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An Investigation Into Pauline Church Leadership and Ministry Towards a Reduction of the Clergy/Laity Gap in a West African Sahelian Context

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An Investigation Into Pauline Church Leadership and Ministry Towards a Reduction of the Clergy/Laity Gap in a West African Sahelian Context An investigation into Pauline Church leadership and ministry towards a reduction of the clergy/laity gap in a West African Sahelian context by Mamadou NDIAYE A dissertation submitted for the degree of Philosophy Doctor in Theology at the South African Theological Seminary September 2013 Supervisor: Dr Bill Domeris The opinions expressed in this dissertation do not necessarily reflect the views of the South African Theological Seminary. DECLARATION I, the undersigned, hereby acknowledge that the work contained in this dissertation is my own original work and has not previously in its entirety or in part been submitted to any academic institution for degree purpose. Signed: Date: September 2013 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like, first of all, to express my appreciation to the National Council of the Evangelical Protestant Church in Mali for having agreed to allow me to undertake postgraduate studies and to “Avant Ministries” for having funded part of my studies. I would like also to express my deepest gratitude to Myrtle, and to Dan and Gladys Wolfe, for their significant contribution to the funding of this research, and for their steady spiritual support during these many years. My heartfelt appreciation goes to Dr Bill Domeris for having accepted from to supervise this work. I have greatly benefited from his guidance, advices and encouragements. He has willingly risen to the occasion whenever I sought after his feedbacks, and I do not to forget his challenges that have added all the way long to my motivation to strive for excellence. I offer my deep thanks to our sister Leschenne Rebuli for her kindness, having been always ready to help and to patiently clarify academic and administrative matters related to my research. Last, but by no means the least, I give thanks to my wonderful wife and our dear children who travelled along with me day and night throughout the long journey of my postgraduate studies. They are the ones who suffered the most from my dedication to this work. To them therefore I express wholeheartedly my gratitude for their love, their patience and their encouragements. To them also I dedicate this piece of research as an encouragement to each of them to pursue excellence in life and action. Above all: Soli Deo Gloria iii ABSTRACT The post-apostolic Church fathers, facing deviating teachings and movements, reinforced the authority of Church leadership at the expense of non-leaders’ involvement in ministry. This is the root of a clergy/laity gap that was to deepen throughout the centuries. The Protestant Reformation was right in reasserting the priesthood of all. They questioned the clerical and hierarchical structure of Roman Church leadership and ministry. However, the Protestant movement, in wanting to correct the Roman Church order, engaged in a wrong track. The priesthood of all was dealt with in terms of authority rather than service. The results have been different forms of Church order, confined to a restructuring of Church leadership that do not reduce the clergy/laity gap. Furthermore, they do not reflect the sovereign uniqueness of Christ’s headship. This thesis set then to investigate Pauline Church leadership and ministry in search of a potential solution towards a reduction of the gap. It is structured into three main parts addressing the background of the issue, the investigation of Pauline Church leadership and ministry, and the contemporary significance of the study. The research shows that the nature of the Priesthood of all in Paul is diakonia (Eph 4:12), not authority. The “diakonia” of the body, the “pastoral task” and “participative christocracy” are the three paradigms that emerge from the exegetic study based on 1 Corinthians 12:27-31 and Ephesians 4:11-16, paying heed to New Testament related texts. The theological significance of the paradigms for a reduction of the clegy/laity gap has been applied to a West African Sahelian context, part of the Mandingo cluster. The application leans upon socio-cultural positive values that help implement Church leadership and ministry in ways potentially conducive to a reduction of the clergy/laity gap while safeguarding the christocratic nature of authority in the Church. iv OUTLINE TITLE PAGE i DECLARATION ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii ABSTRACT iv OUTLINE v ABBREVIATIONS ix PART ONE: PRELIMINARY 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Problem 3 1.3 Objectives 4 1.4 Purpose 5 1.5 Delimitations 5 1.6 Design 6 1.7 Methodology 7 1.8 Hypothesis 9 1.9 Definitions 10 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Historical background 13 2.3 Debates 35 2.3.1 Debates over Church order and ministry 35 2.3.2 Debates on Charismas and ministry 53 2.4 Summary 62 PART TWO: STUDY OF PAULINE CHURCH LEADERSHIP AND MINISTRY 65 CHAPTER 3 THE INFORMING THEOLOGY 65 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 The Church in early Pauline letters 66 3.2.1 The nature of the Church 66 3.2.2 Inter-communitarian relationships 71 3.3 Leadership in early Pauline communities 73 v 3.3.1 Paul and the Jerusalem leadership 73 3.3.2 Leadership in Pauline communities 74 3.4 Ministries in early Pauline communities 81 3.4.1 Management ministries 81 3.4.2 Other ministries 83 CHAPTER 4 EXEGETICAL STUDY OF 1 CORINTHIANS 12:27-31 87 4.1 General background 87 4.2 Historical context 92 4.2.1 Occasion and purpose 92 4.2.2 Date and place of writing 93 4.2.3 Authorship 95 4.3 Literary context 95 4.3.1 Genre 95 4.3.2 Composition 96 4.3.3 Central theme 97 4.3.4 Text context 97 4.4 Exegesis 100 4.4.1 Textual criticism 100 4.4.2 Tentative translation 101 4.4.3 Syntactical analysis 101 4.4.4 Lexical study 115 4.4.5 Proposed translation 124 CHAPTER 5 EXEGETICAL STUDY OF EPHESIANS 4:11-16 126 5.1 General background 126 5.2 Historical context 127 5.2.1 Authenticity 127 5.2.2 Occasion and purpose 129 5.2.3 Date and place of writing 130 5.3 Literary context 131 5.3.1 Genre 131 5.3.2 Composition 131 5.3.3 Themes 132 5.3.4 Text context 134 5.4 Exegesis 136 5.4.1 Textual criticism 136 5.4.2 Tentative translation 136 5.4.3 Syntactical analysis 136 5.4.4 Proposed translation 169 CHAPTER 6 THE DEVELOPING THEOLOGY 170 vi 6.1 Introduction 170 6.2 The Church and her edification 170 6.2.1 The Church 170 6.2.2 The building of the Church 172 6.2.3 The ministries and the diakonia of the body 175 6.3 The structure of the diakonia of the body 176 6.3.1 Leadership 176 6.3.2 Leadership in the diakonia of the body 181 6.3.3 The centrality of the ministry of the word 183 6.4 The involvement of the whole congregation 185 CHAPTER 7 SUMMARY AND SYNTHESIS OF THE FINDINGS 187 7.1 Summary of the findings 187 7.1.1 Introduction 187 7.1.2 Peculiarities 188 7.1.3 Commonalities 189 7.2. Synthesis of the essentials 191 7.2.1 Divine source and divine initiative 191 7.2.2 Charismata 192 7.2.3 The ministries and the diakonia of the body 193 7.2.4 Leadership in the diakonia of the body 194 7.2.5 Congregational involvement in the diakonia of the body 195 7.2.6 Authority in the diakonia of the body 196 7.3 Paradigms 197 PART THREE: CONTEMPORARY SIGNIFICANCE 198 CHAPTER 8 THEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE 198 8.1 Introduction 198 8.2 The ends of the edification 198 8.2.1 The nature and identity of the Church 198 8.2.2 The vocation of the Church 202 8.2.3 The edification of the Church 205 8.3 Paradigm one: the diakonia of the Church 208 8.3.1 The external and internal ministries of the body 208 8.3.2 Charismas, ministries and ministry 211 8.3.3 The priesthood of all 215 8.4 Paradigm two: the pastoral task 221 8.4.1 The extent of the pastoral task 221 8.4.2 The pastoral task in the diakonia of the body 224 8.4.3 The functional importance of plurality of elders 226 vii 8.5 Paradigm 3: Participative christocracy 228 8.5.1 The nature of Church authority: christocracy 230 8.5.2 Authority location in the body 231 8.5.3 Some principles of participative christocracy 236 8.5.4 Locality, catholicity and participative christocracy 238 8.6 Summary 240 CHAPTER 9 CONTEXTUAL SIGNIFICANCE 243 9.1 Introduction 243 9.2 The WAS context 244 9.2.1 Geography, demography and economy 244 9.2.2 Culture and Religion 247 9.3 The Church in a WAS context 251 9.3.1 The state of the Church 251 9.3.2 Challenges and opportunities 254 9.4 Towards a priesthood of all 256 9.4.1 The diakonia of the body 256 9.4.2 The pastoral task 261 9.4.3 Participative christocracy 263 9.5 Summary 270 CHAPTER 10 SUMMARY AND SUGGESTIONS 272 10.1 Summary 272 10.2 Suggestions for further research 275 WORK CITED 277 viii ABBREVIATIONS Dictionaries and Encyclopaedias BDT Baker’s Dictionary of Theology BEB Baker Encyclopedia of the Bible BEPC Baker’s Encyclopedia of psychology and counselling DBT Dictionary of Biblical Themes DEB Dictionnaire Encyclopédique de la Bible DEBB Dictionnaire Encyclopédique de la Bible-Brepols DLNT Dictionary of Later New Testament and its developments DPL Dictionary of Paul and his letters DTB Dictionnaire de Théologie Biblique 2006 EBD Easton Bible Dictionary EDT Evangelical Dictionary of Theology EDWM Evangelical Dictionary of World Missions GDB Grand Dictionnaire de la Bible (Le) HIBD Hollman Illustrated Bible Dictionary ISBE International Standard Bible Encyclopedia LBD The Lexam Bible Dictionary 2012 NASD New American Standard Hebrew-Aramaïc and Greek Dictionaries NBD New Bible Dictionary NDB Nouveau Dictionnaire Biblique (Emmaüs)-OLB NDB Nouveau Dictionnaire de la Bible-1975 NDT New Dictionary of Theology NIDCC New International Dictionary of the Christian Church NTD New Testament Dictionary TDNT II Kittel’s Theological Dictionary of the New Testament-Vol.
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