Entre Fiction Et Histoire : La Construction De La Figure De La Sorcière Dans La Littérature Contemporaine

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Entre Fiction Et Histoire : La Construction De La Figure De La Sorcière Dans La Littérature Contemporaine Entre fiction et histoire : la construction de la figure de la sorcière dans la littérature contemporaine Maryse Sullivan Thèse soumise à la Faculté des arts dans le cadre des exigences du programme de doctorat en lettres françaises Département de français Bureau des études supérieures et postdoctorales Faculté des arts Université d’Ottawa © Maryse Sullivan, Ottawa, Canada, 2019 ii REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens d’abord à exprimer ma gratitude à mon directeur de thèse, Monsieur Michel Fournier, qui a accepté, encore une fois, de superviser mes recherches. Ses conseils éclairés, ses lectures attentives et sa grande générosité m’ont permis de mener à bien ce projet. Sa passion, son encadrement et sa patience ont également fait de moi une doctorante calme et heureuse, et je lui en suis profondément reconnaissante. Je le remercie d’avoir entrepris cette aventure intellectuelle avec moi. J’aimerais remercier le Conseil de recherche des sciences humaines du Canada, le Régime de bourse d’études supérieures de l’Ontario, le Cabinet du vice-provost aux études supérieures de l’Université d’Ottawa, le Département de français de l’Université d’Ottawa, l’Association des étudiants diplômés de l’Université d’Ottawa ainsi que le Syndicat canadien de la fonction publique, section 2626, pour leur appui financier pendant mes études doctorales. Le chapitre IV de cette thèse reprend certains passages de deux articles, soit « Les Femmes marginales de l’Histoire : les sorcières de Maryse Condé et de Nancy Huston », Chimères, vol. XXXIII, 2016, p. 13-31 et « Au ban de la société, à la frontière de l’Amérique : les sorcières et les marginaux dans Moi, Tituba sorcière… de Maryse Condé », Voix plurielles, vol. 14, no 1, 2017, p. 72-85. Je remercie Madame Ellen Collier de la revue Chimères et Madame Catherine Parayre de la revue Voix plurielles de m’avoir accordé l’autorisation de reprendre ces développements dans ma thèse. Je tiens également à remercier ma famille qui m’a toujours appuyée et encouragée lors de mes études universitaires. Merci aussi à mes amis et mes collègues du Département de français pour les discussions stimulantes qui, à la fois, ont fait avancer mes recherches et m’ont permis de les oublier et de profiter de moments de repos. Enfin, ma gratitude va à mon mari, Mark, sans qui la réalisation de ce projet aurait été impossible. Je le remercie d’avoir toujours su garder mes pieds sur terre, même lorsque la tâche semblait insurmontable. Je demeure éternellement reconnaissante pour son écoute, sa compréhension et sa patience. Thanks for taking part in this adventure. iii RÉSUMÉ Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux représentations de la sorcière dans la littérature d’inspiration historique à partir des années 1970. Nous analysons la construction de cette figure protéiforme et les métamorphoses qu’elle connaît dans l’imaginaire social lors des dernières décennies du XXe siècle. Plus précisément, nous examinons les différentes facettes de la sorcière, telles qu’elles apparaissent dans quatre romans francophones d’inspiration historique, en relation avec les discours historiques, féministes et postcoloniaux, et les autres productions culturelles de la même période. En étudiant les interactions entre les représentations de la sorcière et d’autres œuvres, travaux et tendances de l’époque, notre thèse met en lumière les problématiques abordées à travers cette figure dans les textes littéraires. La figure de la sorcière reprend notamment des enjeux qui marquent les dernières décennies du XXe siècle, tels la place des femmes et des cultures minoritaires dans la société, la représentation du corps féminin, le recul des religions traditionnelles et l’écriture de l’Histoire. Au moyen des approches sociocritique et intertextuelle, nous explorons ces enjeux et analysons la façon dont les œuvres développent ou prolongent ces réflexions en abordant la figure de la sorcière. De manière à pouvoir tracer l’évolution de la figure et des questions qui lui sont liées, la thèse est divisée en trois parties, représentant chacune une décennie distincte. Après un préambule brossant un tableau de l’imaginaire de la sorcière au début des années 1970, une première partie se concentre sur la construction de la figure de la sorcière dans les romans Les Enfants du sabbat d’Anne Hébert et La Fontaine obscure de Raymond Jean, parus lors de la décennie 1970. Une deuxième partie, centrée sur la décennie 1980, se penche sur le roman Moi, Tituba sorcière... de Maryse Condé. Enfin, une troisième partie s’intéresse au roman Instruments des ténèbres de Nancy Huston, publié pendant les années 1990. En combinant différentes approches, cette thèse tend à mieux comprendre la fonction de la sorcière dans la littérature et les idées qui lui sont associées dans l’imaginaire social à partir de 1970. 1 INTRODUCTION WARNING! A spell is about to be cast on you – you’ll fall for this cantankerous little witch in the striped socks and bent hat. - Russell Myers, Broom-Hilda La sorcière est une figure qui fascine différents publics et traverse différents espaces culturels. Nous pouvons notamment penser aux grandes magiciennes qui peuplent la mythologie grecque (comme Médée et Circé), aux sorcières de Shakespeare ou aux femmes terrifiantes qui surgissent dans le folklore et dans la culture populaire, telles la Corriveau, dont les représentations circulent dans l’imaginaire canadien-français depuis le XVIIIe siècle, et les femmes horribles des contes des frères Grimm. Inscrits dans la tradition orale et la culture nationale, ces personnages octroyent à la figure de la sorcière une vocation maligne dans l’imaginaire social. Plusieurs classiques de la littérature pour la jeunesse – par exemple, Le Magicien d’Oz de L. Frank Baum ou Le Lion, la Sorcière blanche et l’armoire magique de C.S. Lewis1 – influencent également la représentation de la sorcière. La représentation de la Méchante Sorcière de l’Ouest, avec sa peau verte et son costume noir, dans le film Le Magicien d’Oz de Victor Fleming2 est d’ailleurs l’une des images les plus souvent associées à cette figure. Bien présente dans l’imaginaire social, la sorcière est un personnage qui a longtemps occupé une place importante au sein de la culture populaire, notamment grâce aux contes et aux œuvres classiques pour la jeunesse, à de nombreuses légendes et à la fête de l’Halloween. Cela étant dit, bien que la sorcière soit une figure emblématique des peurs de temps passés et qu’elle traverse la culture populaire, elle n’a pas toujours occupé une place centrale en 1 L. Frank Baum, Le Magicien d’Oz, Anne Decourt (trad.), Paris, Librio, coll. « Imaginaire », 2003 [1900]; et C.S. Lewis, Le Lion, la Sorcière blanche et l’armoire magique, Paris, Gallimard jeunesse, 2008 [1950]. 2 Victor Fleming, Le Magicien d’Oz, États-Unis, MGM, 1939, 102 minutes. 2 littérature. L’intérêt pour la figure de la sorcière s’est atténué après le romantisme où émergent des personnages qui puisent leur source dans la sorcellerie3. Au début du XXe siècle, il n’y a que quelques rares romans comprenant une sorcière au premier plan4. Pendant plus d’un demi-siècle, la sorcière, que celle-ci soit fantastique ou historique, ne semble plus avoir empoigné les esprits avec la même ardeur que jadis d’un point de vue littéraire. Le renouveau d’intérêt pour la sorcellerie se met précairement à prendre forme au début des années 1950 aux États-Unis. Les ouvrages de 1949, Peace, My Daughter de Shirley Barker et The Devil in Massachusetts de Marion L. Starkey5, de même que les pièces The Witchfinders de Louis O. Coxe et Child’s Play de Florence Stevenson6, créées sur la scène vers la fin de l’année 1952, s’intéressent aux événements hystériques qui ont eu lieu à Salem en 1692. C’est toutefois la pièce The Crucible d’Arthur Miller7, créée à New York en janvier 1953, qui lancera ce renouvèlement en relatant une intrigue qui non seulement s’appuie sur les archives des procès de sorcellerie du comté d’Essex à Salem8, mais tisse des liens avec des enjeux contemporains, telles la « chasse aux rouges » et la « peur rouge » associées à la période du sénateur Joseph 3 Pensons, notamment, à Esméralda (Victor Hugo, Notre-Dame de Paris, Paris, Presses Pocket, 1989 [1831]) et Carmen (Prosper Mérimée, Carmen, Paris, Garnier frères, coll. « Classiques Garnier », 1960 [1845]) qui ensorcèlent par leur beauté, aux sorcières d’Achim von Arnim qui rôdent autour des Mandragores (Contes bizarres, Théophile Gautier [trad.], Paris, Michel Lévy Frères, 1856 [1812]), aux femmes fantastiques dépeintes dans Smarra de Charles Nodier (Paris, Les Quatre Vents, 1946 [1822]) et dans L’Ensorcelée de Jules Barbey d’Aurevilly (Paris, Gallimard, coll. « Folio classique », 1977 [1852]) ou encore à La Sorcière de Jules Michelet qui prend forme à la croisée de la littérature et de l’histoire (Paris, Garnier-Flammarion, coll. « Texte intégral », 1966 [1862]). Voir Jean Palou, La Sorcellerie, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, coll. « Que sais-je? », no 756, 1966 [1957], p. 120-122. 4 Voir, par exemple, Maurice Garçon, La Vie exécrable de Guillemette Babin, sorcière, suivi de Magdeleine de la croix abbesse diabolique, Grenoble, Éditions Jérôme Millon, 2010 [1926 et 1939]; et Pierre Mac Orlan, Babet de Picardie, Paris, Gallimard, coll. « Imaginaire », 1972 [1943]. Voir aussi Jean Palou, op. cit., p. 120-122. 5 Shirley Barker, Peace, My Daughter, New York, Crown Publishers, 1949; et Marion L. Starkey, The Devil in Massachusetts. A Modern Enquiry into the Salem Witch Trials, New York, Anchor Books, 1969 [1949]. 6 Les pièces de Louis O. Coxe et de Florence Stevenson n’ont pas fait l’objet de publication. Elles ont chacune été représentées la première fois en novembre 1952 : celle de Coxe au Oklahoma Civic Playhouse; celle de Stevenson à l’Université du Minnesota.
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