport controls by the Schengen Agreement between 22 EU states.[13] It enacts legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintains common policies on trade,[14] agriculture,[15] fisheries and regional development.[16] Sixteen member states have adopted a common currency, the euro, constituting the eurozone. Having a legal personality, the EU is able to conclude treaties with countries.[17] It has devised the Common Foreign and Security Policy, thus developing a limited role in European defence and foreign policy. Permanent diplomatic missions of the EU are established around the world and representation at the United Nations, WTO, G8 and G-20 is maintained. EU delegations are headed by EU ambassadors. The EU operates through a hybrid system of supranationalism and intergovernmentalism.[18][19][20] In certain areas, decisions are taken by independent supranational institutions, while in others, they are made through negotiation between member states. Important institutions of the EU include the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Council, the Court of Justice of the European Union, and the European Central Bank. The European Parliament is elected every five years by EU citizens. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community formed among six countries in 1951 and the Treaty of Rome formed in 1957 by the same states. Since then, it has grown in size through enlargement, and in power through the addition of policy areas to its remit. The last amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU came into force in 2009 and was the Lisbon Treaty, by virtue of which the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union was elevated to legally binding status.[nb 3] Contents [hide] y 1 History o 1.1 1945±1957 o 1.2 1958±1972 o 1.3 1973-1993 o 1.4 1993-2010 o 1.5 Treaties timeline y 2 Member states o 2.1 Geography y 3 Governance o 3.1 European Council o 3.2 Commission o 3.3 Parliament o 3.4 Council o 3.5 Courts o 3.6 Competences y 4 Legal system o 4.1 Fundamental rights o 4.2 Acts y 5 Justice and home affairs y 6 Foreign relations o 6.1 Military and defence o 6.2 Humanitarian aid y 7 Economy o 7.1 Single market o 7.2 Monetary union o 7.3 Budget o 7.4 Competition y 8 Development o 8.1 Agriculture o 8.2 Energy o 8.3 Infrastructure o 8.4 Regional development o 8.5 Environment o 8.6 Education and research y 9 Demographics o 9.1 Languages o 9.2 Religion y 10 Culture and sport y 11 See also y 12 Notes and references o 12.1 Bibliography y 13 External links [edit] History Main article: History of the European Union [edit] 1945±1957 Main article: History of the European Communities (1945±1957) Robert Schuman proposing the Coal and Steel Community on 9 May 1950. After World War II, moves towards European integration were seen by many as an escape from the extreme forms of nationalism which had devastated the continent.[21] One such attempt to unite Europeans was the European Coal and Steel Community which, while having the modest aim of centralised control of the previously national coal and steel industries of its member states, was declared to be "a first step in the federation of Europe".[22] The originators and supporters of the Community include Jean Monnet, Robert Schuman, Paul Henri Spaak, and Alcide de Gasperi. The founding members of the Community were Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany.[23] The 1957 Rome Treaty created two additional European Communities, most notably the European Economic Community. In 1957, these six countries signed the Treaties of Rome, which extended the earlier cooperation within the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and created the European Economic Community, (EEC) establishing a customs union and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) for cooperation in developing nuclear energy.[23] [edit] 1958±1972 Main article: History of the European Communities (1958±1972) The two new communities were created separately from ECSC, although they shared the same courts and the Common Assembly. The executives of the new communities were called Commissions, as opposed to the "High Authority". The EEC was headed by Walter Hallstein (Hallstein Commission) and Euratom was headed by Louis Armand (Armand Commission) and then Etienne Hirsch. Euratom would integrate sectors in nuclear energy while the EEC would develop a customs union between members.[24][25][26] Throughout the 1960s tensions began to show with France seeking to limit supranational power. However, in 1965 an agreement was reached and hence in 1967 the Merger Treaty was signed in Brussels. It came into force on 1 July 1967 and created a single set of institutions for the three communities, which were collectively referred to as the European Communities (EC), although commonly just as the European Community.[27][28] Jean Rey presided over the first merged Commission (Rey Commission). [edit] 1973-1993 Main article: History of the European Communities (1973±1993) In 1973, the Communities enlarged to include Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom.[29] Norway had negotiated to join at the same time but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a referendum and so Norway remained outside. In 1979, the first direct, democratic elections to the European Parliament were held.[30] Greece joined in 1981, and Spain and Portugal in 1986.[31] In 1985, the Schengen Agreement led the way toward the creation of open borders without passport controls between most member states and some non-member states.[32] In 1986, the European flag began to be used by the Community[33] and the Single European Act was signed. The Iron Curtain's fall enabled eastward enlargement. (Berlin Wall) In 1990, after the fall of the Iron Curtain, the former East Germany became part of the Community as part of a newly united Germany.[34] With enlargement towards Eastern and Central Europe on the agenda, the Copenhagen criteria for candidate members to join the European Union were agreed. [edit] 1993-2010 Main articles: History of the European Union (1993±2004) and History of the European Union (2004 onwards) The introduction of the euro in 2002 replaced several national currencies. The European Union was formally established when the Maastricht Treaty came into force on 1 November 1993,[9] and in 1995 Austria, Sweden, and Finland joined the newly established EU. In 2002, euro notes and coins replaced national currencies in 12 of the member states. Since then, the eurozone has increased to encompass sixteen countries. In 2004, the EU saw its biggest enlargement to date when Malta, Cyprus, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, and Hungary joined the Union.[35] On 1 January 2007, Romania and Bulgaria became the EU's newest members. In the same year Slovenia adopted the euro,[35] followed in 2008 by Cyprus and Malta, and by Slovakia in 2009. In June 2009, the 2009 Parliament elections were held leading to a renewal of Barroso's Commission Presidency, and in July 2009 Iceland formally applied for EU membership. On 1 December 2009, the Lisbon Treaty entered into force and reformed many aspects of the EU. In particular it changed the legal structure of the European Union, merging the EU three pillars system into a single legal entity provisioned with legal personality, and it created a permanent President of the European Council, the first of which is Herman van Rompuy, and a strengthened High Representative, Catherine Ashton. [edit] Treaties timeline Signed 1948 1951 1954 1957 1965 1975 1986 1992 1997 2001 2007 In forc 1948 1952 1955 1958 1967 N/A 1987 1993 1999 2003 2009 e Bruss Pari Modifi Rome Merg Europe Single Maastric Amsterd Nice Lisbon Docum els s ed Treat er an

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