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National Park Service U.S. Department of Interior Alaska Regional Office Alaska Park Science Anchorage, Alaska Volume 5, Issue 1 Table of Contents Bridging Science and Education for the Future ______ 4 Ecological Overview of Denali National Park and Preserve __________________ 6 K A PHYSICAL SCIENCE A S Air Quality Monitoring: L An Intercontinental Connection __________________14 Norton Sound A Ecological Goldmine: The Denali Landcover Map and Denali Soil Inventory Denali National with Ecological Site Classification________________ 18 Park and Preserve Soundscapes of Denali ________________________ 20 Earthquake and Seismic Monitoring ____________ 23 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE Rutting Behavior of Moose ______________________ 26 Gulf of Alaska Tracking the Movement of Denali’s Wolves ______ 30 Interrelationships of Denali’s Bristol Bay Large Mammal Community ____________________ 36 Bear Management ____________________________ 41 Long-Term Golden Eagle Studies ________________ 42 Alaska Park Science http://www.nps.gov/akso/AKParkScience/index.htm Integrated Monitoring of Physical Environment, This project is made possible through funding from the Plant and Bird Communities in Denali ____________ 46 Editor: Monica Shah National Park Foundation. Additional funding is provided Project Lead: Robert Winfree, Regional Science Advisor, Hardy as Chickadees: by the National Park Service and other contributors. email: [email protected] Denali’s Winter Citizen Scientists ________________ 49 Alaska Park Science Journal Board: Alaska Park Science is published twice a year. Recent Jane Ahern, Public Affairs Specialist Ted Birkedal, Team Leader for Cultural Resources Medical Research Climbs Denali ________________ 50 issues of Alaska Park Science are available for sale by the Don Callaway, Cultural Anthropologist Alaska Natural History Association (www.alaskanha.org). Terry DeBruyn, Regional Wildlife Biologist CULTURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE Charitable donations to help support this journal Joy Geiselman, Deputy Chief, Biological Science Office USGS Alaska Science Center Historic and Contemporary Ethnographic may be sent to: Alaska Natural History Association, Russ Kucinski, Team Leader for Natural Resources 750 West Second Avenue, Suite 100, Anchorage, AK 99501 Rachel Mason, Cultural Anthropologist Landscapes of Denali National Park ______________ 54 John Morris, Education Coordinator ATTN: Alaska Park Science. Lisa Oakley, Alaska Natural History Association Scientific Legacy of Denali ______________________ 59 John Quinley, Assistant Regional Director for Communications Ralph Tingey, Associate Regional Director for Resource Protection Sled Dog Kennels of Denali ____________________ 62 Sara Wesser, Inventory and Monitoring Coordinator, Alaska Region Robert Winfree, Chair of Journal Board Published by Alaska Natural History Association, a nonprofit partner of the Alaska Region of the National Park Service, supporting educational Cover: Photograph courtesy of Robert Valarcher programs through publishing and operation of visitor center bookstores. ISSN 1545- 4967 May 2006 Pages 3 and 4: National Park Service photographs Printed on recycled paper with soy based ink 2 About the Authors Layne Adams is a research biologist at the Karen Fortier is a kennels manager Thomas Meier is a wildlife biologist U.S. Geological Survey - Alaska Science Center. for Denali National Park and Preserve. at Denali National Park and Preserve. Guy Adema is a physical scientist Jess Grunblatt is a landcover mapping program manager Patricia Owen is a wildlife biologist at Denali National Park and Preserve. at the Alaska Support Office, National Park Service. at Denali National Park and Preserve. Paul R. Anderson is the superintendent Roger A. Hansen is the state seismologist Gretchen Roffler is a wildlife biologist for Denali National Park and Preserve. for Alaska and a Professor of Geophysics at the at the U.S. Geological Survey - Alaska Science Center. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Andrea Blakesley is an environmental protection Carl Roland is a plant ecologist specialist at Denali National Park and Preserve. Terry Haynes is an anthropologist for the at Denali National Park and Preserve. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Phil Brease is a geologist Division of Wildlife Conservation. William Simeone is an anthropologist for the Alaska at Denali National Park and Preserve. Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence. Philip Hooge is assistant superintendent John Burch is a wildlife biologist at Yukon-Charley for resources, science and learning Pam Sousanes is an environmental specialist for climate Rivers and Gates of the Arctic National Parks. at Denali National Park and Preserve. monitoring at Denali National Park and Preserve. Shan Burson is an ecologist Chad Hults is a physical scientist Karen Steenhof is a research wildlife biologist at Grand Teton National Park. at Denali National Park and Preserve. at the Snake River Field Station, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey. Mark Clark is a soil scientist at the Natural Resources Ann Kain is a historian and cultural resource manager Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. at Denali National Park and Preserve. David Tomeo is the program director for the Alaska Natural History Institutes. Michael W. Collopy is a professor of environmental and Michael N. Kochert is a research wildlife biologist resource sciences, University of Nevada-Reno. at the Snake River Field Station, Forest and Rangeland Lucy Tyrrell is a research administrator Ecosystem Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey. at Denali National Park and Preserve. Nan Eagleson is the Denali Christmas Bird Count compiler and chief naturalist for the Denali Foundation. Carol McIntyre is a wildlife biologist Victor Van Ballenberghe is an affiliate professor of at Denali National Park and Preserve. biology and wildlife at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. 3 Bridging Science and Education for the Future Created in 1917 and enlarged in 1980, Denali National wilderness; wildlife; sport and subsistence harvesting; air partnership between the National Park Service, the Alaska Park and Preserve offers excellent opportunities to study quality; fire; mining reclamation; and archeological and Natural History Institutes, the Denali Foundation, the Denalilarge natural systems in settings that are primarily historical preservation. U.S. Geological Survey, several universities, and the Denali undisturbed by humans. As one of the largest and longest Denali is also home to the Murie Science and Learning Borough School District. The MSLC promotes and facili- protected subarctic ecosystems in the world, Denali is Center (MSLC), whose mission creates a bridge between tates research on northern Alaska park ecosystems and recognized internationally as a biosphere reserve. The park science and education. The MSLC is a public, nonprofit shares scientific findings with park managers, visitors, protects world-class wildlife and geological resources. Visitors researchers, students, and the general public. It provides a N a are able to witness a naturally functioning predator/prey t forum for examining issues relevant to northern Alaska i o n a l ecosystem, while enjoying incredible vistas of North P parklands and serves as a center for promoting park pro- a r k S America’s highest peak. The accessibility, environmental e tection through education. r v i c e complexity, rapid tourism growth, and intense public p The park provides excellent opportunities to explore, h o t o g interest in park management and development have led to r study, and learn about natural systems and processes, as a p a strong park science program. h well as area history and culture. We hope this issue of To support this program, we created the Denali Center for Alaska Park Science will help you better understand and Resources, Science and Learning. The center is a science- appreciate Denali. Through broad public understanding based organization comprised of professional and technical and appreciation of the importance and significance of staff with specialties in the biological and physical sciences, this park, we strive to preserve our heritage for ourselves, history, ethnography, archeology, interpretation and educa- our children, and generations yet to come. We welcome tion. Acquiring new knowledge through scientific research is you to join us! integral to the center’s programs. Equally important is effec- tively communicating that knowledge to park management, other scientists, academics, and the public. The Center pro- vides a strategic and interdisciplinary approach to address complex and sensitive management issues, challenges that Paul R. Anderson, Superintendent include: aircraft, off-road vehicle, and snowmachine use; Denali National Park and Preserve 5 N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e p h Overview o t o g r a p h b y P a m e l a S o u s a n e s Ecological Overview of Denali National Park and Preserve By Philip Hooge, Guy Adema, Geologic History Thomas Meier, Carl Roland, Phil Brease, The oldest rocks in the park, collectively Pam Sousanes, Lucy Tyrrell called the Yukon-Tanana terrane, were ocean sediments deposited in shallow seas The landscapes of Denali National Park during the Paleozoic era some 300 to 500 and Preserve (Denali) are a legacy of the million years ago. Later in the Paleozoic region’s geological history and the advance and into the Early Mesozoic (100 to 300 and retreat of glaciers. One of the major million years ago), other terranes,
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