Page 1

THE ARCHAEOLOGY AND EUROPEAN HISTORY

OF THE BLOCK

Dr Jill Hamel, 42 Ann Street, .

March 1984 Contents Introduction Topography, vegetation and climate Maori occupation European occupation: the landowners the crofters roads and road making users of the road Conclusions Recommendations References Site record forms

Introduction Wangaloa is off the main traffic routes and relatively little of its history has been recorded. Consequently local informants were asked for information about early land use and any Maori sites that they knew of. I have searched archives such as land titles in the Dunedin Land Registry Office, the files of the New Zealand Archaeological Association, Bruce County Council minutes (1870s), and the Wangaloa Road Board minutes (1870s).

To find Maori sites I have searched all unploughed flatter ground with open vegetation (with the assistance of Rick Wilson). The fire which started from the Coast Road in October 1982 has usefully opened up ground for searching.

I am grateful for information on sites and early history from Mr John McCrostie, Lakeside, Mr Jim Dangerfield, Dunedin, and Mr Bruce Tourell, Wangaloa. I am particularly indebted to Alma Rutherford for much general information about early settlers and farming in the district and for access to a typescript of William Smaill's Recollections.

Topography, vegetation and climate This section of the Wangaloa-Kaitangata hills rises to 130m (460 feet) at the north-west end but most of the south-eastern area rises to no more than 30 m (100 feet). The ground is divided into four systems of spurs by three major creeks running due east, Wangaloa Creek in the centre being the major waterway (Fig.1). Access from the coast into the block was easiest along the flat ridge tops, which in the early European period were covered with flax, bracken, and manuka shrubland, especially towards the sea ( News 1849). Though the Wangaloa flats were grassy and "immediately ready to receive the plough", there were also "clumps of bush in all directions, sufficient for fencing and building purposes" (Kettle 1846). The gullies in Page 2 particular were, and still are in places, occupied by a dense hardwood/kamahi forest. Since rainfall is reported by the local farmers to be over the amount usually considered essential to native forest regeneration, i.e. over 750 mm (30 inches), it is likely that forest was relatively dense on this south-east facing land during the earlier part of Maori occupation. It may have been only after the period of major Maori fires around AD 1300 that the spurs become more open under hard tussock and Cassinia shrubland.

Maori occupation No physical traces of Maori occupation were found on the Wangaloa Block during this survey. The only known reasons why Maoris might have moved through the Block would have been en route from the coast to Tuakitoto or to dig up and cook cabbage tree roots. Two knolls at the back of the block carry most of the cabbage trees seen during this survey, but no definite ovens were found on them. Hollows with fine black soil in them are probably tree dimples where bracken has grown thickly. The northern knoll was covered with tall grass and would be worth searching again in winter or after a burn. No ovens were found on the other spurs or down on the valley floors where cabbage trees might also have occurred.

It is also unlikely that there was a regularly used Maori track across the block because there is a much easier route, better supplied with food resources, via the and Lake Kaitangata. The suggestion (Blackburn 1969) that an early European road south from Moneymore (see below) followed the line of an earlier Maori track should be treated with caution.

Moderate sized middens of shells and fish and bird bones occur at the mouth of the Akatore and Tokomairiro Creeks, and there are numerous small middens along the coast in the vicinity of Bull Creek and Crystalls Beach (N Z A A Site Recording Scheme). There is a wind- deflated midden of shell and bone at Measly Creek. This is the site which is traditionally associated with the loss of two war canoes of Maoris who came ashore in 1838. They made temporary shelters, but some of the party had caught measles from the pakehas and it is said that every man died. The remains of the canoes and bones were seen as late as 1850 by European settlers (Wilson 1912:109).

To the south of Wangaloa the mouth of the Clutha has a long history of settlement from moa hunting middens at to traditionally known sites such as the paramount chief Tuhawaiki's birthplace on Inchclutha, the 1830 village at Kaka Point seen by the American whaler Morrell and the traces of Maori cultivations of the Irish potato seen on Inchclutha by William Smaill in 1858. Over the hills at Tuakitoto Kettle in 1849 saw several small settlements along its eastern shores where the Maoris "reside during periodical visits which they make for the purposes of catching the large eels which abound in this lake" (Kettle 1846: 7 April).

The Maori settlement pattern at Wangaloa gives the same impression that modern European settlement does, that of a relatively isolated area bypassed by major traffic routes and lacking any strong drawcard of its own.

Page 3

European occupation: the land owners Wangaloa was settled shortly after the Inchclutha area in the mid 1860s. The school opened in 1869 and the cemetery reserve was set aside in 1871. The densest cluster of housing was just south of the junction of the Kaitangata-Wangaloa Road with the Coast Road - about 3.5 kilometres south of the Forest Service Wangaloa Block (Fig.1). Land on this Block was not taken up until about 1869, when three of the settlers owning sections down on the flats took up sections around the southern edge of the block.

According to the title deeds the land owners of the Wangaloa Block were: Main title Kaitangata Survey District, Block 7, Secs 2,3,4,5,6.8. Block 6, Secs 2,3,7,8 (Fig.2). Crown Grants taken up by Adam Landels, gentleman, 1871. He died 1887, and the land was held by the Public Trust. Leased to James William Thomson for 6 years. Transferred - to Geoffrey Edward Royds of Lakeside, sheep farmer 1911 - to Hugh John and Alice Jane McCrostie, 1912 - (Royds retained a half share in the coals, ironstone, sand, clay and gravels.) - to various members of the McCrostie family.

Block 7, Sec 1 (Homestead and woolshed section) Crown Grant to William Kelly 1869. (This section went with 1.5 acres (Fig.3) which was part of Section 19, Block 6.) Transferred to Adam Landels 1871 (for £80).

The 1.5 acres was transferred - to Ralph Ewing 1871 - to William Anderson Ewing, 1878 - to Edward Bremner Taylor of Kaitangata, settler, 1878 - to Adam Landels, 1885, and ran with the main title thereafter.

Block 6, Section 20 (east of McCrostie Road). Crown Grant to Daniel Haggart 1868 Daniel Haggart died 1880. Transferred – to Mitchell 1880 (?executor) to John Haggart 1880 - to Peter Haggart 1883 - to the McCrostie family 1916 and ran with the main title thereafter.

Block 7, Sec 1 of 19 Crown Grant to David Mcintyre, settler, Kaitangata, Nov 1865. Transferred to Adam Landels, 1874 (£110 for 63 acres).

Block 7, Section 7 (north-west corner of block, Fig.2) Crown Grant, 1872, to the Superintendent of Otago to be held in trust for the establishment and maintenance of a University in the City of Dunedin and of public schools in different parts of the province and for the general advancement of education in the province.

Renewable lease to McCrostie family 1955 Deferred payment licence to McCrostie family 1980.

Page 4

According to the title deeds, Adam Landels, the major early landowner of the Block, lived first at Stoney Creek, just north of Benhar, and later at Bellfield near Balclutha. From Landels' letterbook (J. Dangerfield: pers.comm.), it appears that he sold the Stoney Creek property in 1874 and "removed to Lakeside" about September 1874. He acquired a "town" house, Bellfield, in Balclutha in 1880, but it is not known when he built the impressive homestead at Lakeside. (In 1883 he instructed a builder at Fairfax, just south of Milton, to build him a house which in those days of horse and dray transport must have been nearby.) Though we cannot be sure of which house Landels lived in while farming the Wangaloa Block between 1871 and his death in 1887, there is certainly no indication that he ever lived on the Wangaloa side of is property. In terms of the legal landowner, the Wangaloa Block has always been "at the back of the farm", and one would expect a lack of early European activities. This does not seem to have the case, however, and there are some very puzzling aspects about occupation in the late 1800s.

There was a house near the woolshed of the Wangaloa Block prior to the present one. This house was built by the Poultons (John McCrostie : pers. comm.), who with the Royds are said to have owned the Wangaloa side of the McCrostie holdings at the turn of the century (Bruce McCrostie: pers. comm.) Poulton was a nephew of Royds, whose family were merchants in Christchurch. A search of the legal owners of the Coombe Hay Estate to the north of the Wangaloa Block showed that it was originally owned by the Chapmans, Robert and then Ernest Arthur. It was sold in 1881 to John Thomas Wright and John Stephenson, the founders of the stock firm Wright Stephenson, who in turn sold to The Fortification Railway and Coal Company in 1900. Neither Poulton or Royd appear as legal owners of this land either. It was not until 1914 that Coombe Hay came back into the hands of owner/farmers. It seems likely that it was either managed or leased from 1881 to 1914 and this may have been the period when the Royds and the Poultons farmed in the area as lessees of Coombe Hay and/or the Wangaloa Block. Since the original house built by them has been demolished, I have not pursued their exact relationship to the land any further.

About 1946 the McCrosties required timber to build a house for a shepherd at Lakeside, and since timber and roofing iron was difficult to obtain immediately after the war they dismantled the Wangaloa house. It was replaced with part of a smaller prefabricated house which was no longer needed at Lakeside. So the two houses were swapped over.

The prefab may be unusual in that most prefab houses belong to the post- ar period and this one was originally constructed in the 1930s. It is a simple linear house of three rooms with a minor lean-to along part of the back wall. The windows are two or three casements of six panes each with three casements above. The middle room has a plain brick fireplace and the other two rooms are bedrooms, one having a built-in cupboard. There is an old range marked HE Shacklock, Maker, Dunedin, lying in the garden which came out of the original house. Since the prefab design would have included a kitchen, the present house near the woolshed is incomplete. The McCrosties have used the house for the past 30 years for camping in when working on the Wangaloa Block.

The site is an impressive one for a house, and before the trees grew would have had views both ways up and down the coast. Now it is Page 5 tightly surrounded by tall macrocarpas and pines with a secondary square of trees to the south which would have been a sheltered place for animals and equipment close to the house. A depression on the west side of these trees marks the site of a stable, which is shown in a 1912-14 photograph held by Mr John McCrostie and marked on the 1952 topo map (Fig. 1). This photo also shows oats being harvested and stooked by reaper and binder in the paddock immediately north-west of the trees. This paddock still has strongly defined ridges along the fence lines, suggesting that it was cultivated many times for growing grain. The ridge tops were originally cultivated by the Poultons before the McCrosties took over the block (John McCrostie: pers. comm.), again suggesting that the Poultons were lessees.

The woolshed is a very recent structure and there was no old woolshed on this section.

The other remains of Landel's farming activities are the sod walls which were built around the boundaries of his land. Of the many miles which must have been built, the most accessible section on the Wangaloa block is along Council Road on the boundary between Forest Service and Dunedin City council land (Fig.1). Council Road runs at first on the south-west side of the wall and then breaks through to run on the north side for about two kilometres. Where the road branches off into DCC land the wall turns slightly south and runs another kilometre to the south-east with firebreaks on either side.

For most of this distance the wall has a fence of three plain and one barbed wire on top of it, held in place by flat iron standards, with concrete strainer posts. The wall is well protected (and disguised) by bracken, Blechnum fern, ling, flax and hard tussock. In one or two places where a weathered clay surface shows that has not been scraped by a bulldozer blade, the method of construction is visible. Four courses of sods were built up on a broader foundation left by cutting the trenches for the sods on either side of the wall. At least the top sods were cut with sloped vertical walls, placed to lie with the slope of the ground. According to Mr John McCrostie, all the sods were cut at an angle and then placed on the wall so as to form a herring-bone pattern on the face of the wall, but the visible sections of the Council Road wall are too weathered to show this for all the courses. The top sods measured 23-26 cm (9-10 inches) high and 20-23 cm (8-9 inches) wide and the four courses totalled about 82 cm, though some of the height would have been lost by weathering. In places the wall is only 75 cm high, and is about 1.1 m across the base. Where there is no fence on top, the wall is deteriorating quite fast, but considering that sod walls were not built after about 1890 it is in relatively good condition. There is another section of sod walling on the eastern side of the block where it crosses Wangaloa Creek (Vic Stanley, stockman, Lands and Survey: pers. comm.).

The crofters The only section of the Wangaloa block which had a separate history for a significant length of time was Section 20 (Fig.2), owned by the Haggart family, Daniel and his two sons, John and Peter. They also owned three other sections down on the flats and lived in a house (now destroyed) on Section 7, Block 8, Coast District. Section 20 would have been their hill ground, and the road up to it is marked on a 1952 map Page 6

(N.Z.M.S.2, 180/1, Fig.l) as Haggarty or McCrosties Road. The Haggarts were early settlers, arriving in in 1859 and working at first for William Davidson at the Gask Farm near Kaitangata. When Davidson sold his farm to Rollands in 1862, the Haggarts were out of a job and bought at Wangaloa a few years later.

William Kelly took up the crown grant on the section on which the woolshed now stands, probably as an investment for he promptly sold to Landels. He had also acquired 1.5 acres down the hill, having it surveyed out of Section 19 (Fig.3). Logically this should have been for a house, since it was on the main road of the time and closer to the school. The location of this 1.5 acres is in some doubt. According to the modern survey it is a fairly steep bank facing south, with the line of the old coast road running right across its face and marked by greener grass. On the 1884 map, however, this section would have lain where the creek crossing Sec 19 touches Sec 1 of 19 (Fig.2). The deeds provide the clue as to why this piece of land was subdivided off.

Kelly sold this small bit of ground not to Landels but to Ralph Ewing in 1871, who in turn passed it on to WA Ewing (of Brown Ewings, merchants, Dunedin). It was a W Ewing who started the second flax mill in Wangaloa in 1873, and in November 1874 Landels (nd.) wrote to him about his (Ewings') land "on which a flax mill now stands... I am owner of the adjoining section and 1 of 19 lately occupied by MacIntrye" and said tha he, Landels, would like to arrange for boundary fencing or would buy the land at a fair price. Landels could have been referring to the whole of Section 19 but this was not owned by Ewing in 1874, so Landels' letter indicates that the flax mill was on what the occupiers of the land in 1874 thought to be the 1.5 acres section, presumably down on the flat by the creek. There had been a dilapidated building on the flat until recently. It is unlikely therefore that the site of the flax mill was on ground now owned by Forest Service.

David McIntyre owned Section 1 of 19 beside the 1.5 acre block for about 9 years and sold to Landels in 1874. This section is rolling to steep hill slopes with thick bush in the gully. Oddly enough there was a house on this section which has been destroyed recently, but it is still marked by mature blue gums. David McIntyre owned more ground down on the flat and it seems odd that he would build on the hill section during the nine years that he owned it. Possibly this ground was leased as a small croft in association with the flax mill next door.

Roads and road making

For the small crofters of the nineteenth century there were several off-farm sources of income. One of the most important was forming and maintaining the local roads, and for the first decade of settlement at Wangaloa reading was very much a local matter.

The Haggarts (spelt Hagart in contemporary newspapers and documents) were active members of the Wangaloa Road Board during its existence as a separate entity from 1868 to about 1875, serving on the Board and taking up some of the numerous small contracts worth £10-30 which the Board let out to the local farmers (Wangaloa Road Board Minutes 1 1868-1872, in the Bruce County records held by Hacken Library).

Page 7

Both William Kelly and David Mcintyre appear in the Wangaloa Road Board minutes, Kelly taking up contracts and Mcintyre asking that the road between Mr Kelly's gate and his corner paddock should be mended. The Road Board rated the farmers at 2d or 3d per acre and then had the roads constructed bit by bit by the local men according to the survey lines on the maps which they held. In Sept 1870 Adam Landels was asked to declare how much land he owned in their district, and in February of the next year Mr Landels was complaining about “certain portions of the road which it was agreed to remedy”. Presumably Mr Landels had paid his dues.

In 1876 the Bruce County was set up, in which Landels was representative for Crichton Riding, rather than the Kaitangata Riding in which his Wangaloa property lay. (He owned several properties in the district.) He was appointed to a subcommittee to report on requirements for roads in the County generally. The Kaitangata Road Board seems to have been run for many years by Robert Chapman of Coombe Hay, the big landowner near . At Wangaloa the management of the roads had moved out of the hands of the local small farmers, and after 1876 the decisions on how, where and to whom contracts were let were the prerogative of the larger land owners such as Landels and Chapman.

The most used section of the old roads on the Wangaloa Block would have been the section along the southernmost boundary which according to local informants was the original line of the coast road. When there was no heavy machinery for road construction, a line up a spur would have been easier to form than across a bog, which may be why the coast road once passed up Marshall's Road, above Trig L, down the spurs to cross the Washpool Creek where it is close to the hill and along the old road lines as shown in Figs 1 and 2. There is a deep cutting where it crosses McCrosties Road, but no trace of it to the south of the homestead area.

This road would have joined what is probably one of the oldest roads in the area, one which runs across the tops of the hills almost due south from Moneymore to Kaitangata and Wangaloa, crossing the McCrostie Block (Fig.2). Its benching still shows north of the homestead on the Wangaloa Block in two places (Fig.1). Further north it is still a major stock route on the McCrostie farm ( John McCrostie:pers.comm.). In 1849 "The Handbook of the Suburban and Rural Districts of the Otago Settlement" (Otago News 1849) described three routes leading south from the Tokomairiro Plain into the . One of these, diverging from the plain, followed "a narrow valley through the eastern range of hills for about a couple of miles, when it strikes across the hills in the direction of a place called Kaitangata". This information is likely to be based on Kettle's surveying trips of 1846, when he crossed from Kaitangata to Wangaloa and examined the deposits at Coal Point (Kettle 1846: 12 Dec). About 1859 a man trying to reach the newly opened coal pit at Coal Point just south of Wangaloa was lost on the road over Mount Misery and died of exposure (Smaill: ms.). The map drawn up by the Dunedin Survey Office in 1859 (Hocken Library) shows only one track south along approximately the line of the present main road which was formed into an unmetalled dray track in 1860 (Baker 1969). This road tended to be swampy and a line along ridges and hill tops was much better for bullock wagons and droving stock.

Page 8

In 1873 a notice appeared in the Bruce Herald (8 April, 1873:p.2) calling for tenders to construct a road from Tokomairiro to the Coast, specifications to be seen and forms of tender to be obtained at the School at Wangaloa. Since the Kaitangata Road Board Office was then at Coombe Hay, it seems likely that the specifications were at Wangaloa because the road involved was the one going to Wangaloa.

Users of the road The settlers of Wangaloa were certainly producing heavy goods requiring transport. Coal was being worked at Coal Point by 1859, though probably most of this went out at first by coastal shipping, either from its own small wharf or from Kaitangata. The first settlers at Wangaloa around grew wheat which they either ground by hand in a steel mill like a coffee grinder or sent to a mill, receiving back flour, bran and pollard. In the early 1860s the Inchclutha farmers were sending their grain to Dunedin (Smaill: nd), but by 1868 WA Sanderson had set up a steam flour mill at Inchclutha (presumably using coal from Coal Point). The grain would be picked up by the s.s. Tuapeka from "all parts of the River, when navigable" (Waite 1948:143) Coal Point could have become a useful outlet for some grain. This wharf is mentioned in the Wangaloa Road Board Minutes of the early 1870s but probably did not survive very long on such a rugged coast.

The first flax mill in the area was started at Wangaloa in 1869, processing 4-5 tons of green flax per day using steam power. By 1873 Ewing had opened the second flax mill at Wangaloa (Blackburn 1969:32), and being a Dunedin merchant logically he would want to take his produce north. Landels was producing mostly wool from his holdings and in a letter of February 23 1874 he describes sending wool to Dunedin both by dray and by steamer from Kaitangata (Landels nd.). Since the nearest township of Kaitangata had only two stores in 1873 (Blackburn 1969:28), most supplies (tea, sugar, tools, seeds and machinery) had to come from Dunedin. The hill road would have been the best route for such traffic. Also grain being sent north and west into the goldfields of Tuapeka and Dunstan along this road could readily join the Dunedin-goldfields route at Clarksville. In fact the McCrosties considered that this was the main purpose of the Moneymore-Wangaloa road (John McCrostie:pers.comm.).

Conclusions There are no definite traces of Maori occupation on the Wangaloa Block.

Evidence of early European occupation consists of: a. The cleared ground on the tops of the spurs, worked about the turn of the century, the depression marking the site of the stables and the heavy tilling ridge around the homestead paddock, b. The homestead site (but not the present house), and a croft site at the southern edge of Section 1 of 19 (marked by old blue gums), c. Traces of the old hill road in two places north-west of the homestead site, d. The sod boundary fences on the northern and eastern sides of the block.

There are some interesting similarities in the European use and occupation of the forestry planting blocks which I have reported on over the last year. Clover Hills, Manatu Farm, the Mirams Block, Hope Hill Page 9 and the Wangaloa Block all include land which lay at the back of a large nineteenth century sheep station. But in every case there was an access road along which small holdings were taken up and later sold to the larger neighbouring farm. (Presumably this pattern reappears because Forest Service tends to buy steep land with roading leading in to it.)

In most cases there were other users of the land besides the legal owners. At Wangaloa we could have expected that coal mining would have been a major secondary land use, but in fact there is no trace of mining on this particular block. Gathering of flax from the gullies for the flax mill down by Washpool Creek would have been important, but the major secondary land use was in fact early roading.

Recommendations. Though the original house has gone the homestead site on the Wangaloa Block is impressive, both in its placing on the landscape and in the development of its trees. The nearby traces of the stables, field edges and the old hill road add interest to the site for visitor presentation.

The remains of early European occupation on the lower slopes of Sections 19 and 1 of 19 have not been satisfactorily resolved. There was a flax mill in the vicinity and probably the old house in the blue gums was associated with it, but there seem to be no physical remains of any interest left. The information about flax milling could be usefully incorporated in any literature about early crofting in the area. The references given below would provide further material on the nature of early farming in the area.

Probably the most interesting remains are the sod walls. The one along Council Road is particularly well preserved and I do not know of any other sod wall so accessible to the public in the Coast forests. Sod walls are as characteristic of early boundary fencing in this part of coastal Otago as stone walls are around Dunedin and in Central Otago. Since they are rather more vulnerable than the stone walls, it would be a valuable service if Forest Service were to take steps to ensure the preservation of some of them in its Otago Coast Forests. I would recommend that after Brian Allingham's report is completed that several kilometres of walls be selected for preservation.

The criteria for selecting the sections of walls to be preserved should include not only how well preserved the wall is but also how easy it will be to maintain its stability. A wall on flattish dry ground will probably last longer than one on steep or wet ground. Some of the walls should be accessible to the public and some sections should be chosen in more remote areas to ensure that not all the walls are damaged by visitors climbing over them. I have been told of three different methods of sod wall construction, and, if this applies to Otago walls, it would be worth keeping sample lengths of each type of wall construction. Since the walls are likely to be over 100 years old, they could be given legal protection as archaeological sites under the Historic Places Act.

The traces of old road lines on the southern side of the block are also of interest. Relatively little attention is paid in New Zealand to the roads which were formed before car traffic and subsequently abandoned. In fact they provide useful information on how communities patterned their lives. Early small-scale farming was very close to Page 10 subsistence farming certainly, but even the smallest farmers at Wangaloa would have bought tools, seeds, clothing, tea and sugar, and sent out some crop or other to provide cash to pay for these and interest on any mortgage. The farmers' well-being, let alone any increase in prosperity, would have depended in part on getting their crop to a market as cheaply as possible. The lines adopted on the ground tell us which communities were directly linked and lead to questions about why those particular links were important. Just as the line of the old Dunstan Road has public appeal, so in a more minor way the old hill road at Wangaloa could be made use of in the development of the recreational potential of the Wangaloa and McCrosties blocks.

Considering the striking similarities between the cultural histories of several of the Forest Service planting blocks in eastern Otago, it would be preferable (and more economical) if their presentation to the public were integrated around particular themes, e.g. walls, the swallowing up of the small crofts into the larger neighbouring farms, flax milling and other users of the land and old road lines.

References Baker, N R 1969 The development of Otago's main road network. Unpublished thesis, Geography Department, University of Otago.

Blackburn, AK 1969 A dying ember. Unpublished thesis, Geography Department, University of Otago.

Bruce County Records. Hocken Library, Dunedin.

Kettle, C H. 1846. Letterbook for 1846-1852. Hocken Library, Dunedin. Landels, A. nd. Letterbook. Notes from the letterbook held by J. Dangerfield, Dunedin.

Otago News. 1849. The Handbook of the Suburban and Rural Districts of the Otago Settlement. News Office, Dunedin.

Smaill, W. n.d. Recollections 1858-1863. Typescript of manuscript held by Otago Early Settlers Museum.

Teal, F J 1977. Blackhead to Clutha River Mouth Site Survey. Report to the N Z Historic Places Trust.

Wilson, John. (Ed.) 1912. Reminiscences of the the Early Settlement of Dunedin and South Otago. J Wilkie and Co, Dunedin.

NEW ZEALAND ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION NZAA NZMS 1 SITE N BER :·;) y;C/;q _ �-� _ SITE RECORD FORM (NZMS1) DATEVISITED H feiJ 19Url SITE TYPE NZMS 1 map number MAORI NZMS 1 map name SITE NAME: (,Jangi:\l Ct.::• OTHER NZMS 1 map edition 4..,..,ol Ed

Easting n Northing 2 h 0::, Grid Reference I ::; 16 I '?' I .s I u 1 I:::-: I b · IO 1 1. Aids to relocation of site (attach a sketch map) T "°'i-:: e F" rn·- t.E",i ,,. ·/ 1·-· u ,3 d �: r· om f,:: Ed t-:.=1r,g ,3. t ,,, :i n t:.CJ 1·1ic: c,-- D =.:. t :i. c,:, b 1 ,::·,ck ,, t ur 11 rJn t D CoL.1nc�i l F:oad'i �..Jhich i:L!.t·i-:�::. th1··-cJuqh thr:7: �::.eiCJ t.··J�:�11 ,::'�nd ,,-t.tn·:�. ·fc:;r.. th:--·c�,t� kilometres on its north �ide.

2. State of site and possible future damage Slightly damaged by bulldozer in places, but in good repair where it :=:.t :L 11 h.:=1.�; �·Jir-E· ,f E-�nr:: f.?. cJn tc:•p (:if :it: ..

3. Description of site (Supply full details,history, local environment, references, sketches, etc. If extra sheets are attached, include a summary here) The sod wall is about 80cm high, resting on a base 1. lm wide. It is made up of four layers of sods 22ch 20-23 cm wide and 23-26 cm high which have been cut with sloped sides so that the wall presents a he�ring bone pattern in face view. Iron standards have been driven into the top of the wall and three wires and a top barbed wire strung along the top. Most of the wall is cc,ncealed by b�acken, Blechnum, ling, fla� and gorse.

4. Owner Tenant/Manager NZ Forest Service, Address Address F'r :i. v.3te Bo1i:;i, Inv F:.·1·-·c: Et1·· qi 1. l. "

5. Nature of information (hearsay, brief or extended visit, etc.) Br-j_ e·f vi�=-it

Photographs (reference numbers, and where they are held )

Aerial photographs (reference numbers, and clarity of site)

6. Reported by Filekeeper G Hamel, G. H .:\:,IE:L Address Date 4 2 Am, t3t � DUNED I r,I,.

7. Key words SOD l1Jr::1L.L.

8. New Zealand Register of Archaeological Sites (for office use) NZHPT Site Field Code

Type of site Present condition and future danger of destruction

Local envirc nment today Security code

Land classification Local body