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Science and the Problem of Death Copyright © 2005 by the Center for Natural Studies Science and the Problem of Death Copyright © 2005 by The Center for Natural Studies Published by The Center for Natural Studies www.cps.org.yu Reviewer: Zdravko Vucinic Cover design: Vladimir Jajin Science and Printed in Serbia and Montenegro the Problem Library of Novi Sad 27-18:165.19 of Death Petrovich, Michael Science and the Problem of Death: Do the world’s greatest mysteries hold the answers to the most important human Do the world’s greatest mysteries questions?/Michael Petrovich. Includes bibliographical references (pp. 127-132) hold the answers to the most 1. Death. 2. Epistemology. important human questions? COBISS.SR-ID 201637127 ISBN 86-85197-01-5 MICHAEL PETROVICH THE CENTER FOR NATURAL STUDIES Contents The Most Important Question ............. 7 Traces In a Rock ................................... 12 The Secret of the Pyramids ................ 28 Fingerprints of Creation ..................... 39 Mysteroius Columns ............................ 47 The Mountain With a Black Top ........ 56 Nature’s Biggest Miracle ...................... 66 Fossils Speak ......................................... 77 Which Time Do We Live In? .............. 90 Best Preserved Ancient Written Document ........................................... 102 Unparalleled Technology .................. 110 Cities That Disappeared .................... 118 THE MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION “Science can solve all human problems, inclu- ding the problem of death.” This was a belief held by most of the Western world at the end of the 19th century. The shocking experience that the famous scientist Thomas Edison had gives us a good example of the impact science had on society at that time. Thomas Edison was the man, who invented the electric light bulb. What most of us are not aware of is the fact that when Edison submit- ted his invention to the Patent Office, it was rejected. He was told, “We’re sorry, sir, we can- not accept your discovery. Science has already proven everything that it is possible to disco- ver. There is not anything else to be discove- red.” People had strongly believed in science, but the situation started to change soon after this. They firmly believed that science was able to answer all their questions. Today, most of us are disappointed in science. It has not provided 7 The Science and the Problem of Death The Most Important Question us with the answers to the questions we are Our question is: Could we eliminate the influ- asking. ence of these processes? When we question death, science answers that Several years ago five scientists made public it cannot be avoided. the results of their research on tomato plants. Is that really so? They discovered what the maturing genes of this plant were and eliminated them. In doing When we come into the world it is first as a this, they stopped the maturing process. The baby, who grows into a child and later becomes tomato retained its green color and stayed in an adult. In a twinkling of an eye we are faced stasis. The genes responsible for creating a with death. The same is true with animals and substance called ethylene had been removed,1 plants. thus allowing for a longer shelf life. Our human organism grows and develops until When the ethylene was artificially added to the we are about twenty-five, then we start gro- tomato, the maturing process started again at wing older until the process finishes with an even faster rate. death. In another experiment, scientists tried to con- We question: Why is this so? Why is the trol the aging process in various living orga- process of aging ever present in our lives? nisms. In an experiment on animals, they were Human beings, as well as other living orga- successful in prolonging their lives by almost nisms, have genes with certain characteristics. 50%.2 These genes work like a computer program Cancer cells, unlike other cells, develop at a rate and they are responsible for the color of our 2 to 3 times faster than normal cells. They eyes, the length of our fingers, the beating of offer scientists an arena where they can study our heart etc. Genes, however, do more than the rapid growth of cells. These cells do not that; they are responsible for the aging process. rely upon the aging and dying process. They We have found that it is not only the genetic continue to reproduce themselves until the makeup that influences aging, but a number of death of the organism. Scientists are now other factors. 8 9 The Science and the Problem of Death The Most Important Question attempting to replicate this process in normal If we’re able to answer this question, we’ll be cells and thus stop the aging process. able to answer all the other ones too. The scientists who are involved in this research This book will attempt to give the answers to said, “If all the processes of aging could be these questions. We will look to science for the eliminated and oxidative stress damage could solution. Using science as the “application of be repaired, one estimate is that people could logic,” which offers a huge potential in seeing live for a thousand years, and they would die what the future holds. from causes like accidents, suicide, murder, People think that death is a mystery along with pneumonia or some other infectious disease.” various other things such as pyramids and It is a well-known fact that one can prolong or dinosaurs. shorten one’s life depending upon his/her life Is it possible that they hold the key to the very style; but here we are addressing other ways of answers for which we are searching? influencing the life span. We are only interested in facts that could stop the aging process. It is obvious that science has its own agenda, when it comes to lengthening life. This brings to mind the following questions: - What is the process, which caused aging to appear in a human being? - Will scientists soon be able to eliminate it? - Why are we thinking about terms such as “eternity” or “immortality”? All these and similar questions can be summa- rized into one question. Can we solve the mys- tery of death? 10 11 Traces In a Rock TRACES IN A ROCK People, especially children, are fascinated by dinosaurs. Many scientists believe that dinosaurs lived eons ago and that they disap- peared from our earth about sixty-five million years ago. These same scientists believe that the first humans appeared about one million years ago. Following this train of thought, it means that people and dinosaurs could not have existed on the earth at the same time. In the middle of the 20th century, American scientists working in the Paluxy River Bed in Texas, discovered the footprints of dinosaurs. Scientists theorized that they were made 100 million years ago. They were shocked when they made a further discovery of not only the dinosaur prints, but along with them in the same mud were human footprints (figure 2.1).1 Does this prove that dinosaurs and people lived as the same time on Figure 2.1. In the same rock layer we can see traces of human and dinosaur prints. earth? 12 13 The Science and the Problem of Death Traces In a Rock The length of the human footprints presented the further surprise. Namely, the average per- son today has a foot of 10 inches, but those people had feet of 15 inches! Similar footprints Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Physics have been found in numerous other sites Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Biology throughout the world.2 Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) Genetics Michael Faraday (1791-1867) Electro-Magnetism So, we have a proof that people and dinosaurs William Kelvin (1824-1907) Thermodynamics lived at the same time, but people were much Joseph Lister (1827-1912) Surgery taller at that time (their feet were actually much Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) Thermodynamics bigger). Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Astronomy Why should the story about dinosaurs and Robert Boyle (1627-1691) Chemistry people be important to us? Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) Biology Although many scientists were surprised to William Herschel (1738-1822) Astronomy learn about the co-existence of people and Joseph Henry (1797-1878) Electric Engineering dinosaurs, there were others who had been John Fleming (1849-1945) Electronics aware of this fact. Table 2.1 shows the names George Stokes (1819-1903) Fluid Mechanics of the famous founders of modern science.3 Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Hydraulics The list includes Isaac Newton (thought by William Ramsay (1852-1916) Thermodynamics many to be the greatest scientist of all time), Bernhard Reimann (1826-1866) Geometry Louis Pasteur (father of microbiology), Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) Pathology Gregor Mendel (father of genetics) and many James Joule (1818-1889) Thermodynamics others. James Maxwell (1831-1879) Thermodynamics Samuel Morse (1791-1872) Telecommunications These men had a different approach to the his- George Curvier (1769-1832) Paleontology tory of our world than many of today’s scien- tists. They thought that 3,500 years ago the Jewish writer Moses gave us the most correct Table 2.1. Founders of modern science. history of the world. According to Moses, peo- 14 15 The Science and the Problem of Death Traces In a Rock ple and dinosaurs lived at the same time in the not so distant past. These men believed that the history of Moses was compatible with science. It is interesting to note that Moses answers a great many ques- tions in his books. However, for now we will stay with dinosaurs and people. In 1945 scientist discovered a very interesting archaeological site near Acambaro in Mexico. People who lived there from 800 BCE to 200 CE left many artifacts. Among them were more than 30,000 figurines made of clay.
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