Prevalence of Fentanyl and Its Analogs in Court-Ordered Mandatory Drug Testing in Hair 2020 Internship Showcase
Jessica Bunn Virginia Commonwealth [email protected]
www.rti.org RTI International is a trade name of Research Triangle Institute. RTI and the RTI logo are U.S. registered trademarks of Research Triangle Institute. Fentanyl Laboratory Drug Seizures of Fentanyl Top five drug 60000
seizures in 2018: 50000 1. Methamphetamine 40000 2. Cannabis/THC 30000 3. Cocaine 4. Heroin 20000 5. Fentanyl 10000
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2 (Drug Enforcement Administration, 2019) Current Methods for Analysis o Current methods focus on heroin, codeine, and morphine targets. o Historically, fentanyl exposure comes from fentanyl-containing heroin. o Now, fentanyl and its analogs are used on their own. o Many samples potentially could be falsely reported as negative if fentanyl and its analogs are not included in the testing. How many fentanyl and analog users are being missed?
3 Fentanyl and Analog Use • Because of changes in legal status, fentanyl analogs often change in popularity. • These changes increase the difficulty for analysis because new analogs are constantly being developed. What analogs are new and popular, so testing is accurate?
500 Prominent Opioids
400
300
200
100
0 Acetyl Fentanyl 2-Furanyl Fentanyl 4-FiBF Carfentanil 2016 2017 2018 2019 4 (Special Testing and Research Laboratory, n.d.b) Acetylfentanyl Fentanyl Analog Trends 4-ANPP Carfentanil *Furanylfentanyl 2-furanylfentanyl Valerylfentanyl Acetylfentanyl 4-FiBF *U-47700 U-47700 butyrylfentanyl 4-ANPP methoxyacetylfentanyl benzylfentanyl *4-FiBF 2016 2-furanylbenzylfentanyl 2019 Carfentanil Cyclopropylfentanyl NPP *Acrylfentanyl Acrylfentanyl Butyrylfentanyl *p-flourofuranylfentanyl U-48800 valerylfentanyl benzoylfentanyl *o-desmethyl-cis-tramadol *o-flourofentanyl *1-benzyl-4-piperidone *benzylfentanyl 2-thiofuranylfentanyl 3-methylfentanyl *p-fluorobutyrylfentanyl 4-piperidone *Despropionyl o-fluorofentanyl *3-methylfentanyl *o-fluorofuranyl fentanyl 0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
* Reported for the first time in that year
5 (Special Testing and Research Laboratory, n.d.a and b) Decontamination of Hair
o Decontamination is necessary to remove external contamination.
o Specific washes remove different types of contamination.
o Fentanyl and its analogs are normally decontaminated with a variation of
• Organic: Dichloromethane
• Aqueous: Water
6 Extraction of Fentanyl from Hair
o Used to pull drug out of the hair matrix
o Liquid-liquid o Solid phase • In general, lower limits of • Requires less time and detection and technical skill quantification • Less need for solvent • Uses more organic solvent Analytical methods must be improved because fentanyl and its analogs are used at lower doses.
7 References o Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Department of Justice. (2019, December). 2019 Drug Enforcement Administration national drug threat assessment (DEA- DCT-DIR-007-20). Retrieved from https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020- 01/2019-NDTA-final-01-14-2020_Low_Web-DIR-007-20_2019.pdf o Special Testing and Research Laboratory, Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Department of Justice. (n.d.a). Emerging threat report annual 2016. Retrieved from https://ndews.umd.edu/sites/ndews.umd.edu/files/emerging-threat-report-2016- annual.pdf o Special Testing and Research Laboratory, Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Department of Justice. (n.d.b). Emerging threat report annual 2019 (DEA PRB 03- 09-20-09). Retrieved from https://ndews.umd.edu/sites/ndews.umd.edu/files/DEA- Emerging-Threat-Report-2019-Annual.pdf
8 Acknowledgments
o Katherine Bollinger, MS o Megan Grabenauer, PhD o University Collaboration Office o RTI International
9 Thank you Contact: Jessica Bunn| email: [email protected]
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