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Dillenia Pentagyna Roxb.: a Boon of Ethnomedicinal Herbs of India

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Dillenia Pentagyna Roxb.: a Boon of Ethnomedicinal Herbs of India Available online on www.ijppr.com International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research 2014; 6(3): 573-579 ISSN: 0975-4873 Research Article Pharmacognostical Study and Quality Control Parameters of Dillenia indica Linn. and Dillenia pentagyna Roxb.: A Boon of Ethnomedicinal Herbs of India Dipal Gandhi2, *Priti Mehta1 1Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad – 382 481, Gujarat, India. Available Online: 1st September 2014 ABSTRACT Dillenia indica Linn. and Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. are two plants which are found to be widely growing plants in many forest regions of India. The quality parameters are set for assuring the standards of plant species. Pharmacognostical and physicochemical parameters are developed which ensures the quality of drug as well as differentiate both plant species. Bark of both plants differentiated morphologically by its colour as well as texture while leaves of both plants differentiated by its size, shape. Microscopically, bark can be differentiated by presence of stone cells, cork, pigments and raphides of Ca-oxalate and leaves based on its trichomes, raphides etc. Physicochemical parameters (extractive values, ash values, foreign matter, moisture content) were determined to ensure quality of plants. Phytochemical screening is performed to have an idea about active phytoconstituents present in plants. Results of heavy metal and microorganism revealed that plants are safe to use further for separation of phytoconstituents. Phytochemical screening of different extracts of bark and leaves revealed the presence of sterols, flavonoids, phenolics etc. Keywords: Folklore medicine, Dillenia indica, Dillenia pentagyna, WHO. INTRODUCTION identity, quality and purity. Now a days many Herbal medicines which can be used freely by the local sophisticated modern research tools for evaluation of the community and are well known through long usage by plant drugs are available but pharmacognostical method is local population in terms of its composition, treatment and still one of the simplest and cheapest methods to start for dosage are indigenous herbal medicines. If medicines in establishing the correct identity of the source materials. this category enter in market, they have to meet The World Health Organization has described a series of requirements of safety and efficacy as per national tests for assessing quality of medicinal plant materials3. regulations1. As the folklore medicines are evolved by the The present research work was conceived to standardize individual and ethnic experiences, it needs further the bark and leaves of D. indica and D. pentagyna as per investigations in stipulations of diverse branches of the WHO guidelines to determine the correct identity and medical science to endeavor the issues like that of purity of the plant part and for the detection of adulterant standardization, identification, pharmacology etc2. The as well. Botanical authentication and physicochemical isolation, identification of active principles and parameters developed ensures the quality of drug. pharmacological studies of the active phytoconstituents may be considered and studied elaborately to treat MATERIALS AND METHODS effectively for various types of diseases. Although, a great Collection of plant samples: Bark and leaves of Dillenia amount of ethno medicinal research work has been indica and Dillenia pentagyna were collected from undertaken in various pockets of tribal and rural population following places WAGHAI botanical garden, Dist. Dang, scattered throughout the country, more efforts are needed Gujarat, India. to enhance the utility as well as to explore concealed areas Foreign matter in medicinal plant material: Foreign matter of these plants at global level. of bark and leaves of D. indica and D. pentagyna were Dillenia indica Linn. and Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. are perform using procedure described as per WHO4. two plants which are found to be widely growing and Preparation of samples: The leaves and bark were dried collected from Dang forest of Gujarat, India. The quality under shade for 3 days. Bark powder was prepared using parameters need to be set for assuring the standards of pulverizer and leaves using grinder individually. Powder collected species. It is therefore essential to follow was passed through 60# sieve to get uniform size of internationally recognized guidelines for assessing their particles. It was stored in airtight containers and used for *Author for correspondence: E-mail: [email protected] Dipal Gandhi, Priti Mehta / Pharmacognostical Study and… Table 1 Foreign organic matter in bark and leaves of both plants Plant species Part of plant % w/w of foreign matter D. indica Bark 8.2 % Leaves 3 % D. pentagyna Bark 6.5 % Leaves 4 % Fig. 1: Morphology of D. indica (A) bark and (B) leaf and D. pentagyna (C) bark and (D) leaf Table 2: Pharmacognostical differences of bark of D. indica and D. pentagyna D. indica D. pentagyna Size broken irregular pieces having thickness of 1.5 to broken irregular pieces having thickness of 0.9 2 cm to 1.3 cm Colour Upper surface: Reddish brown Upper surface: Dark brown Lower surface: Reddish brown Lower surface: Brownish Surface Rough with lenticels and longitudinal striations Rough with lenticels and longitudinal striations Shape Re curved/ Curved Flat Fracture Fibrous Fibrous to granular Cork Reddish brown polygonal shaped Dark brown in colour polygonal shaped parenchymatous cells Fibres Long and narrow phloem fibres Long and narrow phloem fibres Stone cells Rectangled shaped thick walled lignified pitted Rectangled shaped thick walled lignified pitted stone cells stone cells (21-40.3µ in Length ; (52.3-46.3µ Length ; 12.4-20 µ in width) 15.6-23 µ in width) Cortex Parenchymatous cells of cortex brownish Parenchymatous cells of cortex yellow to pigments orange pigments 574 Ca-oxalates Needle shaped acicular Raphides Needle shaped acicular Raphides Page IJPPR, Vol 6, Issue 3, September-November 2014, 573-579 Dipal Gandhi, Priti Mehta / Pharmacognostical Study and… pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical Microscopical study: Powder of bark and leaves of D. studies. indica and D. pentagyna were taken and unstained and Pharmacognostical studies stained slides were prepared to study presence of Macroscopical study: Freshly collected bark and leaves of microscopical characters5. D. indica and D. pentagyna were studied and identified by Physico-chemical evaluation of bark and leaves of D. comparing their morphological characters mentioned in indica and D. pentagyna: Proximate parameters has been the literature. performed for evaluation of collected plant species which Fig. 2: Microscopy of bark of D. indica and D. pentagyna [A- Stone cell (DIB) ; B- Stone cells (DPB); C- brownish pigments of DIB; D- yellowish pigment of DPB; E-Reddish brown cork (DIB) F- dark brown cork of DPB] [G- Raphides 575 & stone cells; H-Raphides stone cells in (45X); I- Phloem fibre in both species] Page IJPPR, Vol 6, Issue 3, September-November 2014, 573-579 Dipal Gandhi, Priti Mehta / Pharmacognostical Study and… Fig. 3: Microscopy of leaf of D. indica and D. pentagyna [A- Lignified and unlignified trichomes D. pentagyna; B- lignified Trichomes in D. indica] [C- Pitted Xylem vessels; D- Raphides of Ca-oxalates; E- Anomocytic stomata; F- surface view of leaf; G- Raphides of Ca-oxalates in both species (45X)] includes Loss on drying, ash values and extractive values plants has been analyzed for yeast and mould count, total were determined by the procedure described by WHO8. viable count and presence of E. coli. Results obtained were Determination of arsenic and heavy metals in raw material: compared with limits for each microorganism. Collected raw materials such as bark and leaves of both Phytochemical screening of bark and leaves of D. indica plants has been analyzed for heavy metal analysis using and D. pentagyna: Different fractions has been prepared AAS. It has been have analysed for presence of Lead (as with increasing polarity of different solvents and checked Pb), Cadmium (as Cd) as well as Arsenic (as As) as per for presence of phytoconstituents by performing AOAC official Method 999.119. AOAC official Method phytochemical screening. Successive solvent extraction 971.21 was followed for determination of Mercury (as Hg) was done using petroleum ether, ethyl acetate extract, in plant material. Results obtained were compared with methanolic extract and water and taken for performing limits set by WHO for each element10. preliminary chemical tests. Each prepared extracts by Determination of microorganisms in raw material: successive extraction were analyzed for its physical 576 Collected raw materials such as bark and leaves of both properties. These were further subjected to the following Page IJPPR, Vol 6, Issue 3, September-November 2014, 573-579 Dipal Gandhi, Priti Mehta / Pharmacognostical Study and… Table 3: Pharmacognostical differences of leaves of D. indica and D. pentagyna D. indica D. pentagyna Size Around 1-1.5 ft in length and 10-15 cm wide Around 3-4 ft in length and 45-55 cm wide Colour Upper surface: Greenish Upper surface: Dark Greenish Lower surface: Pale greenish Lower surface: Pale greenish Surface Glabrous, shiny and hairy Pale and Hairy Shape Lanceolate Obovate Apex Acute Obtuse Margin Serrate Dentate Venation Reticulate Reticulate Base Symmetrical Symmetrical Trichomes Lignified trichomes Lignified and unlignified trichomes (250- (550-1360µ in Length)
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