Representation of 'The Neighbor' in the Serbian and Croatian Print Media

CEU eTD Collection Representation of ‘theNeighbor’ in the Serbian and Croatian In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Submitted to Central European University European toCentral Submitted Supervisor: Professor Miklós Sükösd Department of Political Science Political of Department Budapest, Hungary Nevena Ršumovi Nevena Print Media (2009) By ü CEU eTD Collection OCUIN...... 83 CONCLUSIONS...... DISCOURSE 68 ANALYSIS...... CONTENT ANALYSIS – FINDINGS 39 AND DISCUSSION ...... MEDIA IN CONFLICT – A THEORETICAL 18 BACKGROUND ...... RESEARCH DESIGN 10 AND METHODS...... NRDCIN...... 1 ...... INTRODUCTION ABSTRACT...... III TABLE OFCONTENTS D S P P 24 V T E G P S D A P A C T H H B U T O L F H T I C S R R A NTERVIEWS ERBIA AND RESS OLITIKA ROTAGONISTS IZE AND GENRE OF ITEMS OF GENRE AND IZE LACEMENT OF ITEMS ROM OVERT HATE ELECTION OF PRINT MEDIA FOR CONTENT ANALYSIS FORMEDIA CONTENT PRINTELECTION OF OOKING HE XPECTED HE MOST HE HE HE ELEVANCE OF THE OF ELEVANCE ESEARCH ONTESTATION OR ONTESTATION ACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE ANALYZED NEWSPAPERS ANALYZED ON ACKGROUNDTHE INFORMATION ONTENT ANDONTENT DISCOURSEANALYSIS OW MUCH OF OW MUCH OF NIVERSAL ISCOURSE JESNIK ENERAL ISTRIBUTION OF ISTRIBUTION RE NEIGHBORS FRONT PAGE NEWS FRONTPAGE RE NEIGHBORS UTHORSHIP WNERSHIP AND ATE IMS OF THE IMS OF S 4St...... 52 24 Sata...... 50 ...... Vjesnik 49 Politika...... 47 ...... Press jsi ...... 42 ...... Vjesnik 41 24 Sata...... 40 ...... Press 39 Politika...... Sociopolitical 7 setting...... ATA P R S - OWER OF OWER PIRAL OF OLE OF THE OF OLE SPEECH – V – - I – T ICTIMIZATION V ‘ NWARD B F Q POPULAR S ONE OF A N INDINGS LOOD OICE TO THE TO OICE C ...... 16 ...... ILENCE ANDILENCE UESTION T – NALYSIS EWS ROATIA – HESIS S ' T H I THE NEIGHBOR THE AN ATTEMPT TO CLARIFY THE TERM – MMAGINED ERBIA ANDERBIA HE ATRED N W I , M V TEMS BYTHE – - P EWS VALUES INFLUENCING COVERAGE OF C I SPEECH TO MORE SOPHISTICATED FORMSOF SOPHISTICATED SPEECH TOMORE INTOLERANCE HO W T TEMS COVERING TEMS EDIA IN EDIA ILGRIM ALUES N ’ ...... 68 ...... 1 ...... OOPERATION NEIGHBORS OPIC : ...... 55 ...... 4 ...... ANING EIGHBORS OR EIGHBORS – N R , – R EIGHBORS IN EIGHBORS EPRESENTS THE D P D EMNANTS OF THE T ...... 63 ...... EOPLE ...... 7 ...... ENIAL ANDENIAL ENIAL ...... 37 ...... , HE C C P V R ROATIA IN EACH OTHER OST OMMUNITIES ' ICTIM IS THERE IN THE PRESS B OLE OF T EGINNING OF THE EGINNING ...... 78 ...... 75 ...... -C OPIC ...... 53 ...... ? ...... 47 ...... 55 ...... ? ONFLICT F ...... 70 ...... 14 ...... T OREIGNERS C H C HE ...... 59 ...... ONTESTATION ORRESPONDENTS ATE N N EIGHBOR ...... 69 ...... EIGHBOR W S S PEECH AR OCIETIES ...... 27 ?...... -T W IME ...... 64 ...... ? ...... 20 ...... 80 ...... 66 ...... AR ...... 10 ...... ’ i ...... 42 ?...... S PRESS ...... 83 ...... 35 ...... D ...... 18 ...... ISCOURSE ...... 57 ...... ' THE NEIGHBOR THE ...... 46 ?...... 39 ...... R EIGN S UPREME ...... 32 '...... 21 ...... 87 ...... CEU eTD Collection EEEC ...... 100 ...... REFERENCE APPENDIX 98 II – QUESTIONNAIRE ...... APPENDIX 95 I -- CODING ...... SHEET R L IMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH THE OF IMITATIONS ECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH FUTURE FOR ECOMMENDATIONS ...... 90 ...... 92 ...... ii CEU eTD Collection role of legacy role of in the media of warin formerthe the region overcoming of Yugoslavia. the present the of understanding tothe contributes research Thisempirical crimes. denial of own ‘them’, as well as the prominentsilence remnants of war-timemedia discourses, primarily by the division between ‘us’ and about own crimes,The items covering the issues of war crimes and dealingwith marked pastthe are by stressing of the and newsvalues. accompanying interests the commercial their related analyzed newspapers, crimes of ‘the other’ the of typesof inownership primarily the identified were ‘the neighbor’ of representation the and of other mediafor neighboringthe in countriesand influencing theregion Factors world.the interest tothe newsagenda,compared other’s highoneach arerelatively Serbia andCroatia shed light behind factors the on modes of particular Accordingrepresentation. findings, the to of content and discourse by means from newspaperswere analyzed eachcountry Two media organizations. analyzed analysis. Interviews the specific influencing to projectthe neighbors the of representation the factors examined conducted with Additionally, apart. former the Yugoslavia broke which conflict of the start the decades after the editors of the newspapersmedia in representation 2009,almosttwo in2008and of eachother’s print Croatia and Serbia ABSTRACT The aim of the research was to gain a detailed insight into the patterns of patterns into the insight gain a detailed to was research The aim the of iii CEU eTD Collection Union. European path Balkan 1990sendedthe the the the countries areon towards the and wars of after more than a decade media atpresent, other's each in Croatia and Serbia of representation the two countries in mutual questionnow asenemies,the whichthey isif were positioned representation the of in aftermath. From the timesthe of ''brotherhood and unity''in former Yugoslavia, war the through media is duringspeech marked thewar,followedinits media the animosities bystrong discourse at a new stage.holding different ethnic in groups together Federation,the began emergefreely.to Hate- The projectby ideology the and'brotherhood of unity', usedby regime Tito's the asacohesive power thus sheds light on the Tu a preparation for in devastating the warwhichstarted underthe Franjo1991. Media of regime as hatred fearand inciting began propaganda hisof control aspiral in mediaunder 1987,the the secession of the republics Slovenia and Croatia. After Slobodan Miloševi After Slobodan Croatia. and Slovenia republics the of secession the SocialistinFederativefounded Republic dissolveYugoslavia,of 1943, began in to 1991 with war. the legacy of the overcoming in media the of role present the of understanding the to contributes research Employing content and discourse analysis of the dailies from the two countries, this empirical press. intheSerbian Croatia inand Croatian press the media- Serbia respectively print warring in parties 1990s,the in arerepresentednowadays,in 2008 and2009, each other's the Thesis of Aims INTRODUCTION ÿ man in Croatianationalist followed. suppressedintheformer The tendencies, Yugoslavia The recent history of the region and the role of media in it is a turbulent one. The and republics former Yugoslav andCroatia, Serbia how establishes The research 1 ü came to power to came CEU eTD Collection of different research methods. research of different by use the areprevented comparisons directbe madeas can general trends about observations areas However,only inways important marksof what public discourse. it present-day the and times war the from changed media the of role the how of picture broad a gain to possible It isfoundliterature. inin available its thus the to theaftermath, war,during as the warand war,leading the before pressin times ineachother's the Serbia andCroatia representation of longitudinal dimension, explanation the of findingsthe and could beexamined as linkscausal insome projects. future to contribute that practice newsroom and theory the in is avenues that press, in the neighbor analysisthe of influences potential the behind particular of the representational patterns the into ventures research the Moreover, time. the over attitudes the in change the to contribution a daily amountssuch exposure newspapers basis, toon to that isexposed assuming of aregular reader neighbor of the in of representation interested what kind is rather of and attitudes of neighbor to showcausallinksthe coverage It attempt the citizens. between media in as corporate reflected valuesof ownership the andtabloids. newspapers quality nationalism, of manifestations contemporary the of analysis discourse and neighbors the covering while content the of features journalistic key of analysis putting content both include would that nowadays the findings research on mutual the of representation countries the of former Yugoslavia in media printthe in the theircontext peoples. and countries two the between tensions the offurther Thestill or them to thesis contribute thethey whether dichotomyfills a gap in the playininnowadays – of animosities SerbiaandCroatia process the the overcoming of existingof the body state of work asand there is an absence of Although thesisthe researches the pressin periodthe 2008-2009,ithas an underlying not will but citizens, the mediaon mass of the impact the assumes The research media that therole of thenature of understanding broader the addto will The project considering that the findings are set against the trends of 2 CEU eTD Collection neighbor. the of of representation modes the behind particular factors reveal newspaper editors the interviews with Additionally, analysis. discourse critical through qualitatively approached of a text features intrinsic the aswell as items, of news type and display selection, measured isneighbor, that regarding quantitatively on the discourse the have to expected aneffect are They literature. relevant by substantiated and analysis empirical an of means by examined subjective preferences of newsroom personnel, so these are examined as well. neighbor. Atamore banal level, coverage the couldalso arguably be influenced by personal, the of coverage the regarding practices some explain to serve and selection, news the for implications have audience, press its and between the astherelationship as well neighbor', inownership, linked asreflected underlyingthe factors 'the particular to the of representation region of former Yugoslavia. The angles of the political economy newsof and issues of media Ba countries (see Franks 2006, Wolter 2006, Udovi Wolter countries 2006, (seeFranks reporting of phenomenon global the on light sheds thus analysis The neighbor. published, and contributes to the explanation of the quantity and quality of the coverage of the geographic,and economic cultural basis of of criteria the forth sets 1994) Johansson research. The theory of theory The research. reporting,implicationsincluding in for the representation the of neighbor the caseof this the newsroom and news for thus procedures implications thathave perspectives practical ü anovi The above mentioned factors that could shape the coverage of the neighbors are neighbors of the coverage the could shape that factors mentioned The above The representation of the neighbor is approached from several key key theoretical several from is approached neighbor the of The representation ü , that is , that newsa decline inforeign neighboring andreportingreporting about 2007; 2007; Bajomi-Lazar 2007;Malovi news values news (Galton (Galton andRuge 1965; Graber 1989;Westerstahl and newsworthiness 3 ü proximity 2004) by 2004) opening thisresearch inthe topic þLü 2007, Car 2007; Car 2007; Vali 2007, to the country where the news is news the where country the to , including the choice of news on the ü Nedeljkovi inward-looking ü and CEU eTD Collection neighbor' betweenthe two theprint mediaof countries? additional questions: 2009? Serbian press in order to avoid repetition of the phrase. 2 thesis. of the section Methods 1 neighbor Question Research quality newspaper in country. each the and tabloid the by neighbor the of coverage the between similarities and differences country analysis of anda findings, the within-country analysis,focusing latter on the the neighbor'. 'the of representation negative the of patterns and forms the capture such to andphotos, as headlines level and elements, the on textaccompanying the of neighbor) the towards is critical/negative which of tone general the items those (in discourse the on focuses analysis qualitative The affirmative. or discriminatory (critical), negative of general item the tone –whether representation the isof it neighbor the regarding neutral, between Serbia and links the key whether ''representing'' country, topic,the author, newspaper), protagonists Croatia the of (section are articles of placement articles, framed of genre and size dimensions: following the on as locus of cooperationnewspaper werechosen in each country units ofanalysis.as Thequantitative analysis focuses or contestation,Croatian – March inSeptember2009 dailies period the 2008 as well as The term 'neighbor' is used to denote Serbia as represented in the Croatian press and Croatia as represented in the The research provides an answer the following key following key ananswerthe question: The research provides Details on the method, sample and coding procedure are explained in the Research Design and Design Research the in explained are procedure coding and sample method, the on Details a cross- both includes itas is two-fold research the of dimension The comparative 2 and Serbian 2 of analysis content the is findings obtain to employed method The Considering the comparative nature of the research, it three yields answersto oftheresearch, nature comparative Considering the 2 ' isconstructed bytheprint mediainSerbia and Croatia nowadays, in2008and What are What similaritiesrepresentation are thedifferences and of'the inthe 4 and What are the differences What areand thedifferences 1 What representation of'the . Atabloidquality and a CEU eTD Collection available in Appendix):the focused on answering the following questions (defined asvariables in codingthe sheet, are findings The and findings. codingquantitative the the of interpretation the procedure using by data auxiliary obtaining areanswered questions of comparatively-focusedones, aset show findings it tobe? the two countries? similarities 'the neighbor'betweenrepresentation acrossin theof tabloidsandbroadsheets ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ individual citizens etc.)? politicians; bodies; state and state (the neighbor the represent protagonists What etc.)? correspondents reporters, in-house news, is (agency What of coverage theauthorship the genre? their and in of items news Serbia/Croatia size isterms of of on coverage What thedistribution (e.g. politics, culture, business/economy, crime etc.) Whatis the distribution of topics when it comes to the coverage of Serbia/Croatia? coveragemost of Serbia/Croatia? the carry of newspapers sections the What locus of cooperation or contestation? When an item deals with the links between the two countries – is it represented as a links of any kindbetween countries)? two the or country alone other (mainly the is focusSerbia/Croatia of What coverage the the most coverage? get of region the country/countries What coverage? news foreign newsanddomestic iscomparedto there muchneighbor' 'the of How coverage the and question, research comprehensive key, the to answer the arrive at to In order Finally, it provides some clues as to as clues some provides it Finally, 5 Why therepresentation isasthe CEU eTD Collection are those who ‘speak’ on behalf of the country or the nation via the press and representation of the neighbor is who the main protagonists are of the news items, that Also, animportant of feature in-depth the is of coverage regular, neighbor. the may produce who who correspondents or journalists in-house by authored items and editing, no or little with news agency of proportion the to The same applies neighbor. tothe dedicated news-makers briefby to news items effortthe the in-depth, again speakof analyticalpiecesasopposed Relji the other hand, actors such as individual citizens or representatives of civil society the society or of civil representatives or citizens suchasindividual actors hand, other the events. On current by the newsset predominantly the agenda to as protagonists point would its inthe ‘representatives’ and press. Dominantpresenceof politicians its or bodies, state the other would, arguably, contribute to would, overcomingother of(seeKurspahi the arguably,animosities contribute each about broadeningknowledge of ofwars,asthe history a with countries neighboring the of case in the important is particularly This world. the of understanding their and horizons Franks 2006;Wolter 2006; Malovi coverage, which which internationallycoverage, has beena for sometrend (seeUdovi timenow thecountry. fences of across the look them allows to backyardor own country’s into the gaze it readers’ turns extent how indicates It respectively. and Croatia importanceof the coverage of newsthe forSerbia production regarding the staff responsible coverage, including that of Serbia in press andviceversarelative Croatian quantity to the of andforeign domestic of other countries in the‘the neighbor’ isin represented pressthe instance,For nowadays. aquantity region,of coverage the testifies as to the reasoning of the The purpose of answering these questions is to obtain a comprehensive picture of how of obtain is picture questionsThe acomprehensive to answeringof these purpose ƒ ü 2001). The predominant length of numberof theirlength aswell asthe placement, items,and 2001).The predominantof negative/critical, discriminative, affirmative)? discriminative, negative/critical, Whatis the dominant general tone of the coverage of the neighbor (neutral, Inward-looking ü 2004), are notconducive 2004), broadening to of readers’ media, as a consequence of the decline of foreign inward-looking 6 editorial policy is, that is to what de facto þLü serveas ü 2003; 2007; CEU eTD Collection Yugoslavia. While the conflicts in Slovenia (1991) and Macedonia (2001) were limited, and (2001)were and inMacedonia (1991) WhileSlovenia conflicts Yugoslavia. the breakup 1990s, markedtheof by animosities, warsof which culminatingthe inthe burdened been historically have andCroatia of relations for thewar.The Serbia preparation nationalistic sentiments and hatred incited on both dealing pastin sidesthe with of crimesterms pastconflict,the war itthe engendered and as a strategic move by the elites as a Topic ofthe Relevance in hatred extent. presshasbeenmadeandtowhatthe of incitement the from away leap a whether and since about come have changes what into is in the pre-war that past, in the press Croatian and Serbian in the times, phenomena these covering literature duringexisting the war and in its aftermath.emerge in findings.the The question is important asit enables of relating findingsthe with the which Therefore, phenomena these among ones prominent particularly behind reasons it potential the on enables an insight This is addressedbythe of qualitative part analysis. content the interpretation The sheds light overt hate-speech has overt subsided in 2000 (seeVilovi years afterthe identifyingforms sophisticated negativeof in representation considering discourse the that the pressandviceversa? inCroatian prominent intheitemsaboutSerbia they and issues face. better conducive mutual to between the understanding peoples every-day through problems what life the an of citizen islikeinordinary theneighboring country, which would be genuineminorities amore ina towards towardsunderstandingcountry could point interest Several inter-related socio-political reasons make the topic relevant. First, the issue the of First, make topic relevant. the reasons socio-political inter-related Several Sociopolitical setting Another auxiliary research question is question research auxiliary Another 7 whatnegative representation are of forms ü 2005,Udovi The focus is on þLü 2005). CEU eTD Collection as well as the same scores for the electoral process (3.25), civil society (2.75), independent civil society foras well (2.75), electoral (3.25), thesamescores the process as score Index democracy House Freedom Both sharethe same development. in of terms lot of similarities share a countries the etc.), problems economic corruption, 2008). progress (Freedom House 2006). 3 countries the (Vujovi between investments two in the increase hasthere been an in regionstable economic andtrade of Indeed, Balkans. Western pastseveral the years the favors asEU relations stableand political market joint requires EU a to The accession process. in accession the countries of the progress the assessing when members) are countries EU,whichthe regionalin Balkans both insists strong cooperation Western which (of the on path massivethe towards areon countries break violence, the began upthrough Yugoslavia to the European Union and the related path of development. Almost two decades after the former down of the ICTY. will continue as the past the with anddealing crimes of of issue war the importance war The population. each other’s crimes trials increasingly withlocal both courts, including indictedon the sides, atrocities against forthe committed migrate to the ongoinglocal trials at the International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) andcourts at with the Both Serbia with independencecarry ofKosovo. the war crimes, of legacy andCroatia the winding resolved byindependence in 2006,andthe of Montenegro with still the unresolved issue of Serbia continued to be weighed(Kolstø down 2008).by the issue Croatia of parting(1998-99) were Croatia Bosnia casesandthe Kosovo (1991-95), (1992-95) of civil wars emerged with Montenegro,as an independent thewhich wasseparation and sovereign state fromof theMontenegro war, while and Serbia (2006) was a non-violent conflict, conflicts in The ratings are based on a scale of 1 to 7, with 1 representing the highest and 7 the lowest level of democratic of level lowest the 7 and highest the 1 representing with 7, of1to scale a on based are ratings The Burdened host of with a common transitional (suchasproblems organized crime, Another important factor is the orientation of the countries towards the accession to accession the towards countries the of orientation is the factor important Another 8 3 of of in 2008, 3.64 ü andLi þ ina CEU eTD Collection nature in the existing body body of research. intheexisting nature isthis studies of a incomparative there that gap considering nowadays, Serbia andCroatia between relations broader of the to contribute understanding the to is well-placed thesis the by mutual as peoples perception Consequently, of process. reconciliation a component the the necessityimprovement the backgroundand toward of theovercoming past points theof the socio-political past the research, while present for the cases comparable make them insimilarities mediamarked landscapes, their by domination the of tabloid newspapers, thus countries. both in members with families including level, personal the at between countries the ties are there Yugoslavia, former in marriages ethnic in widespreadmixed 1995.Duetothe ‘Storm’ in markedCroatia warthe endof which the population, estimated at 180.000 180.000 (Malovi population, at estimated Serb ethnic of the bulk a after Croatia in minority of Serbian the status the over contentions independence –Croatia 4.25and Serbia 4.50 (Goehring 2008). national governance -Croatia 3.25andSerbiaand and judicialdemocratic framework 4.00, 2008). There are slight andHouse 4.50(Freedom corruption local (3.75), governance democratic media (3.75), differences in two scores where Croatia performs somewhat better: The similarities in the path of the development of The in similarities of countries, pathof the twothe development the coupled with the Another issue that marks the current relations between the two countries are the are countries two the between relations current the marks that issue Another ü 2001, 136), has 2001,136), left duringCroatia operation the 9 CEU eTD Collection genres topics, which high and from are largely absent TV due to production (e.g. costs in of terms in content diversity a greater media feature print Additionally, landscape. TV from media choose to the as opposed landscape to as observation of editions printunits inthe among orientations andideological isformats of there alargervariety speech.Also, hate and language inflammatory discourse, nationalistic nationalism, banal stereotyping, of instances feature likely bemedia more to to print Iexpected self-regulation, of nature restrictive sanctions medianoforis broadcastresembling regulatory body legal agencies would that impose on printwhich means that journalistic codes of ethics guide the reportingmedia as normativeself-regulation, to media aresubject Print tools, analysis. findin thediscourse to Iexpect butdiscourses there for of language speech, hate war the which from remnants inflammatory or of the instances similarlegal sanctioning speech, suchashate toreduce fortransgressions whichisthe expected professional implies in which Serbiaboth andCroatia, is regulated broadcasting First, several reasons. for media print on focus to chosen have I media, print than audiences among penetration transgressions.bewould reasonabletoclaim TV stations with frequencies have that national a larger Consideringanalysis content for media ofprint Selection included in analysis).the A description of follows. methods the the lessstructured interviews with media experts (newsroom editors from the newspapers that were combination of quantitativeResearch Designand Methods and qualitative analysis, discourse analysis, as well as semi- Print media in each country constitute the main materials of analysis. Although it Although analysis. of materials main the constitute country in each media Print a analysis, employing using of research was conducted the content The empirical part 10 CEU eTD Collection reflect the asthey editorial policy influences their also ownership state The any cost. at advertising viewpoints attracting and lead of highcirculation by necessarily asthey values not imperative the are and interests( of their respective governments. It was within these (University of Zagreb) and prof. Snježana Milivojevi Snježana prof. and Zagreb) of (University 4 owned and their key goal is profit, while the quality newspapers are fully ( areprivately tabloids news The values. and preferred incontent differences above stated differentownership structure of the tabloids and qualitythe newspapersplays that arole in the the mainly is It slant. asensationalistic with stories, human-interest and show-business events, bizarre accidents, and on crime focus as they values, opposite the quite entertain however, serious,mainly feature free andin-depth The reporting, detached of tabloids, sensationalism. They coverage. news foreign havestrong and economy, politics, on focused are traditionally in newsvalues and editorial Namely, qualitypolicies. newspapers the in andSerbia Croatia differences theirstark basedon newspapers primarily was quality and The tabloids of choice readership. ofthe of newspaperon the impact the indicator beingas an circulation the taken with research, for the selected were incountry each biggest circulation the with newspaper which by has been mediacommonly adopted in scholars region the acategorization andtabloids, be as generally newspapers, semi-tabloids categorized quality media can print However, spectrum. liberal and conservative or left right, and along the themediaitisand group years, pastseveral difficult in accompanying sensationalism the to tabloidization in upsurge the as well as them, affect directly which changes political turbulent media allows for abetter insight intonuances of the representation of ‘the neighbor’. print Thusthechoice of reportage). stories, interest human commentaries, pieces, analytical The typology was chosen for the research in consultation with media scholars prof. Gordana Vilovi Gordana prof. scholars media with consultation in research the for chosen was typology The Politika Considering the specifics of the Serbian and Croatian media landscapes, with constant ) owned by the state, which is a factor that allows them to steer clear of cleartabloid steer of to allows them that factor isa which by state, the ) owned ü (University Belgrade). of (University 11 4 . A tabloid and aquality Vjesnik ) or partially or ) ü CEU eTD Collection findings theirand analysis. 5 issues volumesboundnumerous editionsthe as thousands are pages. of inhard containing usablecopy not scan archives the available,but physicalthese due or impossibility to to are hard-copy have media the of some only However, analysis. content for required is print ready for layout with afull version the issueor PDF of an a hard-copy Either be analyzed. for theanalysis newspaper of the for selection the basis wasthe sources mentioned above the and newspapers, of analyzed the editors literature, from available the data expert.A circulation of to combination from expert incirculation termshierarchybetweenthenewspapers, of vary although numbers exact the deal of consensus agreat shows informally sources well-informed from these can be obtained that theinformation However, sources. onthe year depending year or from to considerably figures features different fluctuate astheyseem while literature official to disclosure, figures to itmanipulate the comes when tendto media organizations that countries revealed inboth andeditors journalists media researchers, with consultations Numerous research. for the purpose forof this the data been therequests to notresponsive Circulation) have Bureau of –Audit ABCSerbia and the Chamberof Commerce Croatian (the sources only the official that considering data get official the beento is hasfaritpossible not So neighbor’. ‘thefactors in tofind thisthat differing researchexpected coverage of the differences The circulation data are provided in the descriptions of newspapers in the chapter containing content analysis content containing chapter inthe ofnewspapers descriptions the in provided are data circulation The Another difficulty in the preparation for researchthe is thatof obtaining the issues to data. circulation official the regarding encountered adifficulty note to is important It Croatia Serbia 5 . Thefollowingnewspapers wereselected: Tabloid 24 Sata Press 12 Quality Newspaper Vjesnik Politika CEU eTD Collection issues available online as PDF files accessible at asPDFfilesaccessible online issues available investmentof time. Croatian daily 'Vjesnik' is only the newspaper has which a collection of significant one,requiring laborious avary been has material the of collecting process Nationalthe Library in Belgrade has been closed to thepublic forthe time being.Thus the notitmedia,does allow copying, scanning,ortakingmaterial the of building,the out while print archive of inkeeps an Library Zagreb National Although the formaterial research. the organizations or on the inmedia the contacts rely goodpersonal on was to the only option Rather, organizations. will of the staff, whichAlso, there is no officialis procedurewhat as to obtaining PDFswas of editions in any mainlyof the media used to obtain the a week or acouple of weeks, however, will notbe possibleavoid. to Even so, such events can as such time, short a relatively for media in the out stand that events Some sporadically. very which is the dominanttype of coverage interms of quantity, whilemajor happen events only reporting, everyday banal, in the neighbor the of representation the capture to attempt is the avoided thiswere deliberately whysuchevents press byCroatia. reason decision The towards by for example,of negative considerablyKosovo, attitudes heightened shows Serbian the into wouldevents insightskew theresults,reporting asthepreliminary the recognition the of such major was assumedthat inMarch2008.It Croatia by Kosovo recognition the of or in 2006 Montenegro of independence the were events such of Examples media. international in the coverage of madeextensive asubject them such scalethat of Serbia andCroatia to this, an attempt was In addition period. whole over the of analyzebefeasiblenewspapers sameset the not thus to made to avoid major theirpolitical respective categories (see the explanation above) did notexist until 3years ago. It would events, meaningrather fast in the region and some of the newspapers that have highest circulationthe nowadays in events regardinglonger period couldin bechosen years the 2000; after however, the media landscape changes The periodanalyzed covers months,7 from September 2008 March to 2009. Ideally,a 13 http://www.vjesnik.hr/pdf/Default.asp . CEU eTD Collection organizations, cities and other geographical or administrative entities, events taking place in place taking events entities, administrative or geographical andother cities organizations, other institutions, and bodies its state, the representation: of means as following the here asany of is it.understood 'Country' to related matter ofor piece the subject the focus of of all sizes, placement, genre and topic are analyzed as long as a country of the region is in the travel), with the exception of advertisements, classifieds, TVguides and supplements. Articles business, show culture, crime, economy, politics, international politics, regional politics, analysis discourse and Content 2009, 08March 2009. Christmas editions before arepublished the holiday), day 2009,07February the 30January Croatian inpress where thecaseof 24December2008 2008, 25December2008(or 2008,19November October 2008, 14 01September arethe following: method rotational longeris avoided in order not to skew the results. The dates of the issues selected based on the sample ensures that the coveragefrom each country,of a single 7 editions event of 2nd month Thus etc). a total of issues28 of fordaily newspapers werebe analyzed(2newspapers each). more All thandays ofa daythe ifweek it arehappensweek rotationallycovered, (e.g. Mondayto of whilethelast 1st week of the the1st month, randomTuesday of 2nd week of the each month (1st week of the month,1st 2nd week of the 2nd month etc.), and one day in each media scholar prof. Gordana Vilovi Catherine Coyer, lecturer at the ‘Global Media, Governance and Civil Society’ course at CEU, as well as with the6 representative of the daily, usual post-war representation of 'the neighbor'. is it as findings the bias not does period time chosen the Thus decisions. political high-level be understood as belonging to the banal, everyday news as they are not a matter of major, The rotational method was chosen in consultation with three experts: the thesis supervisor prof. Miklos Sukosd, Content from almost all the sections of newspapers was analyzed (such as: domestic as: (such wasanalyzed newspapers of sections the all almost from Content Newspaper issues were selected using a rotational method using selected arotational Newspaper issueswere ý of the University of Zagreb. 14 6 . One week was selected in selected was week One . CEU eTD Collection content analysis findings and the analysis. the and findings analysis content neutral if the interventionby the journalist is such. Fora detailed explanation,please referto the sectionwithnewsroom the staff. Evenif individual sources in the item speak critically of the 8 Credibility of Newspapers’. of) (Lack ofthe Aspects ‘Ethical research of the purpose the for ofZagreb University ofthe Kanižaj Igor boxes,quote is illustrations), analysisheadlines, pictures, usedto discourse out decks,pull syntagms, sentencesinvolving and theconsciousfor discourse analysis. As the media representationtext of 'the neighbor' is a complex phenomenon on the andwhole), unconscious as well as accompanyingstrategies elementsat the level (e.g. of the body of text (words, 7 of this research purpose particular the suit to modified and region inthe experts by developed frame, analysis content media analysis. content subjectto not were world, such listingscounted ofthey as results, were not towards items the of total and quota from the around procedural competitions flat, reports pagesfeature predominantly sports Kosovois hardly ever covered outside the context of its relations with Serbia. As the items on that considering Serbia ascovering were coded Kosovo about Items covering region. the items for the of reference point serve asaquantitative as to so world werecounted the ofotherneighboring coverage countries. the a comparison of the coverage of Croatia in the Serbian press, Serbia in the Croatian press with research: of the segment aparticular enable asto werecoded countries these covering articles andAlbania. Namely, Montenegro Macedonia, Herzegovina, is: and Bosnia Croatia, – that as membersunderstood neighboringcountriesSerbia arenot to of European the which Union is individuals.'The region' or citizens of groups asacollectivity,nation other country,the By tone we here mean the overall approach to the representation of the neighbor in an item, as composed by by the composed as item, an in neighbor ofthe representation the to approach overall the mean wehere By tone The blueprint for the coding sheet employed inthis research is the one developed by prof. Gordana Vilovi The availablecoding in sheet, is the Appendix, basedon an mass standardized existent Items focusing on Serbia, Croatia, EU countries, EU as an entity, and other countries of Items coded as bearing critical/negative tone critical/negative asbearing Items coded 7 . 15 8 toward 'the neighbor' 'the out were singled toward neighbor, the item could still be ü and CEU eTD Collection with the representation of the neighbor. Additionally, it was important to see how the needs of needs the how see to important was it Additionally, neighbor. the of representation the with links of these potential organization each media and of news-gatheringthe procedures into these on newsthe values of newspaper.each Anadditional aim get in-depthto was insights andin impactof interest the market commercial the related is media factors ownership, the in findings are eachmediarepresentation established the thatspecific organization. Oneof to behindintogain by means insight of modesanalysis, was factors potential the of to content findingsparticular toindividual specific newspapers. issues as toprovideforwardto pertinent so answersto ended were also put questions One in questionnaire (available Appendix)wasdevelopedthe all for while open- sources, tabloid Serbian atthe pages and‘Economy’ ‘Society’ of the editor foreign news editor of the Serbian quality newspaper of quality Serbian the news foreign editor Sata editor-in-chief Ivanuš, Croatian the newspapersof tabloid in Renato and Croatia: Serbia Interviews hate speech. or stereotypes – for instance, what topics are nowadays dominantly 'carriers' of remnants of the war-time discourse analysis, it is possible to identify the identify to is possible it analysis, discourse with the variables the quantitative Combining betweenthecountries. newspapers analyzedthe abovethe mentioned dimensions of typeas newspapercontent per of acountry within and per strategies. representational particular convey help which narratives of elements these analyze and identify The proposed combinationThe contentproposed andof a discourse analysis typology produced all of ; Ivan ; Šabi Ivan The goal of the interviews with the editors, conducted after the findings were obtained 4 semi-structured interviews were conducted with editors of of analyzed with the editors wereconducted interviews 4 semi-structured ü , desk editor at the Croatian quality newspaper Croatian quality atthe , deskeditor 16 loci of the mostintense discursive phenomena Politika Vjesnik ; and Press ; Slobodan Samardžija, ; Slobodan Ĉ . or ÿ e Odavi ü , deputy 24 CEU eTD Collection organization. behad damaging themto they the image perceived to reputationnews and their of keep someundisclosed information to may attempted have or media theirorganizations, own biastowards view or subjective a degreeof exhibit interviewees the assume that reasonable to into accountcauses a ofpossibility particular patterns of reporting, that but theremerelyby research. asestablished neighbor, the the of coverage features to shed are light onothers the on may that reflect some factors particular regarding sought was opinion their and research the of them, takingthat we with findingsthey key of were presented of needs.Finally, audience subjective perceptions are not awarenewsroom of. gather Namely, data –whetherthe neighbor of coverage the the audiences on reflect particular target the from audience it is surveys or if they base their editorial decision on the It is important to stress that the goal was not to establish clear causal links as to the asto links causal clear establish to not goal the was stress that to is important It 17 CEU eTD Collection increasingly labeled criminals, ustashas. Newspapersin Serbiawere fullofhorrifying stories about Croats, perished in them).Serbian television increasingly carried images ofthose. Croatswere (and noonecould deny their truthfulness asthese camps existedandSerbs,Roma, Jews,also but which vividly sums up the its and horrors magnitude: mediaby Ugreši initialof Dubravka propaganda the account cycle of the and by1991 these were turned into efficientpropaganda Kurspahi machines. media war followed suit. Both Tu (Kurspahi unpatriotic” whichinstitutions includedfrom ”purges seen as public of all those who wereor unreliable result, “the alarm for national homogenization in Croatia” (Kurspahi in nationalistAs Zagreb.acknowledge1990 refusinga thenewly elected government to Serbmajoritythe Kninska– krajina Slavonia and Eastern –toproclaim inautonomy July localforin excuse2003, 76).ThisSerbextremists the of theCroatia with served areas asan (Kurspahi Croats” the to he “Croatia promised in1990, of May Croatiaof became President When Franjo in tendencies nationalist nationalist Serbia' the Croatia. triggered Tu violence, reflected in the media. in Miloševi violence,the reflected Kurspahi periodand 1990-1991, Croatia inthe in media Serbia propaganda account of the adetailed In 2002). Thompson war(Pricethe and same time tryingin anyway silencepossible independent to media the whichwere opposed to andfear,mediahatred spreadingwhile atas mouthpieces, which were undertheir the control inpowerusedthose elites in The political of formerthe incitement Yugoslavia. conflict the War ofthe Beginning –The of Hatred The Spiral MEDIA – A CONFLICT IN BACKGROUND THEORETICAL Newspapers inSerbia beganwriting aboutustashaconcentration camps inWorld War II It is a well-known fact that the media had a significant role in the promotion and promotion the in role significant a had media the that fact well-known is a It ü 2003, 76). The cycle 2003,76). ofnationalism already infullwas force; the ÿ man and Miloševi ü 's ambition for the Serb domination greater forand's 'the Serb domination the ambition 18 ü (2003) explains the genesis of spiral of explainsthe of genesis the (2003) ü mobilized the media under their control ü 2003,76)wentoff, ü , a Croatian writer, , aCroatian ü (2003,78)cites ÿ man ü CEU eTD Collection (Kurspahi of defense” homeland the “heroes or freedom” Croatian be for “fallen described as were to “Serbo-Communist occupation army”“Serbo-Communist occupation (Kurspahi and itto its distributed war correspondents. Some of terms the were “Serb terrorists” and inbe warreporting used vocabulary of to list anmandatory created television state Croatian aggressors, “barbarians, slaughterers andbeasts” (Kurspahi “barbarians, slaughterers aggressors, animosities and conflicts, whereby everything 'ours' was heroic and holy, while 'they' were the imagery andof good evil intowas motion,set accompanied by invocation of historical thousand-years old dream of thousand-yearsCroatia”independent old dreamof (Kurspahi the fulfill to way “a and homeland” the of “defense as war the presented television Croatian cited byKurspahi cited (Kurspahi as mediamassThe term alabelthe entered for“ethnic discourse cleansing” warcrimes against “another genocide in the hands of against “anotherfascist genocide handsof in ustasha forces” (Kurspahi the Serbian “atelevision, was holy defense of century-oldthe hearths” Serbian and defense by justifyin presented The war Croatia, manipulatedthe toas was invoked war. the and media“entirely 'we were aligned openthem' along against (Kurspahi the conflict” according to usual(Kurspahi journalistic rules, or any critical reflection on one's own country. The well as main newspapers, such as such well asmain newspapers, as Croatia, in Serbiaand both broadcasters State continued. war media the began; war actual for the war were finished. “necklaces made childrens' of Croatian fingers” ,worn bySerbian“slaughterers” –thepreparations in the Croatian media. And when the Croatian media were alsofilled with thestories about (orchestrated bytheSerbian authorities andthe Serbian leader) finallyachieved its goal: a reaction “genocide” which Croats arepreparingagainagainstinnocentSerbs.Serbian media propaganda '”necklaces madeofSerbian children's ' fingers”, worn byCroatianustashas, stories about In the summer of independence,In of 1991, when Croatia the summer the and Slovenia proclaimed ü ü ü 2003,84). 2003,83)with of thousands dead. Intheof words a unnamed journalist, Croatian 2003,83).Therewas nopretense of norepresentationobjectivity, sideof other the ü (2003, 83), “Hate speech 83), became History (2003, a measureof professionalism”. (Ugreši ü 1998,72) Politika inBelgrade and 19 ü 2003, 84). The losses 2003, Croatian on the side ü 2003, 84). The leadership of The leadershipof the 2003,84). Vjesnik ü 2003, 84). The archetypal 2003,84). in Zagreb, set the tone ü 2003,84). ü 2003,83). CEU eTD Collection stressing that hate speech does not often come as obviously anger-ridden, insulting abusive speech hate not or often asobviously come anger-ridden, stressing that does unavoidable evil surviving on marginsthe of and the concludes author, society”, continues by best asan orat tolerated against, expelled, discriminated exterminated, legitimately conformcannot usual the to social may conventions“It andrelationships.rules, be therefore as condemned”; group isithostile treated it3) Thetarget is undesirable, held and and that changeis “permanently it situation group, thatthe considered making the cannot target As to features innate aredeemed person or the these the highly (Parekh 2006). undesirable” thegroup “ascribingperson or it a set of widely to constitutive qualities thatare viewed as based 2)it features; agroup stigmatizes on the acertain it emotions:person or selects 1) negative chargedwith forms of utterance speechfrom other hate distinguish characteristics Three main 2006). it.” (Parekh war against of active declaration vocal or or apassive and rejection, a wish to harm or destroy, a desire to gethostility, the“implies it targetas others” group of view out of a demeaning or one’s way,disapproval, a silentdislike, disrespect, positive or from “lackrespect hatred of Hedistinguishes (Parekh2006). features” of incites promotes or hatred of individuals distinguished set by a group feature or a particular his encourages, it”. under According definition,advocates, “hatespeech expresses, to include as thereis of “all concept forms speech the a regarding and hurtful uncivil tendency to stressesParekh (2006) theconfusion clarify the concept. wewillattempt to research, different values to it, rarely in authors different thatfocused forms region and of the hate-speech, onvarious ascribe providing exact definitions of hate speech thatHate-speech – an guideattempt to clarify the term their own representation of other’ by ‘the mediain the mayhem this violenceof by words. Considering that the literature is discoursesthe in analyzingwartime region Considering largely that negative the of patterns identify to trying been have research of Volumes 20 CEU eTD Collection Croatia in each other's press nowadays and how they are different from the media discourses media the from different are they how and nowadays press other's each in Croatia Serbiain lurk and on content the that intolerance forms of the paper tackles present the that conflict from from isconflict a wide examinedbyRelji setof theoretical perspectives Nationalistideology the manipulative mediain representation of and the theYugoslav audiences. the manipulating in media the and times the of elites political the between Malovi aftermath for Kurspahi example Thompson(see 1999; in inthe theformerwhich warand markedits breakupof 1990s, during the Yugoslavia ofintolerance forms sophisticated more to hate-speech overt From universally and which ones depend on the cultural and historical context. 9 of speech(Parekh2006) hate all features shows utterance casethe in life sharedthree “no ispossible with which that them”, meanings, such isitas that anidea by constructed Jews,the thatthey can thus not be trusted, freely expressed opinion, albeit On untrue. otherhand,the itis detect possible hiddento Thus denial may Holocaust as be not or speech.hate interpreted can It be considereda inof context.” the light that determined from be and canonly areinseparable significance context – historical and cultural, as its “content, import, insinuations, and moral and emotional particular the within identified be canonly speech hate of any manifestation is that answer amongforms them and other speechof with negativecharged Parekh’s emotions. (2006) becomes confusing asthe questionis howtorecognize thesesubtlerforms distinguish and ambiguous andthrough innuendos jokes, definitionimages.” (Parekh2006).Herethe again conveyed and bland, even and non-emotive moderate, “subtle, be can it Rather, language. Parekh (2006) provides a set of examples of utterances and explains which ones can be coded hate speech hate be coded can ones which explains and ofutterances examples of set a provides (2006) Parekh ü A large body of literature deals with the role of the media in the incitement of the war and Selnow 2001). These studies focus mainly on the mechanisms of mainlyfocus interaction of mechanisms on the studies andSelnow 2001).These 9 . 21 ü 2003; Snyder and Ballantine 2003;Snyderand 1997; ü (2001). Considering (2001). CEU eTD Collection of of Serbianpeople”,the by identified media the which Gredelj’s Serbswith the their past. “pseudo-historical” about and“pseudo-anthropological” structures the discursive “sufferings in of coverage, media ignoring of i.e.the ‘the other’ sources the ‘the other’”, of elimination propaganda andpropaganda key employed catalogs by strategies propaganda Miloševi the anti-Croatthe rhetoric. between a Croatian inand aSerbian team 1990 andMay of thusgave initiala strong push to ofvicioushost inhate-speech examples of the thematch football media whichaccompanied nowadays. neighbors these with the war-time specifically deal discourses which works the is on overview following the of focus the times, in war in the Serbian and Croatian press, as well as with the coverage of Croatian Muslim criminals”and (Cveti victim to “fell Serbs the media, whereby in the appeared nation Serbian of victimization myth “redemption people”, (Schopflinsuffering” of 1997,29).Themotif aof and by orchestrated Miloševi the of Kosovo of Battle the of anniversary the commemoration myths andthe “megalomaniac” 37). Cveti 1997,17- “mixing with collective”)of other (Slapšak Serbs,the “genuine” the condemnation blood, onpureSerbian (insistence excommunication of “tainted” the etc.), churches bones, graves, (hearths, tool adiscursive as totemism etc.), flags icons, (relics, taboos suchas features, ofanthropological as aswell and stereotypes, use ofethnic symbolism the masses, of collectivity the to appeal to order in thought political and social of simplifying manipulation history of as “the most instrument dangerous of nationalistic policy”, deliberate behindit. Slapšak end,(1997) explainsseveralstrategies leading that such to the as political 1987-1991 toestablishmanipulation by in media politicalpatterns elite mechanisms and the Slapšak et al.analyzed Serbianpress( Slapšak the et (1997) þ anin explains (1997, 71-95) the of genesis mediaobsessionthe with Kosovo the û urgus Kazimir (1997, 157-193) analyses the phenomenon of media analyses of phenomenon the urgus Kazimir (1997,157-193) ü regime, which fueled which regime, myth of the as“heavenly Serbs the þ anin 1997, 85). Mihailovi 85). anin 1997, 22 Politika ü and (1997, 97-155) catalogs (1997,97-155) a Borba ) in the period ü regime: “the regime: CEU eTD Collection hatred,nationalism, vulgar chauvinism xenophobia”(Relji and division ‘us’ of and‘them’. Thediscourse was found tobeaggressive, conducive to“ethnic hate-speech, other’, ‘the andthediscursive such as genesisof ofhostilethe representation in Belgrade and focused onthemain of tools media regimes’ print amongthe the propaganda –daily “Mediaa group of inWar”(2000), press’ coverageauthors 1991entitled and of war the of in evidence literature review.this control languagethe of public (Schopflin communication” for which1997, 25), isthere plenty who those is mythselites, cultural and are“the in political these that who controls a society grasp late 1980sto power peopleHisover the (Schopflin 1997:24). question answertothe of argumentation was the most frequent one in types of argumentation claimsconflict,used tosupportabout finds and thathistorical used for amobilizing with effect, a high degree of emotional charging. Healso identifies were mainly intimidation”1997, 218), and (Gredelj demands anddiscrediting, disparaging such and accusations, as “attacks (1987-1991), press ofrhetoric inthe Serbian strategies strongest the that show conflict of mediarepresentation on the findings (1997,195-231) Miloševi Schopflin (1997)examinesthe political asmyths useof tools of “alabels past”. usable Smith 37) that (1997, concept the emotions, manipulatingof mass thenews. dominate peoples/nations between conflicts about items while side, other the citing of rule journalistic Politika inhistory, aswell astrongtendency stereotyping.towards of in Three quarters texts In an exhaustive quantitative and qualitative analysis of Croatian and analysisIn anexhaustive Serbian andqualitative the of quantitative Myths are a tool for the use of the ethnic past and re-writing of history for the purpose dealing with various types of variousdealing with follow not informerof conflicts types Yugoslavia do thegolden ü ’s ofvarious mythsre-vamping in embedded Serbian the memory collective in the Vjesnik in Zagreb. The aim was to analyze the key features of of war discourse, analyze the keyfeatures was to aim The Zagreb. in Politika 23 , reflecting the search for roots of conflict ü 2000,57).The findings key cultural reproduction Politika , citing , CEU eTD Collection 1999, 167). He also examines a “central narrative of Serbian nationalism, that of “central of 1999, 167).Healso nationalism, examinesnarrative a of that nation the Serbian nation’”“demarcated (Sofos of ‘the Serbian the “pilgrimages” of which routes territories ,the as them perceiving of these, connotation religious the Henotes Kosovo. to relics end of 1980s:thethe massbaptisms of Serbs inKosovo and movingthe Lazar’s of Prince the in towards Serbia 1999,167) (Sofos rituals” “nation-instituting or “national regeneration” spreadthe of nationalism informer mass Yugoslavia through media. Heexamines rituals of ‘them’ by means of hot nationalism and hate-speech. realized through the strict polarization of the representation of the involved parties as ‘us’ and policy”, own the of legitimization “the 2) other; any over identity national the of promotion to theregime’s goals.”,political realized via strengtheningthe of identity national the and achievementhomogenization andmobilization of of toprovide in nation the thesupport order comprehensive research, main two goals of the nationalist propaganda were:1)“the information more noticeable, meaningful, or memorable to audiences“). ofsubject communication, thereby evaluating them insalience.''(salience heremeaning''making a piece of recommendation forthe itemdescribed[...]Frames highlight somebits of information aboutan itemthat isthe to promoteaparticular problem definition, causal interpretation, moralevaluation, treatment and/or select some aspectsof a perceived reality andmake them more salient in acommunicating text, such in away as 10 move to provided in intellectuals a historical by to events, as by representation, aswell references re-write than rather straightforward in facts tone, persuasive of a interpretation bythe was dominated history. As Relji in conflict of theme dominant the to point information, blurring the lines between fact and nationalistic framing nationalistic and fact between lines the blurring information, factual mixed with increasingly was Commentary no mentioned. as with sources articles aswell weredominant, sources while official increasingly absent, were sources international war.Thethe selection formsjournalistic and of hada genres role inthe media as propaganda, The The definitionof conceptthe of framing, used thisin paper, provided is by (1993): Entman Sofos (1999)focusesSofos ontheperformance of ü (2001, 56-57) summarizes the results of this Vjesnik 24 , even in the items that were not related to public rituals and moral panics moral 10 . Politika’s ''To to frame is as tools of astools coverage CEU eTD Collection “tellsis precisely what attempted toremain unsaid” ( silence 73), while only the crimes of ‘the other’ are talked about. The author identifies this continuing silence ‘own’ violence which preceded “Storm” ( irrelevant issues in order of multitude a with filling pages the mediawere Croatian of operation, the preparation to cover the In event. the the of aspects absencepolitical particular the about texts existing within of silence as and this one. Serbian media were“Storm”, the silent about forgetting of important narratives and national memories. In the context of the operation reconsidering”( precisely the occupation and foundingthe act of statethe ( cleansing of the ethnic Serbsas it from Croatia,perceives while Serbia Croatia celebrates countries. two it as the the actbetween of liberation from the contention of Serbianbone a remains operation The place. took it where area ofthe demography the changed and Croatia in war of the end the marked “Storm” Operation every ( discourse” hidden. andthus thatremain unarticulated presuppositions silence Croatian in forpress the and theaction preparation in it during 1995.Shefocused on the “Storm” – the “Storm”– the exodus ofover180.000 ethnic Serbs and (Malovi “Bljesak” of consequences main the prevented which re-integration, peaceful until years several for forces was leftoutside the reach of Croatian authorities and was under the control of the international peace-keeping “Storm”, conductedAugust in 1995, regained thecontrol ofKninska Krajina. The territory Slavoniaof Eastern extremists which had proclaimed autonomy. “Bljesak” regained Croatiancontrol of WesternSlavonia, while the aim of liberating the largest part of the so-call Republika Srpska Krajina, a territory under the control of Serb 11 even spreading hatred, and perception of victimization ‘the others’, paranoid whichunder threat”, delineates ‘us’ ‘the againstothers’, spursnational homogeneity, ‘our’ crimes and faults even today, more( crimes than event eventoday, ‘our’ andfaults a decadeafter the in the media discourse as a manipulative strategy, that is the information and information is the that strategy, manipulative a as discourse media the in Ĉ about the operation “Storm” as a “silent conflict” between Serbia and Croatia, which andCroatia, between Serbia conflict” asa“silent “Storm” the operation about Operations “Bljesak” and “Storm” were actions by the Croatian military and the police in 1995, with 1995, in police the and military Croatian by the actions were “Storm” and “Bljesak” Operations eri ü (2008) analyzed the coverage of the military operation analyzed operation “Storm” military coverage the of (2008) the silence silence Ĉ eri Ĉ eri that leaves that “outside thesehidden any truths problematizingpublic or ü is manifested in main ismanifested ways two – asastrategic avoidance of issue the 2008, 66). In some cases, this cases, In some 2008,66). ü 2008, 68) and 2008,68) aconveyor thus to of threat Ĉ eri ü 2008, 64-97) Ĉ eri 25 ü 2008,73).Both sides continue toshroud in Ĉ ü eri 2001, 136) and 2001,136)and atrocities against civilians. ü silence 2008,73). Silence is the tool is tool progressive the of is “an immanent part of part immanent “an is social memory moral panics 11 by Serbian and Ĉ eri as it is ü 2008, . CEU eTD Collection while the Miloševi naïve” (Media PlanHigh College ofJournalism 2005). not certainly are that “elements are there but aftermath, its in and war the during dominant –there isJournalism in(2005) School noin hate-speech form Serbianpress the was the that by yielded monitoring of the conductedby regional press students the of Media Plan the is theobservation Similar events. by political triggered particular squaringaccounts”, of phenomenon,in“mutant-forms”, changed, such “prejudice,political as intolerance or also claims that hate speech in the region has decreased, but that itis still present as a sporadic mainly inevident stereotypes regardingminority (Vilovi groups 2000, ushering bestintolerance informs thatare of speech”, defined incorrect as“politically media” (Vilovi (Vilovi moderation andcohabitation” based on tolerance, useof speech “the 1997, whichrequired media in sent tothe government Croatian by the an appeal after intoleranceof (1997-2000) 1997, be from forms lasted hate-speech of to succeededby 1990 to by a periodmarked softer genesis ofhate-speech inCroatianmedia print dividinginto periods. The three form genuine nationalism or its remnants are present inits nationalism media.Thus Vilovi remnantsarepresent or the vehicle of as a hate-speech extent what to establishing on primarily focuses countries other ethnicother as group evil by nature” ( Croatianthe and Serbian media,printimmersed in“numerous metaphors which presented the in both Vukovar for battle the during culminated rhetoric negative The time. the over changed violencefocusing between‘us’ the division its and‘them’promoted on how and dynamics during the war induring Croatia, the war ü Research on the contemporary discourses in the media of Yugoslav former inthethe of media discourses contemporary the on Research Focusing on the coverage of several key political events in the wake of the war and 2005, 258). 2005,258). The author namesintolerance “sophisticated theperiod 2001-2005 in the ü 2005, 259), noting that the phenomenon significantly years phenomenon subsided inthe the that 2005,259),noting ü ’s regime put a demand on the media to incite hatred, the “freed” media Ĉ uri ü andZori Ĉ uri ü ü (2008, 126-156) analyzed mediarhetoric howthe (2008,126-156) andZori 26 ü , 2008,155). Spai ü (2005, 240-253) noticed240-253) that (2005, ü 2008, 260). Udovi 2008,260). ü (2005, 254-263) provides a (2005,254-263)provides þLü (2005) CEU eTD Collection region region and worldwide. in the phenomenon the at looking is worth it is, there neighbor the of coverage much how answer neighborsFirst, nowadays. to of examining researchon the representation the related The aim is to get a full etc.). items, size/genre of key (topics, protagonists anditscoverage, features keyjournalistic view of how the neighbors domestic andforeign the to relative nowadays press each other’s in of Croatia Serbia and are represented. Therefore, it is worthForeigners? or –Neighbors Inward Looking provides. This nicheis precisely where the present project fits into. beto filled inresearchis by supported overview of the existingthe literature, which paperthis Europe.This media to a niche capitalistrecognition Eastern of inrelated shifteconomy the to particularly 13), 2008, (Mihelj communication mass in nationalism of manifestations banal (Miheljothers” and suggested asuseful2008, 11), focusinga researchapproach on mostthe various national of speech hate and stereotypes “instances of with deals overwhelmingly literature fact that the to pointed She others'. various 'national of representation the Yugoslavia, dealing Mihelj literature nationalism in(2008) catalogs with including themedia, former of including countries the EastEurope, Westand encompassing nationalism in regard. that correct entirely are politicians the by statements official the while noticed, she pieces, opinion journalistic some befound in the international can community towards andhatespeechturned Xenophobia the times of timesMiloševi of the (Spai public atlarge” of the please taste the to “in order use hate-speech to continued changes democratic the after Along with the discourse analysis, this research examines the quantity of thequantity coverage the of examines analysis, research this Along discourse the with onthemediaand andliterature approaches the of overview In acomprehensive ü 2005, 247). She pointed out that the remnants of of that speechfrom out remnants hate 247). Shepointed the 2005, ü regime are present mainly as stereotypes against minorities. against asstereotypes mainly arepresent regime 27 CEU eTD Collection Paradoxically, with the virtual shrinking of time and place due to technological timevirtual dueto shrinkingParadoxically,of place and with the bulletins resemble national with ofpages to a couple andinternational devoted affairs. regional France, news.dailies (1997,70)notes, Bertrand foreign 2% of consists of In content astonishingthe 60-70% fact of that U.S. dailies are occupied by whileonly advertisements, 9/11 postthe world (Franks (1997,2006). Bertrand 70)labels ita “sad tradition”, andnotes in with international complexity the relations andof globalization the important increasingly collapse Communism for example:Wolter 2006 of (see, ; Franks 2006)whilebecoming itis boundaries in social the imaginaries of post-Yugoslavthe (Sofosorder” 1999, 165). and “demarcating for national ethnic afertile ground which was introspective, increasingly being media the republic This leadof each spheres to wascentrally coordinated). latter (the each broadcastinghadits of ownpressandthat republic republicsconsideringthat the system borders along geographic 1970s in the public sphere former Yugoslav segmentation the the of hermeticfosters ofview” points (Robinson Sofos (1999,164-165)1977, 192). also noticed encourage regionalism and to in “tends former Yugoslavia content media the argued that rather than nationalthe divisions the alongethnicdue to Thuslines 1977,192). (Robinson she local on the focusing in coverage resulting role, play anoteworthy didnot needs audience or market the of laws the while elites, political by influenced dominantly was agenda media language, only read press comingfrom 2% of Croats The Serbia(Robinson 1977, 191). (Robinson 1977,191).She also noticedalthough that sharedSerbs and Croats amutual issues international and national covered that items 50% and republics, the from items 50% featured from republics, of the broadcast capitals the system, decentralized television aninward-lookingin mediaalongthe lines. the The trend the1970sdetects of regional mass-mediacomprehensive study politics of the of of country,(1977)already the Robinson Many authors agree that foreign news reporting is on decline theis since news agreethatforeignworld-wide ondecline reporting Many authors Despite the proclaimed unity that held former Yugoslavia together, in a 28 CEU eTD Collection the quantity of the coverage of neighboring countries is comparatively low, averaging on low, averaging on 8 % is countries quantity neighboring comparatively the of of coverage the a general trend of the dominance of domestic news reporting, followed by foreign news, while which provides results on the quantity of the media coverage of neighbors nowadays. Itshows SEENPM countries” foreign news, whichin triggersturn reduced audience interest. of a lower quality to leads profitability, imperative of the dueto correspondents resident curtails news agenda,which shiftingthe that consideration a possibility she into Rather, takes is disinterested. isit audience assuchthat itsclaimsbut notthe reduction, a reasonfor that as news international for interest' public 'low cites She own. our than different are that peoples information about the world and thus thethose powerof domestic news as tothe former influence have the power of often being thehow only sourcewe of perceive the world and Coldand Warnarrative straightforward of of battle the East versus 2006). (Franks West found inthe sudden emergednarrativescomplexity that of after the long-lasting, dominant be is War Coldto the after reporting foreign news of for thedecline reason Another sources. newsrooms foreign leads weakeningthe main to which using of as newsagencies reporting, 39)(2004, also stresses of thecost acquiringinternational news theessential as behind reason correspondents as a quickmoney-saving measure(Franks 1997, 70).Malovi2006; Bertrand a of trend bureausshuttingin down foreign countries and foreign curtailing resident leads to 2006).This home of news(Franks of production the attwice the cost War, estimated Cold the endof sincethe newsproduction foreign of increased because cost of predominantly looking. be The reasons inare to found in changes isthe waynewsreporting conducted, the one's 2006; nevertheless,country Franks mediainward-increasingly (Wolter the are 2006); isadvancements, it easier than findever to is out what happening outside of bordersthe of “Indicator of Public Interest: Monitoring andanalysis“Indicator of TV news programsin10 of Wolter (2006)stresses agenda-settingofforeignthe effects news stronger are that than is a rare research in the region of South East Europe, conducted in Europe, conducted East is intheregion South of 2007, arareresearch 29 ü CEU eTD Collection generally neutral. It is noted, though, that the public broadcaster inits is focuses coverage publicbroadcaster Serbia the neutral.that generally though, noted, It in is media, items as the content, ofnegative broadcast reflected in Serbian journalists the is for such provided factors not underlying inthestudy. The of representation position Serbian broadcasters, occupying 7-10%of prime-timethe news items religion etc. It is, science, education, such topics as however,meagerly represented before and international politics similarly represented and after ornot,broadcasters asit domestic generally ranks Serbianthe andCroatian in terms of2007, 214).Itisconclude hard to whether coverageof the war crimes ishigh on agendathe of quantity in both Croatian and Nedeljkovi the topics are almost exclusively related to war crimes (Vali to related exclusively almost topics are the 2007, 214).Croatia is mostthe frequently country covered among the neighboring ones, and (22%) (Vali crimes,country'safter (15%)and domestic international politics (18%),world (10%) affairs and 'other' news commercial television B92, which sees dealing with the past as a part of its mission, devotes 10% of items to war politics (21%),world affairs (17%),domestic politics (9%),'other' (16%) and economy/business (11%). The 2007,(Carcrimes 103).War getSerbian 7%coverage onpublicthe broadcaster, country's after international commercial television, ranking afterdomestic politics (16%), world affairs (18%) and the category 'other' (34%)domesticafter politics (20%), world affairs (23%) and the category (20%),'other' and 7% of items on the 13 cases. two the in neighbors of the ofcoverage quantity such Romaniaas well as one, commercial the on 57% and broadcaster public the with on countries neighboring the on items 0% on both broadcasters.12 The study does not provide the analysis as to the factors influencing andSerbia includingKosovo, 25% on countriesother (Vali on 65% items neighbors, of the on has 10% broadcaster commercial The countries. other covering neighboring countries, while 61%ofitems cover including Serbia and Kosovo, 31% items The Serbian has 98). publicserviceand9% of broadcaster (Car 2007, Herzegovina 26% toother countries (CarMajority 2007,106). newsof come on neighbors the Bosnia from and news, domestic to 57% neighbors, the to items of 7% devotes Croatia in TV commercial to theneighbors, 61%todomesticnews,and32% to countries.other Theanalyzed items news prime-time the of The average calculated by the author of this paper excluded the outliers – Montenegro with 23% of The topic of war crimes occupies 8% of the items on the Croatian public service broadcaster, ranking broadcaster, service public Croatian the on items the of 8% occupies crimes ofwar topic The ü Nedeljkovi ü and Ba ü ü anovi 2007, 211). ü 2007, 211). However, 2007,211). afurther analysis figures the of astothe 12 . The Croatian publicservice devotes5% items broadcaster of 30 ü ü Nedeljkovi Nedeljkovi 13 (Car2007,103;Vali ü ü andBa and Ba and ü ü anovi anovi ü ü ü CEU eTD Collection Plan High College of Journalism 2005). The report does notdoes of feature analysis anacademic report The Journalism 2005). of Plan College High (Media findings” research than rather as “indications, seen be can thus findings the notice that authors point out the limitations of the research (primarily a 3-week consecutive sample), and The another. one see neighbors these how show to in order 2004 in Croatia and Montenegro carried amonitoring of in newspapers anddaily Bosnia Serbia Herzegovina (BiH), & (Bajomi-Lázár 2007,123). informedviewer in issuch amanner able into “putinformation context” an adequate ittriggers a whether question as the of “theglobalization trends and europeanization” current thatthelackofforeign concludes maybenews inprime time of a considering cause concern 114 -116).Theauthor 2007, thecommercial and 68%on (Bajomi-Lázár one broadcaster items the public on with supreme 79%of commercial whilereigns coverage domestic one, and29%onthe public the newssome broadcaster occupy 16%of on coverage the broadcaster) to neighboring countries, despite Hungarian minority presence in them. Foreign and3%(commercial broadcaster) news items (public only devote 5% of these that findings of study same the prime-time show newsonHungariantelevision regarding stations 2007, 228). unlawful and contrary to the international standards...” (Vali international standards...” the unlawful and contrary to discursive model “we and them”is applied, “where 'we' are always right, and 'their' stands are by between marked international the the deep discord community, and Serbia and the 219; Udovi stand'', accompanied by sympathy forby sympathy stand'', accompanied (Vali victims the operation ''Bljesak'' in Croatia),journalists and the in this ''take cases an negative extremely military in of the coverage the instance, (for on of Serbs plight the events of wartime Students of the High College of Journalism of the Media Plan Institute in Sarajevo the that mentioning worth is it country, EU an with comparison of sake the For þLü 2007,21).The regardingdiscourse issueindependence the is Kosovoof the of 31 ü Nedeljkovi ü Nedeljkovi ü andBa ü and Ba and ü anovi ü ü anovi 2007, ü CEU eTD Collection Bertrand (1997, 18), “ Bertrand (1997, According to 1997, 71). (Bertrand understanding and shared principles cooperation under understand promotes mutual one another, whichand inbetter turn and understanding media learn about intermsprovidingwith opportunity servethepeople of should to them implying that areeffectively we countries, neighboring of the coverage of lowamount the factors becouldto how'theneighbor' contributing is represented. news values embodied practice inthe journalistic that of implications ownershiponthe the example, Petkovi for media emphasizes of (see, independence East Europe on influence ownership the in interests profit,and literature mediathe newsvalues.Although the on the resulting in South related ownership, media between link the examines primarily research the neighbor', neighbor' 'the of coverage influencing values News and Ownership matter of the items prevails. (Media Plan High College of Journalism 2005). subject towards stance journalistic A neutral rare. forms areextremely elaborate while more Journalismjournalistic 2005).Short mainlydominant, forms newsitemsare and reports, of College High Plan (Media in press the conflict” symbolic of “areas are sometimes “post-conflict areas of cooperation”, such as economy, culture or sports. Yet, even these areas ethnic warcrimes) rights, although showgradually beginning interest pressis the to into by minority indominated amongcountries inter- areas(e.g. conflicts various rights, the these Croatian press are worth mentioning: the coverage of Serbia and BiH by Croatian press is still include summaries of anddata hard isthus todraw conclusions from it. Some findings on the not does on Serbia report the Furthermore, analysis. discourse asystematic or findings the In the theabove examining shrinking literature newsforeign reviewed coverageand In order mayestablishIn order underlying factors linkedto be what representation tothe of 'the ü 2004; Malovi 2004; offering worlda pictureoffering ofthe ü 2004; Malovi 32 ü 2005),wearehere concerned with the ” is one of the key functions that media that functions key the of is one ” CEU eTD Collection Tabloids, on the other hand are privately owned and their key goal is profit generation (Ivanuš 50% in representation of its attitudes considering that the state has 100% ownership over has 100%ownership state the that considering its attitudes of representation but between they are trapped true the presenting information as entertainment” (Spassov 2004, 17). tabloid of typical “adoption involves which strategies –suchworld, as personalization,the around sentimentalism,trend common atastea for293), sensationalism 1999, and scandal,(Esser the accent press” on quality providing information quality largeabout worldthe at within the service”. authorizeusers do not newspaperin the way.Therefore,any they means are byno a public because the totheir anything users not owe companies which do areprivate “Newspapers Journal: theWall cites an of Street (1997,30) owner (Bertrand 1997,30).Bertrand owned by large and companies whose corporations main is goal not the mediamainly 1997,19).However, the“sell” advertisersare today order (Bertrand to itto in audience the attract need to they marketwhereby media in of a commercial the imperative as amechanism asan reduction of of understood and“sales”, tension, psychological happiness”, the to “contribution society: media inademocratic role of the aproper for others and related news values. The quality newspapers ( newsand values.The quality related their ownership due to in this research newspapers analyzed Croatian theSerbianand cases of 14 as known media, Thisfunction the of information”1997: 28). (Bertrand etc. useful understandable, have a duty informto the public in accordance with their human rights to “accurate, complete, journalists In exist”simply words, other 1997,18). not (Bertrand not talkabout mediado do knowledge of the world:the we acquire media that the through isit“For primarily that stresses He perform. should a common person, most of the world, people and issues that The roles focused on the entertainment and sales seem to be hard to reconcile with T Politika abloidization public service (Šabi is to be understood as“a spill-over oftabloid news values from the popular to the ü in the European media context, would havebe to reconciled with two 2009; 2009;Mati Samardžija public service public 33 Vjesnik role and the dependence on the state and state the on dependence the roleand ü and 2004;Vujovi Politika public service public ) avoid ) ü andLi tabloidization public service þ role in the role Vjesnik ina 2008). and 14 , CEU eTD Collection ushered inmodel a of “sensational information about the private life of information lifepeople”prominent“sensational (Malovi the private of about newssoft news, hardover into putting focus the individuals oradverse inbizarre situations, 2002, 271-272).Such inan isapproach Serbian evident and tabloids, Croatian whichfavor reach” (McQuail to pay will audiences advertisers story to of of the appeal breadth expected proportional cost the of to uncovering“directlyit”, and reporting and the proportional to “inversely sponsors...”, or investors cause might information the harm the to proportional issue probability environment the an isor that news is“inversely considered event modeldriven journalism. theory Accordingof the news market to in of production, suchan such markets, mediain asthe analyzed of The the regional tabloids advent foreigna tradition news foundgenres tabloids, andof strong have reporting. those inthe than longerinterviews analysis, feature forms processes, andmoreand other sophisticated and ( Registries Commercial for Agency markets of other countries in the region as well. of in countries region other the markets transparent and basically unknown. The ownership data for data ownership The unknown. basically and transparent business, with less emphasis on celebrities and gossip”. and higherlevel language. Newsis by nationaldominated andinternational politics, events, tone newsinserious often with report depth, newspapers that format (2004)as“largeSparks 2009). Despite the elusivenesswhich made them institutionsimportant in their respective societies (Samardžija 2009; Šabi of the definition of quality press, we here adopt the one by not available. not in company CyprusLimasol, registered which is beyond the scope of this thesis, and best left to investigative reporters. ownership of company this would extensive require additional researchthrough international company records, Stefanovi 15 2009; Odavi accessed One shareholder June 1, 2009. ofcompany the Press GroupindividualPublishing isan http://pretraga.apr.gov.rs/RepsisPublicSite/Search/GeneralEnterpriseSearch.aspx Several interviewed media professionals from Serbia claimed that the ownership of the tabloid ofthe ownership the that claimed Serbia from professionals media interviewed Several Both ü , while , the other is company AmberPress Limited, registered inLimasol, Cyprus. Establishing the Politika ü 24 Sata 2009). and is owned by Austrian the company Press news as acommodity news as Vjesnik isalimited company,owned by a local share-holder and a take pride in being quality along in tradition, newspapers with beingquality takepride 15 , but more detailed information on the ownership is ownership the on information detailed more but , (McQuail 2002, 275), that is market- (McQuail that apurely 2002, 275), 34 Press can be found in the database of the Serbian Politika Styria , which is present in the media and ), Vjesnik 24 Sata 24 focus on political on focus ü Press andVilovi and is not is Press Ĉ or ÿ ü ü e , CEU eTD Collection reconciliation. the former parties in the conflict totake place. This process is usually referred to as between coexistence andpeaceful aconstructive relationship create in it to overcome order the end of World endthe War II”(Kurspahiof elites in former Yugoslavia, lead which and to “the justified atrocities since worst in Europe Societies Post-Conflict in theMedia of The Role maintain professional its andstandards quality, tabloidization avoiding (Mati under new the German 50% owner, WAZ,company and the 50%state ownership,manages to technology (Mati technology press inhamperedis –in finances, Serbia byscantresources staff terms of professional and by low circulation it representative of it Thisattitudes. of position governmental representative editorial of the sectionwith the findings and the interpretation of the content analysis. 16 the role of the state in the ownership (Šabi Vjesnik revenues (McQuail 1992: 86).Such an isapproach evidentin analyzedthe quality newspapers advertising increasing or audience the in expanding than society in the influence maintaining coveringwhich 1992, 86), news, in adheres to domestic politics interested ismoreand foreign maximizing profits (McQuailThe “non-revenue” 2002, 273). journalistic goal (McQuail enlightenment” as a goal journalismof considering that such an aim conflicts with the goal of “public idea of from the spectrum the endof opposite stands atthe It political ones. 2004, 95),and generally ignoring analytical approach toevents andincluding processes, Circulation figures, which differ depending on the sources, are provided in the description of the newspaper in Proportional to its Proportional in hatredrole stirred in to by reproducing political way a strategic and Politika It presupposes It ü 2004, 271), 2004, 16 . (Malovi Vjesnik ü isadhere not compelledmarket to logic tothe strict considering andVilovi Politika facing thepast facing is cited as a rare example of a quality newspaperthat, a quality of a rareexample as iscited ü 2003, 218), the media now have power to help 2003,218),theto have medianow power ü ü 2004, 104). Although of 2004,104). developmentquality the 2009) and associated priorities, which are to make 35 , where media can play a crucial role in Vjesnik ü is accompanied 2004:271). truth and CEU eTD Collection media in since region the by war,whichisthe Relji seen ininvested journalists' training improving and thetechnical and organizational resources of others are lacking flawed” (Relji are others or the four elements at leastinfluence. to The successfulan functioningextent. of this model is conditional on the “Inexistence of each of short, media detrimental apotentially oppose thus and ‘the other’ of of modes representation no element can exert itsnegative the on critically reflect can tradition, in ademocratic public,enlightened educated full weight if the as a sound basis for reconciliation in region. basisas asound the for reconciliation “critical andanalytical (Relji reporting” be by replaced should elite ofthepolitical andstances interests of the and representation autonomous from state the ownership3) quality and control; journalism,of where hatespeech be media should whereby conditions, law; which of 2) economic rule requires context, 1)political factors: social afunction several of peace as of as well in preservation as the atrocities, and neither denying crimes nor blamingnor equally” everyone (Kurspahi neither crimes denying atrocities, and “acknowledgingadvocateshonoring victims and the of on all sides, examining the records Turkish rule tobe hundredsyears of in agowill invoked continue He a spiral hatred. of atrocities not only from the war of the 1990s, but from the World War II and the times of the as andconflicts” for newtensions hatreds of accumulation andthe distortions nationalist long as not isso, this only history,the butalso future the of regionthe bewill vulnerableto seemsbe Kurspahi adominant to perpetrators ‘their’ still pattern. literature demonstrates, the issue.reviewed Asthepreviously mission isanother astheir mediaseethis whether the Nevertheless, crimes. own’ ‘our about information the with is presented public domestic the that makingsure particularly and thesides, atrocities onall about truth the presenting Relji ü (2001, 8) sees the role of the media in the prevention and resolution of conflict, of inandmedia resolution prevention the the of 8) seestherole (2001, silence about our crimes our andtheinsistence about on ‘our’victims and ü 2001, 8). For instance, considerable effort andfunding For instance,effort considerable 2001,8). ü 2001, 8); 2001,8); 4) attitudes of public,the an where 36 ü (2001,8)as bestbasisthe for ü (2003, 219) notes: “As 219) notes: (2003, ü 2003,219) CEU eTD Collection protagonists ( their as individuals have often will crime, or disasters as such action, or drama involving newsinstance, about For become news. itis to likely has,themore item anews features mentioned of above more the the that hypothesis their confirmed The authors continuity to elitenations and people limitsthe is of what familiar-McQuail 1994, 270); reporting); basedon prior expectations continuity (closeness); events Theseare: foreign news. of selection which impactthe factors interrelated a setof Serbian andpress. Croatian neighbors’get the in full ‘the in the examine to understanding of of coverage order the them some values are universal to journalistic and editorial practice around the world. We should Values News Universal run. long in the media so as market to lessen dependenceon the publicfunding forms and related of control over Kurspahi mediaon the market. extremists call the political tune”, or if the economy of a country is not sound and thus reflects as long “as results sufficient yield not will standards, journalistic higher introducing (intensity); The seminal of Galtungwork andRuge (1965), analyzing identifies Norwegian press, quality innewsvaluesbetweenthe theDespite differences tabloids, and the press , and are big in terms of the (reporting on the events which were already reported onand reported newsworthy). proved werealready (reporting the eventswhich on consonance withconsonance pastnews reference topeople reference unambiguity ; reference tosomethingreference negative ü (2003, 218) stresses the importance of 218) stresses of importance (2003, mediathe a competitive ), they are (clarity); intensity unexpectedness meaningfulness unexpected (news that are in accordance with audience with are in accordance that (news 37 scale. scarcity; reference to persons; reference persons; to reference scarcity; and and unpredictable (significance); unpredictability (elements of drama and action); , satisfy the value of cultural proximity (however, within negative events scale of , CEU eTD Collection there willthere usually be strong elements of subjectivity”, McQuail 271) concludes.(1994, moments, particular the at news’ for ‘feel ajournalistic on based and relative areoften value ofnews “judgments the that Considering (McQuail important 1994, 271). as they perceive is the values news influencing factor Another 1994,271). news (McQuail ofmutual attention” predictors countries aregood between “flow of trade how mentions he Particularly, flows. news of features some influence McQuail (1994, 271) citesMcQuail Rosengren’s (1974)observation(1994, that structures” (McQuailstructures” 1994, 271), 271). Other‘valuable’ newsarethose dealing with nations” deal and unimportant (McQuail politically 1994, not to with distant “news tend will selection of events that will be reported or ignored. apply news, foreign exclusively forto buthasauniversal application the and accounts can assume the needs of the audience in of of needs can the audience the newsimportance. the terms assume or is important what of their understanding and audiences the of wishes needs and actual the media can rely on whereby be context-dependent, seems to a valuethat is,however, news the proximity stress new.Westerstahl fresh (1994,73-74) and is Johansson recent, that and – event in geographic terms. Finally,in the event terms. geographic protagonists or common situations that many can identify with. Fourth is the is Fourth with. identify can many that situations common or protagonists issues that people are familiar with and used to in some way – be it famous people as news as values implying identifies conflicts, scandals, human violence and natural disasters as high on the news agenda astrong produce hasto news the First, media. U.S. McQuail 271) explains(1994, Graber stresses (1989,84-85) main5 news thatarecommonly values shared among and drama negativity as key values in askeyvalues the foreigncase of newsreporting. and subjectivity dramatic processes drama news bias news . The third category of news values is values news of category third The . immediateness of the actual news selectors, i.e. the values that values i.e.the selectors, news actual the of 38 as an interpretative framework that does not does that framework interpretative an as Proximity elites that are long-term and long-term are that impact – the newsbe –thehaveup-to-date, to , be it elite “ideas, institutions or institutions “ideas, elite it be , is, again, an important value, as on the recipients. Second, she Second, recipients. the on political and The importance of importance The economic proximity negative news familiarity importance, factors of the - . CEU eTD Collection owns 50% of the (Samardžija 2009). The German mediaThe German group (Samardžija 2009). hasbeganyounger riseyear, readers last as youngto especially of among professionals consists mainly middle-agedandthe numbers population of pensioners,although of the but older Thereadership by audience. an educated, read newspaper, traditionally conservative adheres tohigh standardsprofessional (Mati guide (Samardžija Focused on politics, supplement andfree ofsensationalism,2009). it circulation is80.000 70.000- onworkdays and150.000 up to weekendson duetothe TV Politika 17 from data May 2008(Vujovi Serbia according to Politika newspapers analyzed the on information Background asapart of conducted this project. analysis researcher's on the based are practices their reporting of features basic the into insights the of some while region, in the landscape media the with familiar closely sources andindependent editors, with the interviews literature, from of obtaineda combination were of analyzed newspapers the offer.The following daily descriptions these editions of coverage that features andgeneral background the understand to important isit analyzed, ’s. The oldest dailyin andSerbia one of oldestthe in Balkans,the established in 1904, Politika newspaper each of context the into interpretation and findings the place to order In Content Analysis –Findings and Discussion is one of the two quality dailies in Serbia Danas isthe other quality daily published inthe capital. Its circulationis significantly smaller than Politika company, while the other 50% is controlled by the state through is bythestate controlled 50% company, the other while 39 Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung ü ü 2004, 271). Its reputation 2004,271).Its is thatof a andLi 17 . Itwas the thirdselling best daily in þ ina 2008, 427). Its current average Its ina 2008,427). (WAZ) now CEU eTD Collection from from region the permanentcorrespondents around the world. Nowadays internationalthe includepages news from Tabloid-liketabloid-dominated market. content,such isas show-business, virtually absent its in-depthand pieces, tonews which in as op-ed to testifies approach newspaper a quality a a remnant from the times of the former Yugoslavia, when 24 content, 2009). (Odavi and business, show entertainment sports authorities,aswell readingthe about as towards critical content, simple favor who old, years fifty and twenty between population the is copies.newspaper, daily around140.000 Thetarget audience circulation of daily printthe is been sofar.According inthe investigated figure hasinto the not ownership, disclosed turn, whose in Cyprus registered isa company shareholders two of as one the is unclear, yetforgive to its role in 1990s the (Mati ready not some are that people surveys show audience its However, reputation. establishing the role the After government. new the by move in a changed were team editorial the and leadership the democratic parliamentary coalition in won last the elections endof the towards 2008, Serbia public company which of enterprises the own portions (Mati Sata Politika It is a long tradition of tradition long a is It Although a tabloid in format and with many features of a classical tabloid in terms of in terms tabloid a classical of features many with and in format atabloid Although This daily tabloid appeared in the market at the end of inmarket endat the This dailytabloid appeared ownership structure 2005. The of the Press , it does not feature mainly short news items, but also longer news items, (up to ½ a Politika Press . covers politics and economy, unlikethe Croatian tabloid . played as a mouthpiece of mouthpiece of playedas a Miloševi the Politika features longer articles, analytical pieces, interviews, commentaries analytical longerpieces, articles, features Politika todevotefirstfour three pages to to international news, ü 2004,271). 40 ü regime in the 1990s, it 1990s,has beenre- regime in the Politika ü 2004, 271). After the 2004,271). had awidenetwork of 24 Sata . Again, unlike ü CEU eTD Collection Advertisements often occupy pages. whole often occupy Advertisements Approximately a half is newspaperthe of devotedtosports,lifestyle andshow-business. level actual the butnothing place.politicians, European meeting whyit about when or of took nature of betweenabout an high-greetingevents. Thuswefindout two allegedly humorous political of relevant protagonists ratherthan personalities, asshow-business often treated aremost Politicians the thatdominate ''news''. bizarre events tragedies and people, accidents, from are absent more newspapers, serious other, by covered political developments, important The majority of sources quoted. often without and sentences, of acouple than more no in event the outlining briefly items, news short scant, fact, the editors openly claim the apolitical nature of otherwise (Ivanuš 2009). There arevirtually 2009).There otherwise (Ivanuš nopolitical serious issuesin covered read newspapers not do who between youngand 29 10 attract people managedhas to and some 120.000copies sold aims daily 2009).It (Ivanuš toa tocater wide readershipin Croatia by owned media Austrian the company around the world, lifestyle and sports comprise approximately a half of the content. news and bizarre unusual events Show-business, front pages. organized often crime dominate politiciansfeaturingcompromisinguncommon. about information not are Stories about items sensationalist However, interviewed. sources multiple and information detailed Unlike in thecaseof Unlike interviews. page),andoccasional to one longer and (up as wellshorter articles page), 24 Sata This Croatian tabloid, both inboth in establishedis March This the format andincontent, 2005, Croatian tabloid, 24 Sata is sense ideological atabloidnois inevery of word,with the preferences.It 24 Sata , the items, the show by news-gathering work injournalists of terms Styria 41 andis bestthe selling dailyin Croatia, with 24 Sata. 24 24 Sata (Ivanuš 2009).Political news are 24 Sata . In CEU eTD Collection one country country one andof including Croatian Serbia region (in (in the press) Croatia Serbian the newspaper andthe numbersitems of covering neighboring individual countries in each numberarticles of count of total the average atthe looked newsI domestic coverage? foreign and news is to compared there region much the of coverage -how one quantitative press? the in there is neighbor' 'the of How much content. free of tabloid-like is It pieces. opinion and analyses as well as forms, journalistic longer cherishes It featured. also are environment tourism, education, issues, Social international. and domestic both with journalistic tocovering in andspace issues,of Politika quality terms devoted political Croatia, low circulation having in andit mind isthat the case only of clear-cut a quality newspaper in research cited an imprecise figure of “somewhere below “somewhere figure 60.000”(Šabi of imprecise research an cited agencies (Vujovi is by terms at10.000–20.000daily circulation-monitoringcirculation. of estimated It that some respectable journalists and editors left and journalists editors some that respectable fact war,andduetothe the after media tabloid With upsurgeof the political establishment. of ruling the andinterests viewpoints the reflects It companies. by state-owned placed mainly World War II to this day. It is funded from the state budget and from the advertisements Albania. Romania and Bulgaria were coded as individual EU countries. EU individual as coded were Bulgaria and Romania and Albania. Macedonia, Montenegro, Herzegovina, and Bosnia press), Croatian the (in Serbia press), Serbian the (in 18 The first question to answer when it comes to the coverage of 'the neighbor' is the key Established in 1940s, the Vjesnik Neighboring countries are understood as those within the region of the Western Balkans, i.e. Croatia i.e. Balkans, Western of the region the within those as understood are countries Neighboring Vjesnik is an appropriate for choice for the present research. Vjesnik is very similar isvery Vjesnik research. present for the choice for isan appropriate ü andLi þ ina 2008), while the editor inwhileina for 2008),the the editor conducted interview the Vjesnik has been under full ownership by the state since state the by ownership full under been has 42 Vjesnik , the daily , the has suffered ablow in ü 2009). 18 , more than , more Despite the CEU eTD Collection neighboring countries, which is roughly number5% of total the of items A (excluding sports). (see meagerly alsorepresented are crisis, economic EU countries individual of of coverage notableis shortage a there while and Serbia, focusedBelgrade on and EU 5% of number issueitemsin total the of The is majority an (excluding sports). contentas of a collective entity. Items covering global topics, such as the any country in particular (such in (such as items in any realm lifestyle). the country particular of economic crisis or global warming. The category ‘other’ comprises items that do not deal with report onglobal as suchas issues affecting thewhole‘world’), (coded world theglobal as that those countries’), ‘other individual worldand the (coded cover of other countries press), individual EU countries, those that cover EU as a single political entity, items that The situation is similar in is similar The situation Chart 1 of case In the EU entity as EU countries Serbian tabloidItems PRESS: Countryby Press Other countries 2% 3% 13% , 5items on average neighboring cover which countries, is some World 2% Region 5% Other 15% Politika , with the average of the average, with items of 5 the covering 43 Chart 1 Serbia 60% ). CEU eTD Collection newspaper. by than covering issuesandevents wouldthat be considered newsworthy in a quality rather personalities other and politicians about details sensationalist or events bizarre through foreign coverage. Instead, it mainly ‘represents’ the countries of the EU and the world Bulgaria and 2 about Slovenia. 2 about Serbia, on ofRomania impact the both about were identified, Romania about 2items only research, this for 19 matter subjectof in items the the Namely, case. in this daily the of look outward the to dedication substantial more a assume to Serbian the than of countries world the and other individual EU countries of more coverage significantly seemsitit firstprovides inthe atline glancethat newspapers, findings other the with newspaper’s tradition of foreign news reporting (see countries on EU items of shortage similar Although the amount of the coverage of the region in the Croatian tabloid Chart 2 As for the neighboring countries which are EU members, in all the 14 issues of Press at the expense of the domestic coverage. However, one should not be quick not one should However, coverage. domestic the expenseof atthe EU countries Serbianquality POLITIKA: newspaper Items by EU entity as 4% 2% Othercountries World 7% 3% Region Other 22% 5% 24 Sata Country 19 and the world as a whole is notable despite the seldom brings any substantive information in information substantive any brings seldom 44 Chart 2 Serbia ). 57% Press and Politika 24 Sata analyzed is in CEU eTD Collection other countriesother is findingssimilar tothe in otherthe analyzed newspapers aswell. region, which amountsterms toof thesome quantity 4% of of thethe totalcoverage, coverage. with an average The of quantity5 items covering of the countries coverage of the of Chart 4 newspaper quality The Croatian Chart 3 EU entity as Croatian quality newspaper VJESNIK: Items Croatian by qualityVJESNIK: newspaper EU countries 1% Other countries Croatian tabloid 24 tabloid SATA:Croatian Items by Country 3% Other countries 10% World 2% 28% EU asentity World 0% 0% Other Region 22% 4% Other 16% Vjesnik Country 45 EU countries is in line with the Serbian newspapers in 13% Croatia 39% Croatia 58% Region 4% CEU eTD Collection vicinity vicinity of 2%. There is no between visiblevariation andtabloids quality newspapers, nor Croatian figurespress, the among the newspapersarevery beingsimilar, all inthe close press? other’s each in Croatia and ofSerbia How much andforeign coverage. neighbors of coverage perceiveimportant (McQuail as is1994: 271) in animportantfactor casethis the determining editors showed, it seems that the the with interviews as newspapers, analyzed the of in any policies editorial of formulation the in account into taken are surveys audience no practically that considering hand, other the On standpoint. prove suchan editorial to seems practice as circulations the high newspapers with fence”the such anapproach hand, in 2009).On one seemsjustified the caseof (Ivanuš the look across want to backyard, dothey and only inknow “whatisthen own on to goingtheir wish first isthat they needs of audience's the perception their Thus, countries. their respective explanation for this: they all claimed that their markets are local, restricted to the borders of the world in respect. no in or region exception the are clearly that 1997; Car2007; Vali looking news asidentifiedpractice, bymany (see authors Wolter 2006; Franks 2006; Bertrand inward- in is global neighbors line that with of foreign newscoverageand also quantity the of countries programs in10SEENPM Radenko ed.2007. countries in news,TV and was previously explained in indetail (Udovi this paper neighboring of coverage the and coverage foreign of quantity the analyzed which 2007, As for the number of items covering Croatia in the Serbian press and Serbia in key one provided newspapers of analyzed the editors with the The interviews The findings are strikingly similar to those of a similar study done in the region in ü Nedeljkovi Indicator ofPublicInterest: andanalysis Monitoring TVnews of ü andBa subjectivity ). The dominance of the domestic coverage and low and coverage domestic the of dominance The ). ü anovi 46 of news selectors, i.e. the values that they ü 2007; 2007; Malovi ü 2004). Serbia and Croatia 2004).Serbiaand þLü , CEU eTD Collection neighboring country. These universal news values overlap in this case with generally case with the overlap inthis newsvalues These universal country. neighboring news values news of 1989; Westerstahl and Johansson 1994), wecan see this as an example the interaction of the country. Drawingand work and on Ruge valuesnewsGaltung (Graber related (1965) in that minute tabloidcover circulation the distributed due to the to of Montenegro editors the the daily is sold in Montenegro, but Odavi to milieuarevery coverageof tabloidcrime.this the Serbian prone to Also, criminal attractive isfactvibrant thelinksbetween (2009), Montenegrinorganized in that the crime and the the by in Montenegro interest such for reason main The items). followedout of 36), by by Croatia andBosniaHerzegovina of (eachrepresented 36 5 out neighbors ‘popular’ most The newsagenda.each other’s on high relatively are countries the that claim to is reasonable it neighbors, other to relative in discussed indetail the following section. However, the high considering representation is which better, understood be can they that coverage foreign the as well as neighbors, other between difference tabloids andquality newspapers. noitems with similar quantity of notable covering SerbiainCroatia ineach press, other’s average, of 2.27% and Sata between countries. the between is close with 2.10% items on Serbia, while Montenegro is the most featured among the neighboring countries in countries neighboring the among featured most is the Montenegro Press Although the figures can be interpreted as low, it is only relative to the coverage of cultural proximity, drama Press Vjesnik features 2% items on Croatia (2 items on average per issue), items onCroatia 2% average on per (2items features items coverThe figures Serbia. pointto auniform of trend a ü (2009) claims that there is no significant effort by and 47 Politika negative events features 2.10% items on Croatia on Press influencing coverage ofa , cited by Odavi , cited editor the Press (16items 24 ü CEU eTD Collection Press Namely,Croatia writing about often triggers by reactions negative readers,the makes which circulation, which to some circulation,neighborsdetermines (Odavi of whichto theircoverage extent the in changes asthe well as thenewsroom, andcalls letters to through reactions ad-hoc, own backyards. in remain their enclosed and region the of coverage in the countries the between links these to attention enough pay people’s destinies” (Odavi and “crime, economy, are These andCroatia. between Serbia those including in theregion, bigger events,ajournalistin neighboringthe is country hired tocoverad-hoc it. Sata exchange Croatian the tabloid with aswellthrough agency newson-line and sources, for (Odavi analysis” gossip, corruption” (Odavi “We are interested in tabloid topics: blood, tears, sweat, crime, show-business gossip, political choice of topics is dictatedwriting simplejournalistic and forms, as well ofissuesas choice the and topics covered. The by the tabloid nature of Press. As acrossthenewspaper. more evenly thedistributed interviewed editorPress put it: neighboringSerbia other countries (Odavi than Serbia relatively inrecently, seems 2006,there tobea habititstill as ''closer''treat to to from independent became Montenegro as Namely, here. play at editors the of part the on reason be asubjective to seems there Also, for crime. of tabloids preference strong recognized , there has never been an initiative to develop a network of correspondents. In case of are located mainly on the 'international' pages, while the coverage of is mainlylocated whilethe coverage of onthe'international' Montenegro are pages, shun away from covering the country (Odavi Although Press doesnotdosurveys of readerships’needs,the audience they track The editor interviewed for the research recognized the strong links interviewed research The editor strong the forthe between countries recognized The newspaper targets a The newspaper audience targets broad in Serbia, which itsdetermines simple style of ü 2009). Due to the relative ease of collecting such information from such information ease relativecollecting the of Due to 2009). ü ü 2009). However, heclaims 2009).However, thatthemedia,including 2009). Being a tabloid, the newspaper does not have not “a passion Being atabloid,newspaperdoes the 2009). 48 ü 2009). Items covering the other neighbors in Itemscovering the other 2009). ü 2009). Economic reasons, such as current Press, ü 2009). donot 24 CEU eTD Collection (Samardžija 2009). read audience of the instinctive to estimate what would want by highly and subjective areled editors the that considering newspaper’’ in but the in us, audience, “is not the Croatia interviewed editor insists couldnewsroom yield useful asneeds. their such with readership The the pointers to real that that the probleminfluence of the generally their as to so reach editors decisions not do consequently and lowcompetently done, or regularly are neither coverage (Samardžija of the region surveys considering (Samardžija audience that instincts’’ 2009), judged editors the of the ‘’by 2009).and Neithermainly of perceivedneeds are audience the the However, lived in Yugoslavia. former the is the two-way communicationincluded (Samardžija 2009).Additionally,itaddresses audienceolder members, whohave of the Serb refugees from Croatia, itinmigrations as a warsof including the of and during after consequence 1990s, the ethnic and thus have ties with the former Yugoslav republics, Croatia Sata Montenegro and Albania get hardly any coverage in hardly and coverage Albania get any Montenegro (with 5 items in items 5 (with items out of itemsin outof 34 (Odavi Croatia or region the of coverage affect the not do crisis, economic the dueto pay-cuts Vjesnik both in of cover region countries the items that of number the among differences starker anditems 10 respectively followed of 35), out byMontenegro(8 items). Therearemuch . No items were found covering Albaniain either of Serbianthe newspapers. ü and The target audienceThe target of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina are the most featured neighbors in neighbors featured most the are Herzegovina and Croatia Bosnia and Politika 2009). 24 Sata Vjesnik Vjesnik than in the Serbian press. The most covered country is Serbia (with 22 and 8 in and 13 out of in and 13 out of 24 Politika 24 Sata are natives of Serbia as well as those who came to live ). Macedonia has 2 items indailies, both while 49 24 Sata ), followed byBosnia andHerzegovina Vjesnik (1 item each), and none in Politika (12 24 CEU eTD Collection Nevertheless, Croatia is highest on is highest Croatia Nevertheless, foreign countries, includingYugoslav republics, Croatia, on pages the of just like any other country of regionthe (Samardžija 2009). the world despite inreduction sizeofmany ofincluding pagesformerly newspaper, sections the to the devoted the ties that haveandhigh costof paper, triggered printing a primarily economicexpensive reasons, link them. by by and determinednot Additionally, correspondent the 2009). newsroom the (Samardžija whereby 2009), some occasionally topics andthe uncovered, paceof isremain reporting resistance’(Samardžija least of ‘apath assumes sometimes reporting their Thus newsroom. in the by editors the subject toclose scrutiny arenot and independence degree of great region due to the easy understanding between the two languages (formerly one, Serbo- languagesone, (formerly two the between understanding easy the to region due interviewed editor of the by statements the in found be can explanations Additional neighbors. other to compared of interest high relatively the to testifies correspondents, of number in the reduction aradical in Zagreb, despite acorrespondent keeps newspaper the fact that the Additionally, that correspondents permanent few The correspondent. its reporting based reactionson the bystate institutions (Samardžija 2009). will andamend get they coverage kind of the mainly determines that region the of countries interest Itisof regardingthe Serbia the 2009). above(Samardžija interests readers the of the fact that fact Due to all Due to reasons, (2009)isof abovestated the former Samardžija that opinion According to him , SerbiaVjesnik is ‘’closer’’ to Croatia than some other countries of the Coverage of Croatia is determined to an extent by the work habits of the permanent However, the main reason for the quantity and type of reporting about Croatia is in the Politika is still state-controlledpartially andrepresents the state whichinterest, is put Vjesnik . Politika’s 50 agenda compared to other neighbors. agenda compared toother Politika Politika still keeps on a payroll have a nowadays have a status of have astatus nowadays Politika’s CEU eTD Collection and the editors do not notice if the correspondent fails to cover fails anissue. donotnotice to if and editors the correspondent the reporting they send often takes the already mentioned “path of least resistance” (Šabi least resistance” of mentioned “path the already takes often they send reporting As the newsroom extent. an to neighbor this of coverage the influences awaits newsroom, the from independent quite the correspondents’ initiative on the ground, the pace and type of of (Šabi of correspondents other replace thework to agencyon-line newsand sources reduction, cost to turned newsroom the beingin Bosnia whom and Herzegovina) newspaperkepton the payroll.the As ameasure of correspondentfrom Serbia is one of the two permanentforeign correspondents (the other one 2009). The of 2009). political importance Serbia for (Šabi region the with Croatia of therelations involve of lotprocesses a that considering to is important countries neighboring of coverage the political processes, long-term Thus thereporting of budget. from state and funding the itis receives bythestate considering that owned market, predictors predictors mutual of news attention countries.of two a good byRosengren (1974) as stressed political relations, intensity andeconomic of is clearly of coverage The accompanyingthe the determinant of coverage neighbor. this valueinfluence (Galtung andRuge1965;Graber1989; Westerstahl Johansson 1994),the and countries (Šabi two the between flowcapital of the with particularly recently, haveintensified Serbia relations the war,the with following intensemore inperiod were the Herzegovina and Bosnia Kosovo by Kosovo (Šabi Croatia of recognition asthe such situations, crisis and trials, crimes war disputes, and processes Croatian,break-upbefore ongoing of the the Yugoslavia), former the political shared Similarly asin caseof the Similarly Similarly to Similarly ü 2009). Thus, the linguistic and geographic thelinguistic and 2009).Thus, Politika Vjesnik ü 2009). While political and economic ties between tiesbetween and and economic Croatia Whilepolitical 2009). , ü Vjesnik is in tune with the state interests. The editorial focus being on being focus editorial The interests. state the with in tune is 2009). Politika, is nota newspaper whose success is by determined the the initiative theof correspondent in Serbia, who is 51 Vjesnik is evident in the fact that the that fact in the is evident proximity , as a universal news , asauniversal ü Vjesnik 2009) ü CEU eTD Collection exist some to extent'' (Ivanuš 2009). to Serbia any more. The emotionsstill very fresh in the memory. However, the mood has changed: '' The readersof are not allergic our readers towards tostories bepublic from strongly coming in the used to 1990s,with opposed Serbia war the Serbia Croatian the that are claims noteditor-in-chief The neighbors. as the of coverage strong, the in role a plays but still as well as readers' reactions.in Croatia, isthe highest which circulation, the isbasedonmonitoring needs the of perception Also, the impression is that a subjective estimate of the editors In the words of the editor-in-chief of chief claims that claims chief correspondents. of absence as the units by notby topics (i.e.andis parameters there geographic news' no'foreign unit), aswell havenotdoes international sections for designated news, and of organization the reporting the they approach structure of (Ivanuš 2009).This come from'' dictates newspapers,the which this newspaper. As the news,matter of is aslongstandards. asitabsent Politics from tabloidvirtually adheres tothe editor-in-chief subject is the of a country coverage dictates Whatput world. the restof the to equally region the it, ''it is the stories that are important, not where (see McQuail readers’ interests similarly 1994, 271), as in caseof the coverage of the region is Serbia.partially (Šabi determined by and of region the coverage the including well, met arestill needsaudience the of is that a subjective estimate of been nothe significant changes in the editorialeditors policy since then, the assumption of the newsroom of the needs ofitsnewspaper wassatisfyingaudience(Šabi the 24 Sata Although there are no regular surveys of editor-in- the needs therearenoregularof the of Although readership, the surveys confirmingfour years ago,thatthe survey The lastwas donesome readership the of ü 2009). In the absence of regular audience surveys,it is safe toconclude that the 24 Sata isled by needsof the in readersthe its editorial policy.The 24 Sata , the tabloid treats Serbia and other countries of 52 ü 2009). Considering have there that 2009). Politika . CEU eTD Collection 2009). Similarly, inter-ethnicYugoslavia, incidents sports orstatements by leaderswar crimesabout (Odavi problems of Serbs travelingneighboring countries, including Croatia, thathaveaninfluence instance,For on Serbia. the to Croatia, succession of foreign currency after the breakup of news anywhere values (Galtung and Ruge1965; Graber 1989). is from news values,reporting of on what perspective the universal looking However, 2009). read (Samardžija like to would audience of what the editors the by estimate by subjective the led is primarily in Croatia andevents processes of negative the The representation (Samardžija 2009). be reported Croatia not will Asuccessof for Croatia. negative is or nature crisis of is that process or event an present they as long as only reported areusually are aboutCroatia only that those in while peopleconcern Serbia, Croatia that that the analyzed edition of edition analyzed the that the relations between Serbia and Croatia. As the editor of As editor the Croatia. and between Serbia relations the in covering that as affairs international their and countries the of matters internal the covering or relations of one country on the other. There seems to be an approximately equal interestinfluencesmean in present negative,pastor here By Serbia andCroatia. links I or any positive to theamountlinks, international links asopposed of of coverage the of between any kind coverage of Serbia or Croatia, which focuses readers. the interest of perceived only the of daily, and the nature tabloid by the realized is which successfully owner, of the interest on the country or its regional and The approach is similar in is tabloids. The approach similar the There are no significant discrepancies among the newspapers in the amount of in amount the newspapers the among discrepancies significant no There are Cooperation? or Contestation in Serbia of coverage determine the main factors Two 24 Sata covers only those issues regarding Serbia that have direct practical Politika is sold in Serbia only, the emphasis is on the stories about 53 Press is interested in isinterested coveringin problems the Politika 24 Sata negative explained, due to the fact the to due explained, – the commercial the – is one of the key ü CEU eTD Collection values identified as newsworthy. among not the aregenerally positive, aboutevents peaceful i.e. news,those here as‘good’ value of attitudes of attitudes of (see journalistsandthe editors 1994,271) McQuail subjective of likelymost as in consequence media, the the reflected countries, the between antagonism continued the is here Implied sides”. both on conflict mild a of level the at still is them writeus and aboutit:“What weabout Croats the Secondly, Samardžija (2009) put as issues. unresolved of tension the of glass looking the through neighbor’ ‘the of representation with thelinks of past.the two the countriesrepresent which items of majority as overwhelming locus the First, editors. ofthe with contestationinterviews Thus, cover the topic of war crimesthe the basis of the on for this established reasons two least areat There contestation. of locus and dealing resultscooperation, but hardly ever neutrally. Overall, there are more items that represent the links as show locuscontestation or of aseither represented are overwhelmingly Croatia, links the that this topicbe newsworthy. it for to story the to aspossible asclose relate to needs contributes significantly to the (Galtung and Ruge1965)or universal news value of this ‘gut feeling’ of the editors with the theory, we can see that they are in fact led by the interview on this particular topic. 20 isa for Serbia topic visas for need lives of (Ivanuš inCroatia forcitizens implications the people Croatian 2009) –whether Interestingly, when we look only at those items which cover links between Serbia links items between and only Serbia those whichcover we look at Interestingly, when An important caveat has to be introduced here as this is my own interpretation of what was said in the drama and representation of whatrepresentation of negative is meaningfulness 24 Sata importance ,but country’s the increase is in exports not.Linking (Westerstahl (Westerstahl and Johansson1994), asthereader (significance) of audience target of for the stories (significance) 54 (Galtung Ruge1965)plays and arole 20 . Certainly, a general news a general . Certainly, CEU eTD Collection newspapers have announcements on front pages, that is a headline only, or headline with sub- with headline or only, headline is a that pages, front on announcements have newspapers news? page front neighbors Are to speak. a foreign country so toeach other, are abroad We of news tells us. fartheplacement as relationship as abusiness-like andalmost distance is a butnowthere by and war, same scarred the unity,by brotherhood republics united a readercould getby daily perusal press.the of They may have former been Yugoslav and Croatia are eachto other nowadays an international affair- atleast that is the message that Serbia internationally. or EU inthe country other any than country the to links closer no have neighbors the that is readers the to out sent being message implicit an pages, international for the region, and that by placing a significant number of the items on the neighborsdaily. on the an is in international affairs to this arenopages designated there section and that largeunusually this that considering section news main the in located Serbia on items of majority sections other than international pages and main news. main and pages international than other sections in arts and culture mainly the day and in the sections devoted to international news. Some are scattered in other sections, inCroatia thequality newspaperslocated aremainly in main thesections with / newsof news The items Western and East Europe. Yugoslavia, orwiderSerbia on region South Balkans of of items Placement Only items 7 outof total the numberitems64 of covering Serbia Croatia in or four all is findingThe none of section thefactthat have a here key newspapers designated the The tabloids follow a similar pattern, with some articles scattered around different scattered with some articles pattern, asimilar follow The tabloids former of region the it be region, the to devoted sections have newspapers the of None Vjesnik , but also others. 55 24 Sata is an exception, with the with exception, is an CEU eTD Collection about the ICJ process isa ICJprocess the about Galton andand Ruge(1965),Graber (1989) Westerstahl and story Johansson(1994).The news valuesas per universal the of from perspective the highly newsworthy stories these are Finally, by forces. Serb the werecommitted atrocities where the of Vukovar, commemoration for the the story about page announcement front the placed Serbian newspapers doubtless, which itis determines newsworthiness. Second,noteworthy their neither of that the of war crimes have for thestories on frontpage, the although they are coveredinside newspaper.the newspapers. First of all, their minister. foreign strong politicalSerbia will SueCroatia importancePolitika Homage totheHeroTown is and the one of the story about the commemoration of the atrocities in Vukovar (headline: (headline: ICJ before process the about story analysis. 21 Serbia isRaped! headline: sensationalistbearing of a highly ICJstory announcement located the centrally warin the Croatia. during International Court of Justice (ICJ), and about commemorations of atrocities committed the Serbia before against pressing charges case the of werepublishedCroatia stories about dealing with the past. Most of them are located on a single day, November 19, 2008, when the Interestingly,all of itemsthe announced on the front pages cover the topics of war crimes and Politika of inthecases a photograph without headline,or with These announcements can be understood as the issues indication beThese ofthean importance can understood announcements A more detailed analysis of these elements of the items is presented in the section with discourse with section the in presented is items of the elements these of analysis detailed Amore ’s announcement of the ICJ story is the first from the top page (headline: of from front is top the the of first ICJstory the ’s announcement also carries beginnings of inside whicharethen thenewspaper. of continued beginnings articles alsocarries and a neutral picture of of courtroom. the picture neutral a and Press occupies approximately half of the front page with the very prominent, very the with page front the of half approximately occupies ), with a portion of the article and a medium-sizedneutral photo of the Vjesnik large-scale ), both largeboth by centrally photographs placed and accompanied ), occupies 2/3 of thefrontpage with announcementthe of the event, high in political importance, while both events both while importance, in political high event, 56 Serbia will be TriedforGenocide Serbia in Croatia!) 24 Sata Press, 24SataandVjesnik does not feature any of the , while , 21 . CEU eTD Collection does nothavedoes anetwork acorrespondent of correspondents, or in (Ivanuš Serbia 2009). from from regionthe is hired temporarily (Odavi of Serbia and other neighbors.portal Index.hr) seemsOccasionally, to be sufficient news mostCroatian popular example, the (for sources various on-line of news and citing for the forgoals ofthe the newsroomcoverage regarding financial partially (Odavi of the biggercoverage events, a journalistbeen hasnever reasons areonly aplan. The one inSerbia.Development of such anetwork However, sources. other and agencies (Odavi whichisbased onagencynews oron-line sources, apractice of Serbiantabloidthe in fact byjournalists are some of asauthored items signed that apossibility the indicates items rarely withand initials with a often most full signed are they research, this for by-line.interview in the claims chief’s The absence of newsSata agencies as sources or edited news agency agencies somewhat more than somewhat agencies journalists items of (11out 20 total), mainly again correspondents. no byline. Approximately a half of the items on Serbia in Serbia on items the of half a Approximately byline. no in Zagreb. correspondent the by mainly journalists, by Authorship – The Waning Role ofCorrespondents Role Waning –The Authorship Press are characterized by the values of by values are characterized the are allegedly authored by journalists (10 out of 13 total), according to the editor-in- the according to of 13 total), byjournalists (10out areallegedly authored successfully spin into sensationalism), and both essentially are and both sensationalism), into spin successfully ü Half of the items in items the of Half Two thirds of the items on Croatia in 2009). This is by 2009).This assumption researcher by strengthened the factthat the ü 2009), while the main reason is that the coverage basedonagency isthat the main reason the 2009),while Press Politika proximity are authored by journalists, while the rest come from Press . Although an . Although numberoverwhelming ofitems in ü 2009). The 2009). situation is very insimilar , implied , 57 does not have a network of correspondents, or correspondents, of network a have not does Politika (10 out of items of (10out 15 total) areauthored The rest are agency news itemsor with conflict and Vjesnik drama negative are contributions by Vjesnik (which the tabloid events. seems to use to seems 24 Sata 24 Sata Press in 24 CEU eTD Collection Brussels paid by the WAZ company, a partial owner of owner partial a WAZ company, the by paid Brussels Also, beingAlso, influence,is state under the its interest in in-depth inter-state of coverage the strong regional foreignand itnews reporting,maintain which tries to as newspaper.a quality is thereasons One of payroll. newspaper’s the on are still that region former Yugoslavia, and of times the Slovenia. In Montenegro Macedonia, in andHerzegovina, – Bosnia Croatia, correspondents of permanent reputation built international quality on news hasreporting, nevertheless reduced its network organizations. who are stationed abroad for family or other reasons, and are paid per contribution, while workingPolitika for multiple news of in network the cuts the despite Interestingly, in Croatia. wassold newspaper that the fact and market the Yugoslav common the 22 by tooperatewithout While them,hired rolethe are tabloids they choose of correspondents. the countries. neighboring in the interest pronounced a have to Yugoslavia areyoungcapture 2009),andhavelived people (Ivanuš these by and largenot informer successful in terms of circulation. The only particular segment of the audience that far which hasthey proven so common indenominator, of lowest perceive terms the them) try to editors (asthe needs their satisfying entire audience, neton the castas wide is apossible to strategy tabloids' both because in it, possibly interest particular anyother or of region the rest mayneedsinof of parts haveparticular Serbiathatlinks audience the Croatia and with the in-depthanalysis or not tabloidsreporting. Also,the into consideration do take potential the ones, considering focusjournalistic they that on keyinformation short forms, only, without on-line andthe sources agency using region the of coverage the needs regarding satisfy their tabloids have Both have not plan correspondents. to does or as thenewspaper this regard, Politika . Additionally, contributions from the world and the region are acquired by free-lancers, usually journalists There is a clear difference between the tabloids and the quality newspapers in newspapers terms quality the of and tabloids betweenthe There isacleardifference Permanent correspondents arethose hired andpaid by and Vjesnik Politika . The former, as a quality newspaper with a long tradition and tradition long a with newspaper aquality as former, The . used to have a correspondent in every major Croatian town due to 22 due to financial reasons, to one in the USA and 4 in the region 58 Politika Politika’s , who caters to several WAZ editions, including Politika correspondents, it is the ones in the ones is the it correspondents, . There is, however, a correspondent in Politika’ s tradition of CEU eTD Collection with virtually no items covering politics of Serbia, save for the war crimes topics. The editor- The topics. crimes war the for save Serbia, of politics covering items no virtually with tabloid Croatian is apolitical the exception The countries. the between differences newspapers or major quality and between tabloids vice no differences versa,with press and leads domestic in andinternational overall politics, the of itemscount on Serbia in Croatian Topic the by Items of Distribution saves costs (Šabi saves costs a paid per contribution, while house (Šabi in- multitude contentof rewritten iscited and agency newson-line the which of sources anda orreplaced role canthe recognized be that increasingly by of supplemented correspondents readers tend less toknow it[than about Serbia BiH]’’about or (Šabi hadfirstbeMacedonia asit and further iscorrespondents to cut, suffered “geographically (Samardžija 2009). in interests business region the with includesalso professionals younger It audiences. has lived informer Yugoslavia and hasthus links stronger andinterest the region than audienceis former Its generally in of links 2009). Yugoslavia older, the(Samardžija region and professional haspersonal that its inSerbia of audience a part needsof the consideration Additionally, region. the of countries the and Serbia of affairs 2009). Second, there is the reason of (Šabi country inEuropean aWestern a correspondent keeping far lower than are countries in living thecosts of First, these arethree-fold. Thereasons Bosniaonly. and Herzgovina The topics of war crimes and dealing with the past, as well as the coverage of Due to financial reasons, ü 2009). The correspondents 2009).The in andMoscow media for Londonwork other andare ü 2009). Vjesnik Vjesnik proximity journalist travels to Brussels on as-needed basis, which basis, as-needed on Brussels to travels journalist has kept correspondents on its payroll in Serbia and in Serbia payroll its on correspondents kept has 59 as a news value. Namely, when the network of network the when Namely, value. a news as ü 2009). Finally, 2009). Politika takes into 24 Sata 24 Vjesnik ü CEU eTD Collection in accidents. crime and with dealing initems topics the of occurrence to be a serious quality tabloidization newspaper which avoids (Šabi is newspaper the mission of The and processes. events on political focuses which proposition distribution articlesof according the topic is innewspaper’sline to with editorial quality this and Theestablished while 1 andarts and accidents. 4 coverculture with deals only crime dealing (10 out pastthe with 6 deal of 22). Serbia’s with domestic andinternational politics, the war is still fresh in their minds (Ivanuš 2009). topic. Yet, the trend of covering topics of war crimes and dealing with the past is visible also the past dealing with and crimes of war trendcovering topics of the topic. Yet, to Similarly newspapers. quality topic in two the newspapers. in analyzed compareditems realm the three the dealingwith of other Serbia culture to arts of tradition of the extensive coverage of culture and arts is reflected in the highest number of in-chief of which is notapreferred option by newsroom the (Šabi wouldfilebeatennot requireto track acorrespondent contributionsfor acouple of days, coverage (Samardžija 2009). step outof newsroom demandforto procedural correspondents the political by the the Additionally, work hardlyon a complex, analyticalever followinghigh-level politics well-establishedthrough channels topicinformation,of while they venture outsideof habit a have who ofCroatia, in one the a including into correspondents, the of routine work other the by explained is which art, and culture covers item one Only realmsinternational. and domestic (Samardžija 2009). At the same time, there is no Politika Almost a half of the articles on Serbia in Serbia on articles the a half of Almost There is a clear parallel when it comes to the distribution of articles according to the to articles according of distribution the it to comes when is parallel There aclear The tabloids show somewhat more scattered distribution of items according to the deal with the topic of war crimes, while the other half focus on the politics – 24 Sata explains this by the perceived interests of the audience, considering that considering audience, the of interests perceived the by this explains 60 Vjesnik Vjesnik ü 2009). , almost a half of the items on Croatia cover the topic of war crimes and ü 2009). Thus lowthe 2009). Vjesnik’s persistent CEU eTD Collection reasons are two-fold and interconnected: one is with one inthesensationalism aretwo-foldinterconnected: reasons associated and usually Raped! the (although dedicatedthe show-businessnot pages), on sports in and culture. Whatstands out sports andaccidents, crime cover items Therestof the Croatia. of politics international and topics of war crimes and dealing with the past, while the same number deal with the domestic organization is not of the opinion that media should have such a role. his media butthat peoples, Croatian between Serbianand and reconciliation of trust people who suffered losses”. Headdedthat people suffered who the with particularly fresh, still are war the of marks “the that out pointing open, explanation lefthethe Rather, of readership. mood the perceived the to reporting of the tone the adjusts in case tabloid confirm the wish not this Ivanuš that to did 2009), feedbackand (Ivanuš their Sata beAlthough avoided 2009). topicscannot (Ivanuš dealingwith war crimes and of past the of editor-in-chief the successfullyto its spin topic of tabloid to needs.the war crimes theopinion According to of in emotionally packed reportage pieces from commemorations of Thus piecesatrocities. of from commemorations packedreportage emotionally photo-intensive, short, or be captured) forto awarcriminal by demand HagueTribunal the arenewed instance,about items yet brief news in (for either asvery paper, present the show-businesson Serbia and are scatteredothers. items of the rest The country. the of politics among international or domestic with topics dealing the theDespite topics such as crime“apolitical”the (Ivanuš 2009) orientation of theand tabloid, none of the itemslack on Serbiaaccidents, are located in of extraordinaryinterest events, in politics, war crimes topics are 24 Sata Press is led in its editorial policy primarily by the assumptions of readers’ needs and wishes and needs readers’ of assumptions the by primarily policy editorial its in led is ’ (on the occasion of the Croatia pressing charges against Serbia before ICJ). The before ICJ). Serbia chargesagainst pressing Croatia the of occasion the ’ (on The Serbian tabloid The Serbian ’ coverage of war crimes issues are sensationalist headlines, such as ‘ such headlines, aresensationalist issues crimes war of ’ coverage with close to the half of items (5 out of 13 items). In line with the declared 24 Sata, Press , the ”emotional coloring’’ of the reporting when itcomes tothe dedicates less than a third of itemsitems) the of of (4out 14 less to athird dedicates than 24 Sata 61 does not discourage re-establishment the not does 24 Sata Serbia is Serbia seems 24 CEU eTD Collection newspapers in detail. newspapers of the background the events. to as explanation little with and unfold, they as follow-up regular no with end, The chapteratrocities, on while the discoursereports on war crimes trials are pressing chargesagainstSerbia genocide for ICJ,aswell before usually of as commemorations covered analysisonly when they begin or country political affairs. Itistreats the big events that get more prominent coverage, such as Croatia the them high issues, news asinter- newspaperson treat the political as high-level quality agenda war crimes topic the sensationalism, towards thecoverage spin and of their audiences, interest perceived in the four from these oftheview topics pointthe of tabloids newspapers.approach quality Whilethe well. as media, print in other common finds he previously toexplain how why and sentencethe be” to came (Odavi they commented on, usually in“without manner, acritical having spent asingleline reports on the sentences is follow-up.Rather, with past:there dealingthe nosystematicadequate with coverage issued by the ICTY or local of element tabloidregarding issuesand the culture coverage of the newsroom war crimes courts in the region and Odavi war crimes However, issues. read about wishes to only then are audience assumewhatthe is that –theeditors readership, the mentality perceivedof to the the political establishment. Odavi political the establishment. sensitive, nature reactions of by strong emotional topics such publicand the often triggering is dealingwith duetothe in most visibleprecisely warcrimes coverage topics easily the usually announced (Odavi headlines and look of the front pages, where the big stories about war crimes issues are regarding whattabloids, be issueseems while theunderlying personal the to of editor-in-chief the perception sells the newspaper. Namely, it is the editor-in-chief that decides on the The topic of war crimes seems to be high on the agenda of both and tabloids the both be of high agenda on the to seems crimes The topic of war ü 2009). AccordingOdavi to 2009). ü (2009) assumes that the tone of such coverage is adjusted such of tone the coverage that assumes (2009) 62 ü (2009), the emotional emotional the charging (2009), of ü (2009) points to an important to points (2009) ü 2009). This type 2009).This offault Press CEU eTD Collection genres beyond news and simple articles (and an occasional interview in interview (and occasional and an articles simple genres beyond news (Odavi pages over two with a large accompanied photo, by newsshort items onthesides of pages item stretched longerper pageor iswhich one usually there to studies, according tracking page). The reason is mainlySata in the given layout of pages, Unlike avery (Ivanuš2009). attracteasy bymaking theirtask they reading to attention try designed thus and superficial, and nervous after browsing and short is span attention the the where Internet the results of eye- and visual They astrong component (photographs). have inmind youngused the that are to style, straightforward simple, forms, byshort audiences young with its success for accounts and dominancefor tabloids formsthe of differ the between quality short press. articles in the quality in articles quality press. the aslong extensively, ICJ, arecovered before genocide Serbia for pressing chargesagainst suchas Croatia events, political Large-scale someanalysis. and aninterview which features interviews of newspapers, exception and of analysis with inreportage, the the all while articles, short are The exceptions itemsnews10 lines)articles andshort items (upto lines andshort (from ½apage). 10 up to neighbor’. Dominantsize and genreofitems both in tabloids and quality newspapers arenews ofitems genre Size and , Press ü Beingneither tabloids, Short forms dominate all the newspapers when it comes to the coverage of ‘the 2009). Thus 2009). formattingthe lengththe dictates items.of indeed features somewhat longerforms, including longer articles (1/2 to 1/1 24 Sata 24 Vjesnik with the majority of items in the short news item category and no and category item news short in the items of majority the with also features articles alsofeatures to1/1page). There is(1/2 anotable absence Press or 24 Sata 63 have an ambition for analytical journalism or journalism analytical for ambition an have Press ). The reasons The ). 24 Sata Politika 24 CEU eTD Collection longer journalistic forms, a half of the items on Croatia in Croatia on items the of half a forms, journalistic longer in arts inthis newspaper general. andauthors cultural institutions (6out of 21 items) due a robust coverageof to culture and of The sources. readers politicsandassociated follow high-level usualpath the of prefer to who amplified mentioned bythealready indolence of correspondentsthe in Serbia Croatia and is effect in The high-level politics. the only rather focuses sources the on but citizens, intoconsideration opinions of combinedtakes common thestyle reporting whichseldom with topics, crimes war and political of dominance in the lie reasons The in Vjesnik). 21 of quality newspapers arethestate state bodiesor politicians and (12out inof 15 Politika; 13 out linked with covered topics the andstyle Dominantitems of protagonists of reporting. in the representation of the neighbor in the eyes of theNeighbor? the Represents – Who Protagonists readers. Also, the choice of the actors is forms. ‘deserve’ longer events that political large-scale ondailybasis.Itismainly the another interested not inin-depth, coverage still high of eachother’sagenda,one areextensive on “path leastmentioned of of (Samardžija resistance” correspondents the Šabi 2009; be inthealready found is to andCroatia Serbia covering it to comes when in genres variety andfrom news items aregenerally The agencieslackthe acquired 2009). (Samardžija of a items news short while correspondents, the by supplied mainly are articles Short items. news Vjesnik In line its with nature of a tabloid ventures into which political andtopics somewhat Main actors of items covering Serbiastill although neighbors’, ‘the that indicates forms short of dominance the Overall, and Croatia contribute to have of longerforms By these than newspapers, nature atradition beingof quality the the overall can also have a glimpse of Serbia through the personalities of film and theater and film of personalities the through Serbia of a glimpse have also can 64 Press (7 out of have of state, 14) (7out the ü 2009). CEU eTD Collection to the domestic interest of not audience are country other in the individuals of lives (Samardžija affecting issues daily about stories 2009). As the editor fromcross the boundaries ofhardly are sold newspapers where the markets is that Onereason one’s absent. largely are being, own country and thus daily lives of issues citizens, containing and problems thatdirectly their on well-reflect daily the perception concern directly that Stories topic. of dominant is the the politics while reporting, editors political of style is that the The explanation, interviewedlies asthe sector). editors in agreed, dominantly the procedural (e.g.civil individuals of other than state the that andassociated organizations institutions or individualthrough as citizens exceptinprotagonists and crime accidents topics, or through most often being protagonists of – crime andaccidents eitheras perpetrators. asvictims or publicother figures war-crimes sports, (show-business, indictees) and individuals, the latter through stateandthe statebodies, andpoliticians. 3through Thedominantprotagonists are Sata their “core business”, to quote the editor-in-chief of The feature individuals hand, tabloids, ontheother mainly crimethrough whichis stories, high-level politics as theyThe second is thehabit of the correspondentsbest of quality newspapers to file stories focusing operate on with the 2009). read that”(Samardžija be never ableto a Croatian hewill write about peasant, were to sources and procedures in that topical area. of the tabloid nature again inlinewith indictees whowere formerly politicians orotherwise knowntothepublic.finding Theis protagonist in state bodies politiciansor asthemain Other publicfigures protagonists. dominant are the next is true is true to its apolitical nature withtabloid item 1 only of (out 12) representing Serbia Common to all the newspapers is a notable absence of representation all Common of of is to neighbor representation the newspapers absence a notable the Press , these being show-business personalities, artists, as well as war crimes war as well as artists, personalities, show-business being these , Press and associated distribution of items by topic. 65 24 Sata . Politika put it: “Even if we 24 CEU eTD Collection they are main ‘carriers’ of the negative tone regarding the ‘neighbor’, while rare items while about rare ‘neighbor’, regarding the of negativetone mainthe ‘carriers’ they are that considering countries two the between contention area of largest bethe to seem crimes provides analysis discourse suffices items. of Ittoconcludethese the issues nowthat of war detailed insightinto the items of othertone neutral than one is presented in sectionthe which A before ICJ). by Croatia for genocide Serbia against pressed occasion charges the of on the by aneditor (acommentary tone item a discriminatory and with one of 13) (2out ones affirmative of occurrence some items, negative/critical and neutral of number equal an has of of 22). (2 out one affirmative of number asmall of 22) and (4out tone negative/critical of instances in tone). neutral/informative affirmative ones are to be found in the sphere of culture and arts and show-business. therare while warcrimes, the with dealing in topics located the ismainly tone negative in and the quality tabloids befound.some Both the papers inthe to affirmative reporting impression of the neighbor an item might deliver upon a reader. atwhatkindof looked i.e.I approached, variable was this a readerthat view pointof the of was from It reader. the neutrality to of impression overall gives an which piece well-balanced interventionthe by journalist,the forinstanceintroducing in opposing lead opinions, a to item if neighbor, the beneutral inspeakindividual still could item of the sources critically the the representation wemean By to approach overall tone the informativeofi.e. nowadays. neutral, press ismainly the neighbor in an item,propagandaignited which it seems toneof the that hatred, about the neighborin reporting the as composed by the newsroom staff. Even Neighbor The covering of Items Tone General if Politika media decades sincebeginning of accompanying warandthe twothe the After almost 24 Sata However, there is still some presence of negative, i.e. critical tone, while there is also whilethere i.e.tone, critical negative, of is presence some still there However, is mainly neutral, with some negative/critical items (3out of 13), while generally reports neutrally Croatiaitems generally of 15 are about reports (12out Vjesnik is mainlyneutral (16 outof 22 items), with some 66 Press CEU eTD Collection neighbors. cultural exchange in theater and film seem beto a seed of the affirmative representation of the 67 CEU eTD Collection would beidentified as well. nation one'sown of victimization of traces some that beit assumed was to that, to Related mention of 'our' wrongof deeds, whilethe of other'wrongdoings 'the would bestressed. body of nation via 'deep, horizontal comradership' (Anderson 1991) audiences their and in an speakers ' the place that nation') 'the country', 'the 'we', as (such deixis and stereotypes employing institutional buildings, national symbols onbanknotes and coins, to language in the media and politics Billigwhich nationalism (1995) ofbanal examples The repetitiveness. and analyses banality seeming its in precisely lies which power in Western countries,accordingis, to Billig's(which mainly country' analysis 'our of others', deixis 'the mostfrom often just 'us' 'thein country'), delineates the creating nationalism a nationalisticof banal UK potential. repetitiveness and It and is this theomnipresence U.S, range from flagsstrenghtening and perpetuating thesense flownof belonging to a nation. However, farfrom being harmless, the in front of 23 crimes and dealing with pastwouldthe bemarked by mundane way harmless, seemingly mechanismsdenotes that concept by nations on daily arereproduced which basis ina more banal,mundane forms,in line with Billig’s (1995) theory of in discourses find IdidnationalismSerbian andCroatian to press. hot expect byits replaced what toexpectdiscursive exactly forms thereisnot much analyzingas literature present-day of overt hate-speech, hot nationalism or stereotyping. However, it was difficult toassume expectdidfindinstances I not to Therefore, of forms of animosity. sophisticated discourse the more be by replaced speechhate hassubsidedto that claims years 2000,which after from my reviewedliterature the wereguidedbytheearlier andits aftermath, expectations of mediathe in of war times those the still moved have away whatextent reflect they andor to Expected Findings Discourse Analysis Unlike the 'hot', overt nationalism, banal nationalism goes unnoticed, but hasan almost subliminal effect in In the effort to identify the discursive strategies present in In theeffort present toidentify strategies analyzedthe newspapers, discursive the immagined politicalcommunity' . Additionally, an expectation was that the issues of issues of war the was that an expectation Additionally, (Andersonwhichis thus 1991), implicitly grouping into itself a 68 silence ( Ĉ eri ü 2008), that is an absence banal nationalism 23 , the , CEU eTD Collection mainly located in the issues of the 19 results and the interpretationof the content analysis. 24 Punishment and of Prevention the the on Convention the of Crime breach the for Serbia of liability the ofquestion Genocide. The other eventclaims was againstthe commemoration Serbia. Consequently, theday Internationalof theduring the process Court that the warof crimes committed in themay warJustice in Croatia (1991 – 1995). One eventlast was the decision by for (ICJ)years, to the declare ICJ will its jurisdiction to /critical negative hear are which press Serbian and Croatian the Croatia's Genocide andtext the accompanying elements–photographs, headlines, Theitems sub-headlines etc. in the both on focusing employed, was analysis discourse newspapers, analyzed in the neighbor’ nation. Croatian or Serbian the 'immagined' of albeit community, the to as belonging an averagereader if better we see 'the other' beunderstood can thus chargedwith towards animosity discourses of of power The feelings and commonness. national unity meansis of a reinforcing powerful it time of course in the yet innocent, a seemingly is mechanism This a nation. or community, the simultaneous presence of. This builds asense of unity, asense of belonging tothe same see, but feel can not community with the we and'share' meaning, which we consume, certain a convey media The us. from distant physically likely are they although simultaneously, ritual, we are a part of an invisible community of people who are doing the same, more orless summarizecommercialization. To Anderson reading (1991), anewspaper, asaform of a daily communities theory of of Anderson's(1991) readersinthe contexton impactthe potential Communities of Immagined The Power For the explanation of the coding category ‘critical/negative tone’, please see the section with the with section the see please tone’, ‘critical/negative category coding of the explanation the For ‘the of representation dominate negative the that establish strategies to the In order In examining the power of such elements of discourse, it is important to view their . He traces the origins of the phenomenon to he advent of print media and its th November 2008, when three events occurredrelatedto 2008, when events November three 69 24 towards ‘the neighbor’ are ‘theneighbor’ towards immagined CEU eTD Collection prime minister emphasizes that Croatia is still in pain over those who went missing in the war, in the missing went who those over in pain is still Croatia that emphasizes minister prime with the commemoration of the atrocities in Vukovar is“symbolic andjustice a of sorts”. The ICJdecision fact the that coincides stresses the Serbia. president The towards attitude critical of the thecarriers thatare is statements the It minister. prime and the president Croatian the by statements brings article the decision, ICJ the on information presented neutrally crimes and dealing with themarker past areof highthe unusuallyon the agendaleast seeit asa at certainly more interpretation would conservative beingserved, whilea highof the importance newspapers. justice of of joy prospects itwith Along the as amarker reflecting interpret sentiments of to possible the withevent, the thus showingan emotional one due to the exclamation mark at the end,how unusual for quality newspapers. Itis the issues of sensationalism of any (Šabi kind war Croatia! of the ICJ courtroom and an emotional headline: neutral is ICJdecision a announced with the photograph article The large about photographs. Vjesnik - Blood, Pilgrim, Victim Pilgrim, -Blood, Vjesnik in is neutral ICTY, rather tone. of courtrooms from the the reporting or loose, the on warcriminals the arrest to attempts the commemorations thattrigger highlyemotional reporting, reporting while the continuous on the and ICJ, of decision the as such events large-scale is the It civilians. against in the Croatian village of Škabrnja, one of the first mass war crimes in Croatia committed civilian casualties. 25 units paramilitary Serb the (JNA) and atrocities in committed Croatian the intown Vukovarin 1991 by Yugoslavthe Army National Vjesnik Vukovarwassiege shelled under 90days. during townwascompletely The leveled suffered and major Although Although this quality newspaper sees itas its mission to remain and serious avoid features ICJ decision and commemoration in page, with front on the Vukovar and commemoration ICJdecision features ü 2009), this headline steps out 2009),this steps headline out of into neutral the discourse 25 . The third one was a commemoration of the atrocities 70 Serbia Will Be Tried For Genocide In CEU eTD Collection Croatian perspective only amplify the already strong message of message speeches. politicians’ the strong of thealready Croatian perspectiveamplify only statements, combined with the absence of the voice of ‘the other side’ and the focus on the originate from from originate high-ranking officials (Vilovi so when they more even declarations, harmful potentially on the reflect andcritically instances be insuch and pro-active should journalists thateditors areopinions there However, wereuttered. were carried asthey quotes sothe happened, and eventas iton the report itisby journalistic behaviorquotes to One could politicians. arguethat the aprofessional inthe arecontained tones negative the that considering critically, ‘the neighbor’ representing labeleasy itemparties ishowever, not here. Itis, (Gredelj suspended as this 1997, 220)to least two involves at inevitably as every conflict isaconflict, of thesubjectwhich to texts important sides, particularly two the ruleof journalistic The issue. on the Croatian perspective official the on focused is entirely it but Serbia, from sources other or politicians Serbian discourse when the blame would be put collectively on a people. The article does not cite direction,mistakesis time; inonlyproper war-time the frequent avoiding any of thus that the Miloševi to evil” great “the the of attribution The avictim. only and always was Croatia attacked the where narrative, blackandwhite of a is that impression overall the and war in the involvement Croatian the to reference any avoid skillfully politicians the by statements The Croatia. victimized of that is article the of framing parliamentinvokes justice for all victimsthe by needthe topunish the culprits. Croatian Serbiaof to the of Thepresident others. brought butalsothe Greater to people, while flowers were thrown at them”. He also stressed “the great evil” that Miloševi vice versa, but went toSerbia, that soldiers Croatian not “itwas that concludes symbolically soil”, conducted Serbian the on “The warwasnot face adding that “must the past”, Serbia and that and that it was Croatian and not Serbian towns that suffered destruction. He The theme of the justice that has to be served recurs through the statements, while the while statements, the through recurs served be to has that justice the of theme The ü 71 ’s politics sends the blame on the regime of the of regime the on blame the sends politics ’s ü 2005, 259).The emotional headline and ü ’s politics CEU eTD Collection with the article is with article the minister). It also mentions the title of is“Vukovar Country, Italsomentions the titleevent Vukovar the OurBeautiful of minister). of “pilgrims” and“the Croatian unity” it demonstrates (the latter being the words of the prime line the thesize of stresses repeatedly occasions, three on Vukovar” of victim “the mentions text The long procession. the of walk five the kilometer stresses The caption plight. through unity national of sentiment overall the reinforces 1995) (Billig nationalism banal of symbols in ceremonial uniforms bearingmultitude of a Croatian flags. Themultiplication of the soldiers and costumes innational by led people citizens, of long procession a features article the with photo central The 255). 2003, (Smith heroes”. its and community the celebrating and commemorating of importance the and destiny, glorious a ensure to sacrifice individual mass and of power regenerative inthe belief “a nations new of for self-definition important block of new the national myth-making. Smith (2003) defines as one of “sacredfoundations” personificationthrough to mythicalthe hero-victim status of becomes nation.the It abuilding representationepitome of theof as the victim, asthe personified Vukovar narrative: of the themetaphors thekey introduce commemoration nationaleternal glory”. blood, victimof you, the past, event and event: the at delivered speech from a line a features theas a saint-likemass pilgrimage. status headline bears the front page announcement Theascribed townthe flag, Croatian the bearing event, the at uniforms in winter is soldiers Croatian of toprocession elevated the town through of commemoration atrocities in the by Accompanied Vukovar 1991. of photo the a the the narrative strikes the reader as moderate in the negative representation of neighbor’. of ‘the in as moderate negativerepresentation the reader the narrative strikes the Yet, as the blame is attributed to the regime and the state, as the entity to be tried before ICJ, The second article featured on the front page of the same issue of same page of on the frontthe featured The second article Homage to the Heroic Town paid by20.000Pilgrims.Homage to paid the HeroicTown Both the headline and the sub-heading already sub-heading andthe headline the Both Homage to the Heroic Town, totheHeroic Homage 72 “To you, the great, the honorablepast,to great,the “To you,the while the headline the while Vjesnik The sub-heading covers the covers CEU eTD Collection in present time, while at same time linking it with the temporally distant generations of the of generations distant temporally the with it linking time same at while time, in present homogenization their bondfunctiona community due to togetherof group two-fold the – they construction memory social 1998, 12).Namely,of (Rothenbuhler areafactor of they for the particularly important are inbeing nature, ritual commemorations, ceremonial that (SchopflinIn 1997,33). religiousthe invocation overtones and myths,itof becomes evident “thethat newly foundedhas system withmade dispensed whatever the old reprehensible” is meaning implicit The nation. a Croatian case in this self-determination, and self-definition 1997, 33),whichbe is found to adeeper here, as structure asatool deal of a group to its with (SchopflinThis 1997,32-33). is myth closely tothefoundationalrelated myth (Schopflin allows theof behorrors pastthe to left behind and replaced by newclean, beginning “rebirthmyth of and renewal” (Schopflin1997,32-33)enters discoursethe in whicha pattern The andregenerates. rises ashes the from anditspersonifying unity nation the of plightthe town the sacrifice, blood the Past rejuvenation. and implies regeneration development of economic the create narrative future”. emotional asitits The is “ready own personified, to economic development forward. of itsVukovar way is and Vukovar repeatedly again defending it and unifying it. in role Vukovar’s and nation Croatian the of out article, inthe outwards look only the also isatmilitary, at from againSerbian andnot the battlefields, the the isdirected nation. This wartimeof the reports reminiscent revenge, the with satisfaction messageof and anger This paramilitaries”. Serbian and Army Yugoslav criminal the of spine the of “breaking in role” and “heroic its “thetown” the victim regarding of whereare paraphrased a politician words nation,its body even, and certainly the axis itsof unity. the and country the of embodiment the become plight its and town the Thus Croatia”. My is The theme of victimization is juxtaposed with the politicians’ statements about the about statements politicians’ the with juxtaposed is victimization of theme The end, very the until article the throughout absent is perpetrators the of mention The 73 CEU eTD Collection regeneration as a constitutive one within the myth of foundation. A box within the text, the within A box foundation. of myth the within one constitutive a as regeneration national spirithere is by again boosted of message the Phoenix-likethe renewal, myth a of the Vukovar, about article the to Similarly politicians. by statements the in enumerated are development the of Thesuccesses development”. towards “has turned Škabrnja withis Juxtaposed is hopepunished repeated. as painfulpast the andof thefuture progress, as the plight of the entirebe seen “should of Škabrnja plight thatthe stress statements The is reinforced. thus ‘the other’ Croatian people”,by committed evil the of memory public The nation. Croatian and whole the by shared thecollective, convictionbe should that remembrance the that implies ‘we’ thepronoun collective The perpetrators unity. Croatian will be remembrance and motif ismarkedby article the The of no can one Croatia”. are today that subdue ever the will for justice we as We awarethen were justice. hand of by yetbe the who reached are to perpetrators the to be served, committed, atrocities and the pain the “We remember butweremember”, hate, not “We do framed politicians: by asthe statements in the located the mainly is again charging emotional the connectiveHowever, tissue guilt. a collective of noattribution with paramilitaries, the and military the at directed of the blame is the Again, werecommitted. atrocities what and village the entered paramilitaries” Serbian numerous “the and Army” Yugoslav the of units “the how explains It crime. in villageneutral journalisticŠkabrnja ofthe the of war Croatian background provides a building. formingnewheritage ofthe the new myth-making, innation its the process identity- of 2003, 2) is still ongoing and that the memories and symbols from the past war are the tissue of defining the nation, which involves likestrategies myth-making and memoryselective (Smith consensus, andmotivate toaction (Rothenbuhler 1998,11). It seems thatthe process of past ( Ĉ The article in the same issueof inthesame The article eri ü 2008, 85). In In addition this, indecision 2008,85). they reduce to generate of group, the Vjesnik 74 covering the commemoration of atrocities the of commemoration the covering CEU eTD Collection around both articles.achieved by from photographs Vukovarthe being andŠkabrnja commemorations placed Thus the two articles are and Škabrnja, the headline of headline is “ and the which of Škabrnja, inVukovar commemorations the about one the with merged visually is piece The importance. inissue thisinissensationalism high relation be to of the tabloid, expected political and to the HagueforGenocide! 24 Sata – Voice to the People the to –Voice 24 Sata additionally evident in the analysis of the Serbian press below. be will “Storm” operation the of perception the in schism This original]. in the [italics ‘Storm’ in Croatia is a for “remembrancesaga victimization” Serb mythology.the the political of Succinctly put, of nation) for the contemporary political mythology of Croatia”, while itis “a contribution to the is“thenew symbol ‘Storm’ operation,of press coverageof the (arebirth the beginning the of national As rhetoric. isa which them”), to is sacred (“nothing ‘the sacred’ of motif the introduces ‘Storm’ operation overthe contestation The victim. the as Croatia of that is message worthnot overall The mentioning again. moreover, names are, whose ‘the others’ of 'foreignness' implying people’, status and the distance, by strengthened phrase ‘those the is politicians Serbian the with discord the while in‘Storm’, military action Croats the Impliedany is hereboth”. by likely thecase a that badcommitted of the denial deeds were peoplewarningthose understand nothing that is them.is anything, or donotsacredto most It serious a is “This comments: politician Croatian The Croatia”. from apology an asked and andforeign minister’s statements ‘Storm’ which “labeledpresident’s [operation]as a crime by areaction “Serious Warning”features entitled Serbian to the a Croatian politician The tabloid The 24 Sata Ĉ celebration eri ” The exclamation mark is not an unusual discursive device of device discursive an unusual is not mark exclamation ” The ü reports on the same event with the headline “ headline the with event same the on reports (2008, 85) points outin (2008,85)points her study Croatian Serbian the of and , while in Serbia it is a Tell Us Where Our Dead Are Dead Our Us Where Tell 75 de facto de de facto de connected into one despite the two commemoration introduction of a tabooin the ”. The visual merging is merging visual The ”. Serbia tobeTried Serbia in ” ( Ĉ eri ü 2008, 85) 2008, CEU eTD Collection followed by “ a sub-heading meaning”large“ (Rothenbuhlerheadline 1998,17).The uniforms, areparticularly in strong ritual situations as they fill“expand to theirsituations with and flags as such symbols”, “Condensed atrocities. the of victims who fell as dearest military of inuniforms, flags, carrying aswellaphotos women their blackremembering in led by men inVukovar, procession the of dominated by a largephotograph lines oftext, politicians. the by statements emotional the to weight more forget.hard Unlike to still Croatiahurt andare which continue to issues past the of the dealings with on presentthe be to seems emphasis the Rather, victimization. or plight through unity national of messages mythical evoke not does tone overall the issue, in the involved sides both of article the in presence the with Combined competitions. sports isof reminiscent discourse Croatia”. The won the first round. Nowthe contestwe are that isfaced to be waged with in the courtroom.the of is equals, The framing of a contestation that sides both isrespected. of representation the second, The Croatian which Minister isof Justicethe of rule journalistic Justice. the Thus of Minister Serbian andthe in Hague the representative proofsays: “We of genocide in Vjesnik as it brought great harm toThe message about theCroatia required justice for the culprits and the need for Serbia toface the past is delivered, yet the article is framed differently than in similar to those in those to similar is quotes politicians’ of selection The in Vukovar. event the at mood in solemn minister of photographs in women black, wreathsgrieving flowers of the and presidentand prime bythe is taken space lot of the a half where pages, a and three occupy The articles implyingheadlines, the close link of ICJ the withprocess in events the Vukovar and Škabrnja. . Statements by . Statements Croatian juxtaposedpoliticians arewith by those Serbianthe legal The item on commemorationsthe in Vukovar andŠkabrnja contains onlysome 10 Vjesnik, 24 Sata yet these are shorter and thus their force is somewhat lessened. somewhat is force their thus and shorter are these yet Vukovar and Await Škabrnja Punishment fortheCulprits , Vjesnik does not cite any representatives of gives not of Serbia,and cite any representatives does 76 Tell Us Where the Dead Are” Dead the Where Us Tell ”. The ”. is CEU eTD Collection statements of the politicians that set the tone of the item in victims is the statementskey ‘carrier’ of politiciansof the emotional delivered weight onof thethe occasion.article in Whilethe tabloid, the plea it of isthe the relatives of the transgression of hate-speech as a remnant of discourse. war-time the of aremnant as of hate-speech transgression background of factually warcrimes neutrally,the and while newspaper, a serious quality and processes in the focus of narratives, while narratives, focus of in the and processes innewsprotagonists, ideasvalues the whichislinewith ratherthan of people tabloid placing as victims of relatives actual the people, the on focus tabloid’s in the is commemorations cleansing forparticular Croatian weight audience asitsuggestiveis murders grave of and ethnic JNA)’’. referred strictly to certain paramilitaries, lateron it was applied to any Serb military units (includingidentification. soldiers of 27 There was Croats and Bosnian Muslims. (Zakošek 2000,115).a tendencyfact operating as extreme Serbian nationalists, knownfor graveto atrocities committed against Partisans,expand ethnic 26 the use of the term: while in the beginning of the conflict it see media examples, (for andinthe among people the ‘theboth linguistic hatred towards common enemy’, carrier 1990s, the of the warof during as ‘Chetniks perpetrators labels of article the author The massacres.” of set for which blame to whowas over contests began mass in that Croat-Serb burials was caves discovery of It the accountability. post-Yugoslavia, deadbodies have been meansa principal blaming of demanding and strong emotional appeal of pleathis canbe explained by Verdery’s ”In (1999) argument: Serbia”. towards The “isare buried directed find where victims to Their the out and plea pain features protagonists. victimsthe relativesof asthe of short thisa usualsizefor tabloid, text, The notable difference between difference The notable Zakošek115) stresses‘’some (2000: paramilitary that Serb themselves units termforself- usedthe Chetniks were Serb paramilitary units during World War II who sided with the royalists, but were in were but royalists, the with sided II who War World during units Serb paramilitary were Chetniks 27 , and is a remnant of hate-speech. , andis war-time of the a remnant 26 ’, this name being a stereotypical derogatory forSerbforces, a Vjesnik does not use hate speech, and presents theactual presents and hatespeech, notuse does 24 Sata 24 77 Vjesnik and Ĉ Vjesnik presents the event through the through event the presents eri Vjesnik ü 2008: 79). The term The term carries 2008:79). . In line with its policies of policies its with line In . 24 Sata in the coverage of inthe coverage slips into the into slips CEU eTD Collection “Storm” for isenough Croatia Serbia take to to the Justice court. but is for only sought, the in operation the committed were atrocities that recognize to Croatia of The refusal war. the initiator of the normalization motifs struggleof contestation it. Moreover, and as dominate Serbiabe understood isto the of relations between the two countries, as if it has no blameprocesses. in lengthy article focused ismainly on a neutral representation legal the of details the of time This Croatia. the operation “Storm”. In the words of the prime minister “ past behindThe main future”. common turn and to the bone is of clearlyEuropean contention Croatiaadequately“did that of leave makenot attempts tothe respond Serbia to peace, the saying minister foreign the by statement the is follows What Croatia. suing by itself “defend” Anotheragainst Serbiafor genocide. politician is assayingSerbiathat cited will to try related to the decision inCroatia ICJforthe in to theatrocities committed “Storm” measurethe 1995 asa operation of ICJ sue Serbia will that announcement the with opens article The strategy. discursive war-time to declare its ominous of overtones invocation the history of as meansof afrequent“settling accounts”, the jurisdiction againstcommitted Serbsin butalsoin 1995, Worldthe WarII”.The statementinresounds with the processCroatia that crimes about the truth hear the to beanopportunity “Thisminister: will foreign of Croatia’s claim fact that 250.000 fact that headline “ the not bewill discussed.and research this of scope the beyond is atrocities the regarding numbers the with manipulation widespread 28 Denial and –Silence Politika The discourse of the politicians is that of a counter-attack as a form The defense. asaform of a counter-attack of is that politicians the of The discourse Although this figure differs from the ones that can be found in various other sources, the issue of page The frontof Belgradedaily the Serbia willSerbia sueCroatia 28 they Serbs were ethnically cleansed from the territory of the Republic of [my italics] will have to do it in front of the ICJ”. The rest of the ”. The sub-heading paraphrases the words of the Serbian Politika 78 of of November 19,2008isdominated by they [my italics] refused to face the CEU eTD Collection by a prominent NGO figure in Croatia is not quiteby innot successful.NGO figure Croatiaa prominent is theconcurrence He dismisses can beonly to Serbia. detrimental The attemptatestablishing abalanceby statementa later in fact, notaccidental and that there is a plan behind the concurrence of the twoevents, which Mesi “pleased President which intentional coincidence” on happened sameisthe as “accidental theyastheor ICJdecision explainedby journalist the animosity onof Serbia,two occasions. uttered at First,the event, the is coincidencesomewhat marred that by thethe use commemoration of irony as a vehicle in Vukovarof used as in used as leaders are by Croatian samequotes The flood. like afireor ifitwas anaccident ‘ours’; as is there Again, day the is“the soldiers Croatian onein commemorated laid1991 when down their arms”. journalist,by thein phrase Instead, is tragedy while “the Vukovar. Vukovar” of oncethe used Gloating toCaution same topic in the covering item the with the in contrast case, the of intricacies legal of analysis the with politics, high-level of issue an as framed is article The courtroom. in the representative legal is Serbian the foreign either while the of minister affairs, of the is portrait – one neutral the are article the accompanying it. The photos todo wants thesides nonebut of atrocities, Taking to court incites a new cycle of strife. Someone ‘their’ perpetrators. victimshas and of ‘our’ from wartimes, the known narrative, is the Implied to admit first that they committed certain information that constitutes one of the key elements of discourse in these examples. our is accused of genocide, what these deeds may be. Again, there is there Again, maybe. deeds these what genocide, is accusedof ismention Serb there against atrocities population. In the lengthy article no the of why Serbia deeds, while Politika Vjesnik Vjesnik also covers the commemoration in Vukovar. In the article entitled “ silence they and ” there is no background on the actual events and the atrocities committed atrocities and the events actual onthe isbackground ” there no , where the discourse of national victimization prevails. victimization of national discourse , wherethe have a blame they do not wish to admit. It is the 24 Sata about our crimes. As if “the tragedy” has no perpetrators, let tragedy” ourcrimes. hasnoperpetrators, about alone Asif“the . However, this open, objective carrying of statements critical statements of carrying objective open, this . However, 79 ü ”. The first phrase suggests that itis, that suggests phrase ”. Thefirst silence silence ( Ĉ eri , the absence of ü 2008)about From CEU eTD Collection is a rape, the ultimate degradation of a human being. Additionally, Serbia is to beis understood to Serbia being. Additionally, a human of degradation ultimate is arape,the doto with it, and thus thefeeling ofinjustice. Moreover, injusticethe could notbe harder –it atleastunderstand, or Serbia hadnothing wasno genocide, weareto there andvictimization: “GenocideinCroatia”!” Tried intheHaguefor “ says: pre-heading rape.The of –those war crimes actual the thememory invokes of asitperversely peak reachedadiscursive of thus victimization Serbia Speech and Hate Denial –Victimization, Press matter. anywhere by actual committed in SerbiansideinVukovaror war crimes the that for Croatia decision. The headline on the front page of the newspaper says: “ page of says: front newspaper the on the headline The decision. prime minister in conversation. minister prime and president Croatian the of one neutral a is text the with photograph The cost. any at Serbia suits “swallowingcontingentsideson atsomeequal footing, putting apologies”, the two which is reconciliation the that NGOfigurestates same The crimes. ‘our’ an opendenial of that requires evidence, one of many,but it is far from being an established truth. Thus, there is forward put “thesis”, athought is merely a devised The statement Serbia. against construct crucial to the meaning here – the Serbian aggression is an alleged one, it seems to be seen as a commasare “.Theinverted Croatia” “theon Serbianaggression about strengthen thesis the is phrase which used to “acommon andjournalist vice arelabeledby not versa Serbia the by was attacked that ithow was Croatia about words minister’s prime Croatian the Second, neighbor’. ‘the regarding negative remains message the and article the of tone the suits statement The intention. ill of out not lines, the between read can one stupidity, of out mistake have madea still Croats ‘an idiocy’. - though negligence, of aconsequence and as accidental Politika The Serbiantabloid ’s representation of the issue. Itseems that the discourse avoids putting blame on Press Silence is merciless in its sensationalist representation of ICJ of the representation sensationalist inits ismerciless and 80 denial . Clearly, the message is laden with denial with laden is message the Clearly, . is the strategy of Grave willInjustice: We be Serbia isRaped Politika regarding the regarding !”. The !”. CEU eTD Collection but the reader is loudlybut is readerin the inflammatory arampageof blame speech notonly reminded of the body of the nation. Again, the piece172) – ‘they’.resounds “We” withare thethe people complete of the these ‘enemies’ of were perceivedas one whole,parts country big one collective enemy 1999, silence(Sofos identified about ‘our’ with it. crimes, Not the citizens,enemy’ but in the the nations and‘the mediafound demands The victimizeput Serbia. and thereonly worldto which was countries of the region, propaganda of 1990s the media when Serbian exhibited aparanoid-like perception the of in the USA, NATO, the Vatican. Yet all of hate speech (see “trying tohealtheir historical complexes onus”. Parekh 2006). The aresuingusforgenocide! thirteen yearsago,andnow they discourse is reminiscent years whoago, evictedus slaughtered usfifty Neighbors ourneighbors! because they are of the timesay wethat with shouldnotargue Croatia,thatwewar shouldnotremindthem of crimes, of Miloševi towards “them”, who are in this of is by tone outrage dominated Discourse a xenophobic triggered bytheICJdecision. case the world, those who put demands on Serbia. “ strikes thereaderas strikes immersed inhatred. it in article, Although there isnothis hate-speech overt discourse. of war-time spiritthe exist, while ‘ours’ are alleged, a construct. The division between ‘us’ and ‘them’ reigns,in the us against crimes ‘their’ hatred can asonly continue spiral of The they denied. fact, are openly innocent civilians!?!” West SlavoniaandKrajina intheoperations “Bljesak” and“Storm”killed thousands of text: enraged individually itsas members. Thelocus of perceivedthe injustice is inrevealed the be areto “we” and nation the with is identified state “we”. but The asastate, more Serbia no is it Moreover, of headline. message the implied archetypal in one violated the as a a woman, “Serbia will thus be tried as per the plea by Croatia which evicted all the Serbs from the whichCroatia“Serbia willall theSerbsfrom asperthepleaby be evicted tried thus The sameissueof Again, there is Again, there a complete Press features a commentary acommentary by deputy features the editor-in-chief, 81 silence The statement can be taken as an example an as be taken can statement The about ‘our’ crimes about ( ” Additionally, the Croats are Croats the ” Additionally, Ĉ eri ü 2008). In 2008). ‘They’ ü ’s CEU eTD Collection two nations. strengthen hisinciting point thehistorical spiral memory of linked hatred tothe between the to history the back reaches to author the Moreover, 1990s. the warof inthe ‘the neighbor’ of 82 CEU eTD Collection high on each other’s news agenda. Financial reasons, mostnews factorshigh behind eachother’s often agenda.Financial on cited as the reasons, are relatively asthey region the outside foreign countries do asthey other perceive each not countries twothe do it seems that Croatian and issuesinSerbian press, reporting on domestic regionthe to lowthe on foreign cases.reporting quantity relative the of reporting and Despite inis newspapersas 2%inall each around Croatia of other’s and coverage the the Serbia numbers, inthe coincidence There isastark tabloid. inmost the covered second press andthe analyzedmost is in media,while intheSerbianquality Croatian Croatia covered the the two neighboring countries. Among the neighboring Serbia countries, is mostthe country covered is tothe content dedicated of Roughly 4-5% press). Croatian in Serbia Serbian pressand (Croatia neighbor’ to‘the in dedicated of newspapers intheamount coverage analyzed Wolter 2006; Bajomi-Lazar 2007; 2006;Bajomi-LazarWolter Malovi 2007; issues (seeUdovi confirms the global of trend a declinein foreign news reporting and dominance of domestic neighbors. other for interest the to findings pointtoacontinuedthe of interest print the formedia each superior country, other’s Croatia andSerbiaasforeign neighbors countries (Ivanuš than rather 2009;Samardžija 2009), perceives pressnowadays thatthe editors interviewed of perception the Despite some of the tabloids. andthe press quality between areevident differences the it. Rather, influence that factors and in representation the countries between the differences nonotable are there that shows media, analyzed the of editors the with interviews and analysis content on based Contestation in Neighbors Croatia: and Serbia CONCLUSIONS The analyzed media are inward-looking, focused mainlyThe focused analyzed media news,are inward-looking, on which domestic media, print other’s in each Serbia and Croatia of representation the on The research þLü 2007; 2007; Car 2007;Vali ü ü 2004). There is There among the nonotable difference 2004). Nedeljkovi 83 ü andBa ü anovi ü 2007; Franks 2006; 2007; CEU eTD Collection well as ceremonial commemorations which are most represented, unlike trials ongoing the mostrepresented, which are commemorations well ceremonial as Justice, as of Court International before the Serbia against by Croatia pressed as thecharges press andvice versa.Asfor topics the itiswar crimes, with dealing large-scaleevents,such in leads ofitems overall count the on Serbiapolitics inCroatian domestic andinternational Findings of the discourse analysis are presented later in the conclusion. intense animosities and is a locus of the remnants of the war time discourses of hatred. itinshows continuous, Croatia Serbiaand spot between as topic relations the remainsasore the coverage of war crimesanimosity tension or variousof Such degrees. representation is mostissues presentand in powerful and dealing with issueI mean asconflict, here framed an By cooperation. contestation or of locus contestation the past. It is safe to concludefocusing on thethat links between this the two countries, thereitems In the countries. between two the relations links and the emphasize which and those is a trend to represent them either as a satisfy their needs, the tabloids do not hire correspondents. in newsagenciesunpronounced which andsources interest and on reliance online politics, countries in region the theirfocusare unavoidable. shortandsimple Dueto reporting,on an the of links political strong the which among elite, political ruling the to importance of issue and viewpoints the represent to continue and ownership by state influenced the they are that is a result of their traditional focus on high-level politics andforeign news, but also of the fact in incuts This the of despite networks correspondents correspondents. the Serbia andCroatia, keep permanents newspapers still quality international pages, within or news of day the sections fortheregion,items and feature onSerbiaandCroatia mainnews within either / designated have newspapers the of none although Moreover, press. other’s in each two these hardly of influence thecoverage seem to globally, in foreign of reporting trend reduction The topics of war crimes and dealing with the past, as well as the coverage of issues neighbor’ pertaining onlyto‘the of There isan approximately equal coverage 84 CEU eTD Collection Politika state countries aremarkedby the in in participation (50% state ownership ownership in both newspapers quality the of values.policies news Editorial associated profitthe and the on focus related newspapers, the the isof theownership by One research. the as established scant. very still albeit neighbors, the between cooperation the or neighbor the features befound,of which is some affirmative to positive reporting coverage emphasizes that is also there while issues, related war-crimes covering items in the located mainly evident, is i.e. critical ofnegative, some tone presence however, informative.i.e. Still, is mainly neutral, in theneighbor of problem share ordinary citizens. tone about they as reporting The press the conducivebe seem to not does which topics, accidents and in crime the located mainly to being latter better understanding more somewhat of feature publicfigures other the asprotagonists, citizens andindividual orstatebodiesinCroatia newspapers arestate and the politicians, quality while tabloids of the daily and ofitems Serbia on protagonists Dominant for example. ICJprocess, mentioned as the life and such events, large-scale political in mainly caseof such the coverage get neighbors while the of ‘the neighbors’issues, with domestic mainly the still in-depthare reporting in of terms priorities editorial the and interviewsquality indicatesthat and anotable of reportage, press and absence analysis, which common a page),inlonger ½ with the articles articlesoccasional items upto (from 10 lines andshort proximity newsworthy as they contain newsuniversal values of events are of undisputed high value political are thus newsworthy.and Additionally, they are by Serbia andCroatiaharsh, statements triggering emotionally-packed The politicians. the between issue contentious highly a bestill to seem warcrimes above, Asstated ICTY. before Two mainTwo seem factors belinkedto with typethe of representation of ‘the neighbor’ news are newspapers quality and intabloids both items of genre and size Dominant ; full state ownership and state funding of (Galtung and Ruge1965). 85 Vjesnik ). Representation of ‘the neighbor’ ‘the of Representation ). drama, conflict, negativity conflict, drama, and CEU eTD Collection Serbia such intense and Croatia, personal as language, the unresolved conflicts, relations show a link with show own. andcultural alinkwith Geographic one’s preferably should country other’ ‘the the of coverage the thus and country, own in their first be to audience of their interest the perceive they that considering Croatia, and Serbia between arelationship link or a concern issuesthat of is coverage inthe interest theirthat primary value of focus crisispresenta problem inline ontheissues or forthat ‘the neighbor’, news with the newspaper. qualityboth Someseem values to universal press and Suchis the tabloids. the countries. these covering of further to whenitcomes cautious make Serbia the editors or Croatia by items covering triggered by readers the reactions negative occasional Also, countries. of borders theirthe respective newspapers aresold the that within in considering news interested domestic the are primarily audiences the is that of key the bias.perceptions totheir One andlikely editors views of the subjective to is prone thus The perception accordingly. reporting the adjust readers,and the and reactions andfrom key audiences, by audience into the insights ad-hoc structure targeted of ‘the neighbor’. Rather, they are guided by what they perceive these needsbe, to base on the audience wouldon theirsurveys conduct coverage guide the editorial and reflect that policy seems coincideto in case this with values the of journalism.tabloid of readers in interest the Croatia, isit logic,sellingnewspaper andthat thebest interest” interest of the owner.” Considering that the tabloid does not adhere at all to the “public Croatian tabloid On the other hand, the tabloids are guided by the logic market. of the by dictate the ratherthan interests, state by marked the is newspapers of in both profit. As the editor-in-chief of the The interplay of the above mentioned factors reflects in news values of of each values in news reflects factors mentioned above the of The interplay newspapers of the None readership. of the needs perceived are factor The second negative events 24 Sata (Galtung and Ruge 1965). Also, editors Also, editors and (Galtung newspapersof Ruge1965). all the said put it: “We are guided by the interest of it: “Weof by readersandbythe the putareguidedinterest the 86 proximity due to multiplebind ties that due to CEU eTD Collection seems frozen in the topical area of war crimes and dealing with the past as a consequence of as aconsequence past the with dealing and war crimes areaof topical in the seems frozen after the conflict (Ivanuš countries the between reducing animosity at assumein the attempts arole they need not that 2009). Thus the role opinion areof the tabloids of of the theeditors Moreover, speech. hate of war-time the remnants the media in the resolutionthe resulting sensationalism ofand appeal to the emotionsthe of the readers. Their reporting featuresconflict ‘them’. On the other hand, the tabloids are led by the profit-generating logic of the market and and ‘our crimes’ shroud in a veil of silence deepening the discursive between‘us’divide and the governmentthrough of statements politicians whopromote crimesthe of‘the side’ other ‘the On other’. onehand,qualitythe theattitudes andinterestsrepresents press of the a constructiveof seem not representation to conducive newsvalueswhich anddo associated of between conflict 1990sis regarding the the opposingmedia models trapped ownership two Croatia and media inSerbia of the role normative shows the that It discourse. war-time of the locus of conflict and contestation in the Serbian and Croatian press, laden with theSupreme remnants Reign Discourse War-Time the of –Remnants Analysis Discourse negativity. and intensity conflictual their to due allis to interest war crimes newspapers of with andthe past to the dealing issuesof related than geographical location of the events or the or events of the location than geographical rather news’ ‘the of value dictate that affairs and gossip accidents, and crime events, bizarre itis unusual, logicsensationalism.the led Thus of bythe are tabloids otherhand,the the value quality on they forpolitical the press consideringfocus and that events processes. On news be akey to seem cooperation, economic increased as well as citizens, individual among The topic of war crimes and dealing with the past stands out as an The topic paststandsout andthe with of ongoing discursive war crimes dealing 87 proximity of Serbia and Croatia. Yet, coverage CEU eTD Collection Serbs way backgo before the warof 1990s,the thusfueling the spiral of in animosities the from historical evoke Worldepisodes War IIasan Croatian that evidence againstcrimes and reportingneutral is only on surface,the whileitis immersed in the denial of Serbian crimes stance. Croatian official tothe issues view of limits the the andthus as protagonists the nation inthe process itsof the identity-building. of new heritage forming the myth-making, new of tissue are the war past from the symbols political homogenization of ‘us’ against‘them’ in mediathe in 1990s.the Memories and in events commemorative combined symbols nationalism with banal the of dominate coverageceremonial of a couplefeatures of instances ofhate speech.strong tabloid Serbian the 1990s. However, the of hate-speech ofthe remnants Croatian press, couple instances of labelsof for the Serb (“Chetniks”perpetrators “criminal”) and inthe in a except ismainly language ofhatred absent, overt The appear only textthe sporadically. in commentary journalistic Direct animosities. the in perpetuating role of establishment the continued the to testifies which politicians, the by statements in the contained are strife and the newspapers the bulk In all among others’. be ‘the servedfor perpetrators to the justice ofitdemands while victimized, the emotional tones carrying the implied messages of animosity only. Vjesnik in this research, the limitation being that29 the analysis of the war crimes coverage is focused on one day in crimes discursive tools which distinctionthe promote between ‘us’ and‘them’, andcover‘our’ news values. and influences related and media the of ownership the in originating interests, economic and political silence Religious overtones, invoking foundational myths of the new, post-war nation, This is not to say that this type of coverage is specific to Common to both the quality press and the tabloids is an array of repeatedly used silence about them. about or openly deny them while stressing the crimes of sideis ‘the ‘Our’ deny crimes stressingwhile oropenly of other’. them the Politika Vjesnik uncritically carries Serbian politicians’ statements which 29 , reminiscent of the invocation of myths as a tool of 88 Vjesnik Vjesnik does not use representatives of Serbia only. Rather, it was merely located in Politika’s Press CEU eTD Collection recommended strategies for post-conflict recommendedreporting strategies be which conflict-would conducive to in against the ofthe war,considering they go times recorded speech in the forms the hate- overt of absence general the despite Croatia and Serbia between animosity spiral of mundane, banal forms of nationalism to foreground.the generally not confirmed, as the more potent remnants of war discourses dominate, pushing the of hate speech. The expectation of identifying forms of identifying of expectation speech. The hate of remnants aswell rare as ‘us’; against crimes ‘the other’s’ ‘proofs’historical of distant as past to references 1990s; the of war the from events the on based now myth-making, national new nation; own one’s of victimization crimes; ‘own’ of denial open other’; ‘the of blame being used: are samediscursivethe patterns region inciteto hatred, hide ‘own’ crimes and boost national homogenization. In fact, some of in the media war-time in the used those of reminiscent highly still are tools discursive the sophisticated forms of forms (seeVilovi animosities sophisticated of in more in ushering hatesubsided, speech themedia hasgenerally region the that one’s ‘own’ crimes. of pattern silence anddenial about former regime, military and paramilitaries in the Croatian press. Again, the tabloids follow the atthe directed neutrally is mainly it while Serbs, against crimes for the nation collectively Press Serbian the in which none of the sides will give up until ‘the other’ admits blame. Additionally, other’. ‘the of crimes the to references historical laden with discourses, war-time manner of engages in it. It is in The set of identified discursive patterns seem to have the potential to further fuel the fuel further to potential the have to seem patterns discursive identified of set The The findings confirm the observations and findings of findings inthe other researchers confirm and The findings observations some the The tabloids display unrestrained sensationalist coverage, particularly inflammatory in inflammatory particularly coverage, sensationalist unrestrained display tabloids The Press. Politika Considering Parekh’s (2006)definition itishate-speech,of safe say to that frames the contestation over war crimes issues as a battle of the equals Press that we find an instance of blame being put on the Croatian the on put being blame of instance an find we that silence 89 ü 2005, Udovi 2005, about ‘our’ crimes and insistence on the on insistence and crimes ‘our’ about banal nationalism þLü 2005,Spai ü (Billig 1995) was (Billig 2005). However, 2005). CEU eTD Collection 'the neighbor' and the actual representation patterns. Such a task wouldbe beyond the feasible of of representation the practices particular are linked tothe that factors between links causal establish direct to wasnot aim of all, the First inevitable. were research the to limitations research of the Limitations (Johnston 1995:218-219). in occur which processes minds such ‘blackpeek intothe individual the of box’ researcher to a of reach the isit beyond news-makers.However, the of preferences personal as such self’, and‘the of ‘the other’ representation the influence also factors other that possible, however, political issues ofcounter-balance war crimes carry, are avery insignificant endthe issues, weak, rather usually placedtowards of newspaper the placed among to the the (a of andinsome in others culture itemstotal identified all 4 of research the newspapers), the first strongpages of the messagenewspapers. It ofis, (Alexander 2004,I). contestationothers.” these on suffering own their for responsibility the project often but suffering the and continueddenying the reality suffering,of people others’ notonly diffuse fortheir own responsibility animosity from group the reaching amoral issue.“ stance on contentious the “By (Alexander 2004:I). thatand Collective Identity the “ book Alexanderin As explained group. in traumathethe (2004) the other accept existenceof the refusesthus to group a them, openly crimesdenying or ‘our’ insilence resolution resolution (seeRelji of and overcoming the animosities Considering the short time available for this project, as well as limited resources, in topical of the areas ‘the neighbor’ representation instances of affirmative The scant ”, this refusal “toto recognize the existence of others’ trauma” prevents 90 ü 2001; Kurspahi 2001; ü 2003). By covering 2003). Cultural Trauma CEU eTD Collection information if it was sensitive or negative for the image of if negative imageinformation the their for itor sensitive news of intervieweesor the was an subjective to extentas they individuals'vieware of reality and not todivulge certain be areexpectedto amethod theAlso, interviews as of research. the aspects and qualitative itwould behard to vouchfor aperfectly and inobjective both unbiasedanalysis quantitative in larger been case numbers. the an approach of be2 in publication,comparedmore, presented another which cannot as50% have to would in instance,items For in in 3category onean newspaper terms percentages. of analytical of results, in the range of 5 – 20. Thus itwould notbe advisablepresent to some of the results identified ascoveringSerbia CroatiaSome yielded number or was64. variables the of asmall relatively small numberofresults each variable. First of on number total all,the items of in until present ago. as someof years market several the them were not Thismarket. would presentadifficulty in the newspapersanalysing overalonger time frame Serbian 'Press',in established new tabloids,some arerelatively inthe 2005,along with other such an elaborate projectpatterns was not feasibleof representation in this case. over Also, the periodsome newspapers, from the of countries. the markets in dailies two the end suchof the as warthe to the present. available spectrum of ontheexisting the publications all daily of capture distinctions the However, inavailable.haveA semi-tabloid both would in been to Croatiachosen and order Serbia newspaper. quality However,athird included daily havebeen could had beenmorethere time in in explored of terms research. causality a moreambitious couldbe further possible links that towards point to aimwas the thesis. Rather, scope of this Although every attempt at objectivity was made by the only researcher on this project, made on bytheonly at objectivity researcher Although everyattemptwas Additionally, sampleissues the ofnewspaper for chosen this researchyieldeda of trends the capture to longer been have could analysis the of time-frame the Ideally, The analysis was based on two daily newspapers in each country – a tabloid and a a 91 CEU eTD Collection content analysis,content is which alikely by-product of a one-personwork. bias inthe avoid to attempt a systematic present would reliability check, inter-coder an involving also Such a team project. project, which thecaseinthis one was of instead coder, of publications, as well as a larger sample of dailymedia landscape. of entiresamples print the issues, would require a 'tabloid –semi-tabloid as capture –quality newspaper' so spectrum, to group resultsthe from the of coders of the each part –oneat be analyzed would from each country newspapers minimum, three more includenewspapersAn additional be analysis. in to suggestion Asa would the countries, in reporting. banal, everyday representation two the with along patterns the of identify in more patterns during detail of big such inrepresentation junctures therelations of for example,the of recognition independenceKosovo by of the Croatia. Theaimwould be to as, such well, as media international in the featured prominently are that those events, political major on focus additionally could analysis The time. the during climate socio-political patters of the representation of 1990s the until in toexaminepresent order in a more systematic mannerthe changes in the of Serbia and wars the of sincetheend spantheperiod for analysis would the ideal an time-frame instance, Croatia in each other'stime, would mostlikely successfullypress overcome the limitations of thewith present one. For the change of research future for Recommendations been interviewed in topieceorder as together objective as possible analysis. moreleastorganizations. editors from twoor Ideally,at media would have one organization A more project, extensive covering a longer time-framenumber and possiblyalarger andavailable resources ampler on based sametopic, the on project A more elaborate 92 CEU eTD Collection televisionbe programs would verybeneficial tothemore due powerful reach of television the Croat population in BiH with Croatia. is interesting due to the strong inclinations towards and ties of the Serb entity with Serbia, and coverage by media printthe inBosnia Herzegovina, and Croatia and Serbia. This dimension the of thecomparison countries,namely beacross would analysis the other The entities. two in the media print of analysis within-country be the thus would research the of dimension Bosnia and Herzegovina,lines of the two entitiesthe – Republika entity Srpska, the predominantly withSerb entity, and Federationthe and(Bosniacs,media andCroats) Serbs, landscape the isvirtually which alongdivided the of Bosniac and Croat majority.peoples amongits duetothe political threeand constituent dynamics case aninteresting thus One comparative intimes.is amongand countries the Bosnia post-war a particularly the Herzegovina complex, role mediathe that animosities incontribution understanding play the overcoming of to of the periodthe covering alternatively, (or, since present at media print in their countries Yugoslav former the wars of the 1990s dimension. to the presentinteresting research be an other'would 'the of representation the countries regarding two the time) would in publications the between contrast The current affairs. to approach morea sensationalist of be a particularlybiggest circulation and('Globus' 'Nacional'), labeled although magazines,feature political the with weeklies Croatian publications. political analytical serious of image the maintain strong each in country. two – Croatia and in Serbia weeklies prominent most the of profiles the in a discrepancy is Namely, the two most influential weeklies in Serbia ('Vreme' and 'NIN') Finally, a project analyzing the representation of the neighbors in the region in the in region in the neighbors the of representation the analyzing a project Finally, mutual several of examining projectrepresentation comparative A comprehensive there as research a similar to magazines weekly submit to beneficial be would it Also, 93 CEU eTD Collection and the stronger impact of the televised images printed compared the text. impact televised of andthe to stronger the viewers numbers of in of terms both newspapers, of that to compared audiences the towards 94 CEU eTD Collection Vilovi considering Credibilityof(Lack Newspapers’of) Kanižajthe different of The was developedcodingthe sheet on basisthe onethe by of Viloviprof. Gordana UniversityCODING SHEET purpose of Zagreb forof thethe purpose APPENDIX I-- CODINGpresent SHEET of the research research. The author is thankful to Prof. 1. neutral field neutral 1. / COOPERATION OFRELATIONS REPRESENTATION 7) assess Hard A) to 4. country involving (not internationally or region the with country the of Links 3. in Serbia a crime committing citizen foreign a as identified criminal cooperation (positive or negative) between country A and B (including e.g. a suspected 2. Connections or links of any kind (positive ornegative, past or present), including 1. Entirely or mainly focuses only on the country 6) FOCUS 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 5) COUNTRY no 2. 1. yes 4) TEXTANNOUNCED ONTHE FRONT PAGE 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 3) DAY 4. 3. 2. 1. NEWSPAPER 2) ID 1) for this project. Region more– than 1 country including Serbia Croatiaor Albania Macedonia Montenegro BiH Serbia Croatia Sunday Saturday Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Vjesnik 24 Sata Politika Press (unique ID of an article. Format: day/month/year/page/no. of article on the page) ü for making for thebluepring ofthe coding sheether available and for kind suggestions . The present one is a significantly ammended version 95 'Ethical Aspects'Ethical ofthe ü and Igor CEU eTD Collection 4. 3. 2. 1. 11) AUTHOR 13. 12. 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. OFTHEARTICLE SIZE/GENRE 10) 99. NA 18. other 17. life (fashion, travel etc.) 16. showbusiness -entertainment sport and15. recreation 14. youth and children religion 13. 12. ecology 11. science 10. education andart 9. culture (fires,floods etc.) 8. extraordinary events crime7. and accidents healthcareand6. social protection 5. economy, finance, business 4. warcrimes/dealing with pastthe 3. world affairs politics international country’s 2. life(internal politics) 1. domestic political TOPIC 9) Other 4. 3. International 2. Region of day news/News the 1. General/Main 8) SECTION OF THE NEWSPAPER 3. field of cooperation 2. field of contestation newsroom (no byline or byline of the newsroom, e.g. Press Team) F.P.) HINA, agencynews edited (e.g. news agency journalist other correction foto-news note side brief analysis interview piece commentary/opinion by readers letters (1-2 pages) reportage big article (1/1do2/1) apageto1/1page) article (1/2 short article than (more lines10 – up to1/2 a page) news item and short news item (up to 10 lines) 96 CEU eTD Collection 15) HEADLINE – type in 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 14) GENERAL TONE regarding representation of'theneighbor' the 99. NA Other 8. 7. Institution/Organization (other than of state) 6. Firm/Company 5. Nation as a collective etc.) 4. Individuals /citizens groups or individualsof criminals, (e.g.suspected victims of crime officials) state previously criminals war 3. Other public figure figures or (show-business personalities; film directors; authors, athletes; dignitaries) state other (or politicians or Politician 2. 1. State or state bodies 13) PROTAGONIST 99. NA 3. 2. 1. 12) AUTHOR–PROPERTIES (codedonlyif journalist istheauthor) 5. hard to assess hard to affirmative discriminatory (critical) negative (informative) neutral only initials partial byline: initial of firstthe name and full family name full byline: full first name and family name other 97 CEU eTD Collection of iz on May interviews were conducted 25 and 26,2009 Zagreb editors the and Belgradewith for semi-structured interviews withtheeditors of Serbian andCroatian print media APPENDIX II– QUESTIONNAIRE Vjesnik, 24Sata,Politika ------genres are extremely rare. Why? rare. genres areextremely andother reportage interview, pieces, articles.news, Analytical newsandshort short is coverage of it tothe Serbia/Croatia comes items/genres when size of Dominant a particular choice? for Whatare practical reasons journalists? inhouse –various inhouse,news agencynewsedited the Internet sources, agencies, – Serbia/Croatia of coverage for the used are correspondents than other sources What reporting, topics/issues, genres and sizes of items? is What dynamics theprocess regarding of Serbia/Croatia? of decision-making from correspondent the and newsroom of the of iscooperation What process the Kosovo, Macedonia, Albania)? Montenegro, Balkans and yes –in Western if whichcountries (Serbia/Croatia, BosniaandHerzegovina, of region the of countries in the correspondents got you Have countries? these in Why arrangement? adifferent on you for work who those and correspondents a Have network you got of correspondents? youwhich In have do countries permanent particular?) in in /Croatia interest audienceregion Serbia and the the about surveys say (If not– how do youfind out about readers’ needs?; If yes – what do the results of the policy? your editorial needsdirect readers of the the about yourDoes newspaperaudience surveys? do What kind and often? how findingsDo the in interested particularly Serbia. How is the editorial policy defined regarding the coverage of the region? I am approximately some 2% of total content. How do you explain the result? There aresomeitems 2-3 onaverageissue whichis Serbia/Croatia, per covering sports). How do you explain the result? countries (5 per issue of newspapers on average, some 4% of content – not including According to the findings of the research, there are a few item on neighboring What is news foryour newsroom? is audience?How the thetarget genereal regarding policy editorial defined is of audienceWhataudience? the target and structure isWhat mission yourof the newspaper? and Press ) 98 (the CEU eTD Collection ------for instance warcrimes.Why? for more /issuesbear regarding of Some ‘the topics neighbor’, tone a critical negative / for each. detailed explanation Provide importance. in reasons Put the of order the region. the and of Serbia/Croatia coverage tothe comes it when newspaper your for keyones the are these among whatreasons state Please, following: the are inparticular) andCroatia andSerbia in region the interested case weare couldSome of factors influence of (in countries possiblethat the other coverage this yes in If –how? particular? Serbia/Croatia of coverage is the on that newspaper, your on reflecting crisis economic global Is the in coverageregion of the regarding Serbia/Croatia and particular? as ownershipwell as newsroom procedures andeditorial policy and decisions, isWhat structure ownership the of isyournewspaper? What linkbetween the the the civil sector, culture and arts etc. Why? on crime orpublic andaccidents) personalities other forthan instancepoliticians, from Why? very in arealso as few individual There (other items than citizens protagonists sheet]. coding optionsfrom the [cite protagonists few of other Thereare politicians. itemsDominantprotagonists of covering Serbia/Croatia arethestate, state bodies and country? other in life in readers drawparallelseach country sothat with the could the Serbia/Croatia in to dailylife citizen interestan of average issues areof which of coverage issues such as social issues, health, education, environmentetc? Why moreisn’tthere of items Serbia/Croatia) it to about comes hardly (when coverage any Why is there is the reason for such distribution of items? [Explainfindings the regarding distribution the itemsof according tothe topics]. What o o o o o o o o Other reasons state] [please reasons Other Crisis and situations of high importance certain events specificReasons tothepersonnel inengaged news production /newsroom Organizational reasons within procedures newsproduction the reasons) other financial or crisis resources, (available reasons Economic Ownership wants audience what the to as newsroom/editors of the estimate subjective i.e. needs, audience Perceived information) of sources andother needs on surveys (based audience Realistic 99 CEU eTD Collection Entman,M. 1993. Framing: Robert Toward aclarification fracturedof paradigm.a Ĉ van Dijk, Teun A. 1995. Elite Discourse and the Reproduction of Racism. In Ĉ û Cveti Car, Viktorija. 2007. 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