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Potential of Medicinal Plant in Amaryllidaceae As Antidiabetic Activity

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Potential of Medicinal Plant in Amaryllidaceae As Antidiabetic Activity REVIEW : POTENTIAL OF MEDICINAL PLANT IN AMARYLLIDACEAE AS ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY Nur Annisa*, Rini Hendriani*, Ahmad Muhtadi* Departement of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Universitas Padjajaran Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang km.21 Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia. Email : [email protected] ABSTRACT Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading causes of world death. This disease has the highest prevalence of death in Indonesia in Southeast Asia. Diabetes mellitus is mostly found in men patients as much as 60%. Currently, there are various kinds of antidiabetic drugs that have been circulating in the market and consumed by humans. Unfortunately, the drugs that have been circulating it still has a considerable shortage of side effects. Thus, researchers are still looking for and developing new drugs. In addition, many people turn to alternative medicine. In addition, traditional medicine also has advantages such as side effects that are so small that many people turn to traditional medicine. One of the plants that can play a role in antidiabetic is Amaryllidaceae. In the last 10 years there are known to be 9 species in the Amaryllidaceae that have potential in antidiabetic activity with secondary metabolite compounds in the form of alkaloid and flavonoid that play a role in decreasing blood sugar levels in the body. The 3 best candidates are on the Galanthus reginae-olgae subsp plant. vernalis, Allium cepa L., and Zephyranthes candida (Lindl.) Herb. All of the genera belonging to this Amaryllidaceae whose existence of habitat in Asia is the genera of Allium and these genera belong to category 3 of the best candidate. So that other species contained within this genera can be studied and developed in Indonesia. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Anti-diabetic, Medicine plant, Amaryllidaceae Introduction Ipheion Raf. Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading Leucojum L. causes of death in the world. By 2015 DM Lycoris Herb. affects about 8.5% of the world population Muilla S. Watson ex with most male patients as much as 60% Benth. (IDF,2018). Until now, the great public Narcissus L. interest in traditional medicine causes Nerine Herb. researchers to search and develop new Nothoscordum Kunth. drugs. There are 800 plants that have a Pancratium Kunth. potential antidiabetic activity or 1,200 Proiphys Herb. species such as the Scadoxus Raf. Amaryllidaceae(Kitukale, et al., 2014). The Sprekelia Heist. Amaryllidaceae is known to have 9 species Stenomesson Herb. potentially in antidiabetic activity with Sternbergia Waldst. & secondary metabolite compounds such as Kit. alkaloid and flavonoids compounds. Tristagma Poeep. Tulbaghia L. The study of literature review carried out by Zephyranthes Herb. searching on electronic diabetes including Google Scholar, Pubmed, Science Direct Distribution and Habitat and Research Gate. They Keyword The existence of the monocotyledons “Antidiabetic”, “Amaryllidaceae”, Amaryllidaceae in the world is widespread. “Phytochemical”, and each genera name The family is located in the tropics and is from Amaryllidaceae obtained from The generally located in the center of South Plant List and was used to find all of the Africa and sometimes in Andrean South article research about an antidiabetic activity America. In addition, there is also in the of Amaryllidaceae plants from 2009 until Mediterranean (Dahlgren, et al., 1985). 2018. The list of references in the relevant There are genera groups related to articles also studied to find another article phylogenetics with certain geographic relevant to the topic. conditions(Dahlgren, et al., 1982). In this family, there is a monophyletic group Amaryllidaceae consisting of 25 recognized genera. They Classification for Kingdom Plantae Down usually grow in grasslands, savannahs and to Amaryllidaceae (ITIS, 2018). tropical forests in sub-Saharan Africa, but Kingdom : Plantae are most typical in southern Africa where Subkingdom : Viridiplantae habitats include semiarid dwarf shrubs found Infrakingdom : Streptophyta in winter-rainfall climates(Snijman & Superdivision : Embryophyta Linder, 1996). Of the 25 genera in this Division : Tracheophyta family, there are 8 genera with 9 species that Subdivision : Spermatohytina are known to have potential antidiabetic Class : Magnoliopsida activity isAllium sativum L., Allium cepa L., Superorder : Lilianae Crinum jagus (Thomps.) Dandy, Galanthus Order : Asparagales reginae-olgae subsp. vernalist, Lycoris Family : Amaryllidaceae radiata (L'Hér.) Herb., Pancatrium Genus : Agapanthus L’Hér. maritimum L., Sternbergia lutea (L.) Ker Allium L. Gawl. ex Spreng., Tulbaghia violacea Harv., Amaryllis L. and Zephyranthes candida (Lindl.) Herb. Ammocharis Herb. with the presence of the habitat attached in Clivia Lindl. table 1. Crinum L. Eucharis Planch. & Linden. Galanthus L. Habranthus Herb. Hippeastrum Herb. Table 1: Distribution and Habitat 9 species in Amaryllidaceae Genera Species Distribution and Habitat References Name Allium sativum L. In mountainous regions in Central (Brewster, Allium L. Allium cepa L. Asia 2018) On the banks of rivers and lakes in Crinum jagus (Vrijsen,et the tropics and subtropics around (Thomps.) Dandy al., 1986) Crinum L. the world, including South Africa. In Sicily and the western and (World north-western Balkans (parts of Checklist of Galanthus reginae- Greece and the former Selected Galanthus L. olgae subsp. vernalis Yugoslavia) Plant Families, 2017) Lycoris In China, Korea and Nepal (Li,et al., Lycoris Herb. radiata (L'Hér.) Herb. 2004) Pancatrium In southern California, Bermuda (Ali,et al., Pancratium L. maritimum L. and the Azores 1990) (World Checklist of Sternbergia Waldst. Sternbergia lutea (L.) On the Balearic Islands in the Selected & Kit. Ker Gawl. ex Spreng. Western Mediterranean to Plant Tajikistan in Central Asia Families, 2017) World (Checklist In Southern Africa (KwaZulu- Tulbaghia violacea of Selected Tulbaghia L. Natal and Cape Province) Harv. Plant Families, 2017) In (South Africa, Indian subcontinent, Zimbabwe, (World Seychelles, central and southern Checklist of China, Korea, Nansei-shoto Selected Zephyranthescandida (Ryukyu Islands), Bhutan, Plant Zephyranthes Herb. (Lindl.) Herb. Solomon Islands, Queensland, Families, Nauru, Tonga, Society Islands , 2017) Mariana Islands, southeastern United States to North Carolina), Little Antilles, and Peru) Diagnostic Characters look that looks obsolete. Otherwise Amaryllidaceae has characteristics of form terminated by 2 or more spathaceous, bulbous (rarely rhizomatous), mostly obvolute or equitant, usually also a brass geophytic, perennials, terrestrial, marcescent that attaches flowers in the bud occasionally aquatic or epiphytic, rich in or can be said bracts are rarely absent, and family-specific alkaloids. Then this family than inner bracteoles usually present, but it has bulbs tunicate, annual or persistent also has a shorter and narrower (Meerow & leaves, sessile and linear, lorate, or petiolate Snijman, 1998). and lanceolate to usually elliptic, distichous or spirally decided and sometimes on the The flowers are I-many, perfect, often large basal sheathing can form an aerial and conspicuous, sessile or pedicellate, each pseudostem, generally glabrous and rarely of which is usually punctuated by bracteole, with trichomes. Inflorescence scapose, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, usually pseudo-umbellate or can also reduce protandrous. In perigone crateriform, helicoid cymes, sometimes scape is salverform, funnelform, tubular or completely on the subterranean and has a ventricose have 3 + 3 segments (tepals) connoted below which act as short or long elaiosome located at the end of the chalazal, tubes or are also rarely free to the base, but endosperm with hemicellulose and lipids. In the strips are generally shorter than the addition, in the richer genera with water or outside. Sometimes perigone growth is starch (Meerow & Snijman, 1998). present in the form of a striking or paraperigone-like corona, relatively Phytoconstituent inconspicuous and consisting of a short In Amaryllidaceae, there are secondary callose cord or scales ring (fimbriae in the metabolite compounds that play a role in the throat). In flowers there are 3 + 3 stamens, activity of antidiabetes namely alkaloids and rarely 5 or 18 can also be more than 18, flavonoids. It is known that at present there subequal or vary in length, inserted in the are 110 alkaloid compounds that have been perigone throat or below, sometimes found in Amaryllidaceae which include a filaments are diverse or attached, rarely role in antidiabetic activity such as S-allyl attached to the force, sari is usually cysteine sulphoxide isolated (Eidi, et al., dorsifixed, rarely centrifuged or in basifiks, 2006), lycorane (Conforti, et al., 2010; distorted, dehiscing longitudinally or can be Gbolade, 2009), Galanthamine (Conforti, et said also rarely from terminal pores. There is al., 2010; Preethi, 2013), Lycorenan also a style of filiform, hollow, sometimes (Conforti, et al., 2010), Tazettine (Conforti, twisting, rarely tripartite; stigma capitate, 3 - et al., 2010), Crinine (Conforti, et al., 2010), lobed or very trifid, usually papillate. There Neronine (Conforti, et al., 2010), β-1,5-O- is a synarposal, tricarpellate, inferior, tri- Dibenzoyl- ribofuranose; 4- (rarely uni) ovary locally, with an anterior Methoxybenzaldehide; Oley Alcohol, septal; ovulus axile or basal in placentation, trifluoroacetate; Disulfide, bis (2- anatropous, crassinucellate, (bi- / uni / sulfhydrylethyl) -; Benzene, 1-methyl-4- ategmic)(Meerow
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