THE PHENOMENA OF MARY ELIZABETH JANE COLTER: CREATING AN ARCHITECTURAL SENSE OF PLACE ON GRAND CANYON By BARBARA ANN MATUSIK A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2017 1 © 2017 Barbara Ann Matusik 2 To my husband Robert who took me to the Grand Canyon. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my committee for their expertise and for balancing their schedules to attend meetings. Foremost, I would like to thank my committee Chair, Janet Snyder Matthews for her steadfast guidance regarding the National Park Service and Historic Preservation Law. I received significant feedback and encouragement from my Historic Preservation and architecture committee members, Morris Hylton, Peter E. Prugh and Vandana Baweja. A well-deserved thank you goes to mentor, Michael J. Heckenberger for his expertise in the field of anthropology, methodology, and theoretical framework. A special “thank you” to my dear Flagstaff, Arizona friend Jane Scholes for making a copy of an original M.E.J. Colter’s 1933 Manual for Drivers and Guides from the University of Northern Arizona Library. Without her assistance, my initial research would not have been possible. My gratitude also goes to Colleen L. Hyde, Museum Specialist and staff at the Grand Canyon National Park Museum Collection Archives for their assistance in locating M.E.J. Colter archival material and generating digital files necessary to my research. Nevertheless, any errors or omissions that may occur are mine. I cannot forget the Native American individuals who have shared their Hopi and Navajo culture leaving an indelible impression on my Worldview. Lastly, I want to express my appreciation to author, Arnold Berke for his advice and David Norton, restoration contractor of D.L. Norton General Contracting in Scottsdale, AZ for all the information on Historic Restoration to M.E.J. Colter’s structures at Grand Canyon National Park. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 7 LIST OF DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................. 10 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 11 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 1 WHO WAS MARY ELIZABETH JANE COLTER? ...................................................... 13 Introducing M.E.J. Colter ........................................................................................ 13 M.E.J. Colter’s Education Background ................................................................... 15 Teaching Years in St. Paul, MN .............................................................................. 19 National Trends and M.E.J. Colter’s Inspirations .................................................... 20 Alvarado Exhibit for the Fred Harvey Company ...................................................... 24 M.E.J. Colter’s First Grand Canyon Architecture .................................................... 27 Finding M.E.J. Colter’s Inspirations ........................................................................ 28 Early Grand Canyon Architecture ........................................................................... 30 2 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 43 Qualitative Methods ................................................................................................ 43 Research Questions ............................................................................................... 45 Historical Research ................................................................................................. 45 Creating the Case Study ......................................................................................... 46 Research Design Defined ....................................................................................... 47 Literature Review .................................................................................................... 49 Analyzing the Information ....................................................................................... 59 3 THE FRED HARVEY COMPANY ............................................................................... 62 Who was Fred Harvey? .......................................................................................... 62 The Santa Fe Railway Partnership ......................................................................... 67 Harvey Hotels, Restaurants and Harvey Girls, a Harvey Trademark ...................... 71 The 1915 San Diego World’s Fair ........................................................................... 78 Mary Colter Hotels Outside of Grand Canyon ......................................................... 82 La Fonda in Santa Fe, NM ............................................................................... 86 La Posada in Winslow, AZ ............................................................................... 91 5 The Harvey Company Indian Department and Native American Collection ............ 93 4 THE NATIONAL PARKS BEGINNINGS ................................................................... 104 Architecture - The Early National Park Years ....................................................... 106 Architecture – 1916 the Organic Act and the National Park Service ..................... 107 Creation Of Nationa Park Service 1938 Design .................................................... 114 5 IN SEARCH OF ANCIENT TOWERS ...................................................................... 125 Ancient Ruins of the Southwest ............................................................................ 126 Who Were the Ancient Builders of the Southwest? .............................................. 129 Mary Elisabeth Jane Colter’s Research ................................................................ 136 The Desert View Watchtower ............................................................................... 139 The Hopi World View ............................................................................................ 147 The Native Voice .................................................................................................. 153 6 CONCLUSION: A SENSE OF PLACE AT GRAND CANYON TODAY ..................... 166 APPENDIX A LIST OF M.E.J. COLTER BUILDINGS & INTERIOR DESIGNS ........................... 171 B M.E.J. COLTER FIREPLACES ............................................................................. 173 C MARY ELIZABETH JANE COLTER INFLUENCE? .............................................. 177 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 178 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................... 184 6 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 1-1 Saint Paul High School 1888 postcard ............................................................... 36 1-2 California School of Design c. 1890s Mark Hopkins Mansion, San Francisco .... 36 1-3 A.F. Mathews portrait of M.E.J. Colter c.1890 .................................................... 37 1-4 A. F. Mathews c.1989 with CSD class ............................................................... 37 1-5 Walter J. Mathews architect – First Unitarian Church of Oakland c.1890 .......... 38 1-6 Walter J. Mathews architect – Oakland residence G.C. Perkins c. 1880s ......... 38 1-7 AT&SF Railway architect rendering - The Alvarado Hotel Albuquerque, NM ..... 38 1-8 Colter’s arrangement of FHC museum objects c.1905 ....................................... 39 1-9 Colter’s arrangement of FHC sales room c.1905 ................................................ 39 1-10 M.E.J. Colter - Hopi House at Grand Canyon 2012 ............................................ 40 1-11 Oraibi Arizona c.1898 Photographer George Wharton James (1858-1923) ....... 40 1-12 Edward Curtis collection 1925 plate no. 576 ...................................................... 41 1-13 House Restoration, Old Oraibi, Third Mesa, Hopi Nation ................................... 41 1-14 The Hopi House 12-17-2014 historic restoration ................................................ 42 1-15 Colter’s A) 1914 Lookout Studio GRCA # 09590 B) 2014 restoration .............. 42 1-16 Colter’s 1914 Hermit’s Rest GRCA # 107091 & GRCA # 07514 ........................ 42 3-1 Map of the Old Santa Fe Trail with the AT&SF Railway route ........................... 99 3-2 Santa Fe NM Palace of Governors A) c.1822 & B) c.1900s …........................... 99 3-3 El Ortiz Hotel 1910 Lamy, NM A) exterior & B) Harvey Girl at counter …. ....... 100 3-4 El Navajo Hotel - AT&SF Railway Depot exterior Gallup, NM .......................... 100 3-5 El Navajo interior Navajo sand paintings ......................................................... 100 3-6 LA Union Station 1939 M.E.J. Colter Pueblo Deco style Restaurant …. .......... 101 3-7 La Fonda Hotel on the Plaza in Santa Fe, NM December 2014 ....................... 101 7 3-8 A) La Fonda’s Cantinita metal light fixture by M.E.J. Colter