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Effect of Posters and Mobile-Health Education Strategies on Teething Beliefs and Oral Health Knowledge Among Mothers in Nairobi

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Effect of Posters and Mobile-Health Education Strategies on Teething Beliefs and Oral Health Knowledge Among Mothers in Nairobi EFFECT OF POSTERS AND MOBILE-HEALTH EDUCATION STRATEGIES ON TEETHING BELIEFS AND ORAL HEALTH KNOWLEDGE AMONG MOTHERS IN NAIROBI. DR. REGINA MUTAVE JAMES REGISTRATION NUMBER: V91/96427/2014 Department of Periodontology/Community and Preventive Dentistry THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE (PhD) IN COMMUNITY AND PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI DECLARATION: I, Regina Mutave James hereby declare that this is my original work and that it has not been submitted by any other person for research purpose, degree or otherwise in any other university or institution. Signed ………………………………………. Date ………………………………. Regina Mutave James R.M.J PhD Thesis - 2015 Page i SUPERVISORS’ DECLARATION This research thesis has been submitted for the fulfillment of the requirement for the award of PhD in Community and Preventive Dentistry with our approval as supervisors. Supervisors: Signed ………………………………..Date……………………………. Prof. Loice W. Gathece BDS., MPH., PhD( Nbi). Department of Periodontology/ Community and Preventive Dentistry, University of Nairobi. Signed ………………………………..Date……………………………. Prof. Arthur M. Kemoli BDS (Nbi)., MSc (UvA)., PhD (UvA). Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, University of Nairobi. R.M.J PhD Thesis - 2015 Page ii DEDICATION To the Almighty, for His unending Grace! R.M.J PhD Thesis - 2015 Page iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My PhD studies including this thesis were made possible by the financial support that I received from the University of Nairobi, and I am grateful for the opportunity. I wish to thank my supervisors Prof. Loice Gathece and Prof Arthur Kemoli who were always there to offer guidance and encouragement throughout the process. My sincere appreciation for my family and friends who stood by me even when I had no time for them and especially my children Erick, Aileen, Mbithe and Jynette. Your perseverance is adorable. I wish to acknowledge the nursing officers in-charge, Westlands health centre and Makadara health centre Mr. Thuranira and Mrs Mwakesi who offered me all the support during my data collection. Last, but not least, I have special appreciation for all the mothers who allowed me to disturb their bonding with their new-borns during my data collection for the commom good. R.M.J PhD Thesis - 2015 Page iv Table of Contents DECLARATION: ......................................................................................................................................... i SUPERVISORS’ DECLARATION ................................................................................................................. ii DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................. x LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................... xii ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................................................. xiii DEFINITION OF TERMS .......................................................................................................................... xv ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................................................................xvi CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Physiological teething process .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Health education ....................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Electronic-health and mobile-health communication strategies .............................................. 4 1.4 Common Risk Factor approach in health promotion ................................................................ 5 CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................................... 8 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Developmental Milestones in Children ..................................................................................... 8 2.2 Determinants of Early Childhood Illnesses ................................................................................ 8 2.2.1 Immunization and Growth Monitoring Clinics ....................................................................... 8 2.2.2 Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices .......................................................................................... 9 2.2.3 Weaning Practices .................................................................................................................. 9 R.M.J PhD Thesis - 2015 Page v 2.2.4 Access to Safe Drinking Water ............................................................................................. 10 2.3 Leading Diseases in Early Childhood ....................................................................................... 10 2.3.1 Fever in Early Childhood ....................................................................................................... 10 2.3.2 Diarrhoea in Early Childhood ............................................................................................... 11 2.4 Development of Deciduous Dentition ..................................................................................... 11 2.5 Cultural Beliefs and Teething .................................................................................................. 12 2.6 Common Remedies Used During the Teething Period............................................................ 13 2.7 Health Education Communication Strategies ......................................................................... 15 2.7.1 Health Promotion – The approach to health education ...................................................... 15 2.7.2 Communication Strategies in Oral Health Education ........................................................... 15 2.7.3 Posters as health education tools ........................................................................................ 16 2.7.4 MHealth and Health Care ..................................................................................................... 17 2.8 Common Risk Factor Approach ............................................................................................... 18 2.8.1 Early Childhood Caries .......................................................................................................... 19 2.8.2 Trends of Early Childhood Caries ......................................................................................... 20 2.8.3 Determinants of Early Childhood Caries .............................................................................. 21 2.8.4 Dental Fluorosis .................................................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................................. 25 3.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT, JUSTIFICATION AND OBJECTIVES .............................................................. 25 3.1 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................. 25 3.2 Justification ............................................................................................................................. 25 3.3 Objectives ................................................................................................................................ 26 3.4 Hypothesis ............................................................................................................................... 27 3.5 Conceptual Framework ........................................................................................................... 27 3.6 Study Variables ........................................................................................................................ 30 R.M.J PhD Thesis - 2015 Page vi CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................................. 31 4.0 METHODS AND MATERIALS ............................................................................................................ 31 4.1 Research Design ...................................................................................................................... 31 4.2 Study Area and Study Sites ...................................................................................................... 31 4.3 Study Population ....................................................................................................................
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