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General Type Studio Pilat AaAa Aa Aa Aa Aa

Designed by Stéphane Elbaz, Pilat is a constructed grotesque developed with a large range of weight and Released in 2018. width variations. Its base structure, commonly called a ‘superellipse’ or ‘Lamé curve’, could be described as a circle trapped inside a box. Though the letter- shape predates the 20th century, it is mostly seen as an expression of the post World War II era—a glorifying combination of craft and technology.

Pilat Extended Thin Pilat Narrow Thin Pilat Extended Light Pilat Narrow Light Pilat Extended Regular Pilat Narrow Regular Pilat Extended Book Pilat Narrow Book Pilat Extended Demi Pilat Narrow Demi Pilat Extended Bold Pilat Narrow Bold Pilat Extended Heavy Pilat Narrow Heavy Pilat Extended Black Pilat Narrow Black Pilat Wide Thin Pilat Condensed Thin Pilat Wide Light Pilat Condensed Light Pilat Wide Regular Pilat Condensed Regular Pilat Wide Book Pilat Condensed Book Pilat Wide Demi Pilat Condensed Demi Pilat Wide Bold Pilat Condensed Bold Pilat Wide Heavy Pilat Condensed Heavy Pilat Wide Black Pilat Condensed Black Pilat Thin Pilat Compressed Thin Pilat Light Pilat Compressed Light Pilat Regular Pilat Compressed Regular Pilat Book Pilat Compressed Book Pilat Demi Pilat Compressed Demi Pilat Bold Pilat Compressed Bold Pilat Heavy Pilat Compressed Heavy Pilat Black Pilat Compressed Black

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OpenType font format is the current standard for desktop fonts. This format permits to embed a large number of charac- ters and multiple options to access and permute them in a text editor. These features are supported by most common web browsers using ‘font-feature-settings’ with the OpenType labels (‘case’, ’liga’, ’onum’, ’salt’, etc.).

Feature Non-active Active

All caps ([email protected]) ([email protected]) 'case'

Tabular lining figures #€$¢£ƒ¥0123456789 #€$¢£ƒ¥0123456789 'tnum', 'lnum'

Tabular old style figures #€$¢£ƒ¥0123456789 #€$¢£ƒ¥0123456789 'tnum', 'onum'

Fractions 1/2 + 35/168 1/2 + 35/168 'frac' (also 'numr'/'dnom')

Slashed zero 2018 2018 'zero'

Arrows (Stylistic Set 01) -> <- |^ |v /^ \v - < | | / \ 'ss01'

Ordinals 1o 2a No 1o 2a N 'ordn'

Superscript / Superior (x219 + y524) ÷ z(6+3) ≥ a (x219 + y524) ÷ z(6+3) ≥ a 'sups'

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1re 2e 3e 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1re 2e 3e

Scientific inferior C2H4O C2H4O 'sinf'

Ligature The Office The Office 'liga'

Stylistic alternates or title alternates Kid Jack Ray Quincy Kid Jack Ray Quincy 'salt' or 'titl' (also accessible through individual Stylistic Sets: ss02 - ss08)

42 pt The 1960s were the years of the Ital- ian-style GT. Nuc- cio Bertone came

30 pt up with five variations on the theme which would always be dear to his heart, in the shape of five extremely racy GT models: the Alfa Romeo 2600

16 pt Sprint, in coupé and cabriolet versions, two Ferrari 250 GTs, one named ‘Wax’ after the commissioning client, and the other for the his personal use, the Aston Martin DB4 GT ‘Jet’ and the Maserati 5000 GT. At the same time, two new industrial partnerships were getting under way,

12 pt 9 pt with the work on the Simca 1000 with the work on the Simca 1000 Coupé and the Coupé and the BMW 3200 CS BMW 3200 CS limited series, as was the import- limited series, as was the important, ant, but unfortunate ASA 1000, better known as the “Ferrarina”, or “little Ferrari” (as the project but unfortunate ASA 1000, better originated with Enzo Ferrari), which, despite the known as the “Ferrarina”, or “little Fer- high expectations of the public, never made it to rari” (as the project originated with the automobilemarket. ¶ The Iso Rivolta GT 300,

42 pt Starting with the planning for the new plant in Grugliasco in 1956, Pinin started

30 pt to groom his replacements– Sergio his son and Renzo Carli his son-in-law. To his heirs apparent, Pinin said of the Corso Trapani facility “This old plant

16 pt has reached the limits of its growth. It has no room for expansion and is far from being up to date. If I were alone I’d leave it as it is. But I want you to decide which way to go– to stay as we are or to enlarge. Either way is fine with me. It’s your decision to make and I don’t want to know what it

12 pt 9 pt I’m finished and it’s your time to take a new world ¶ Starting in the mid-1960s, Pininfa- over. The future is absolutely up to rina started to make investments in the science you.” In 1958, upon leaving for a world of automotive design, a strategy to differentiate itself from the other Italian coachbuilders. ¶ In tour Pinin added “In my family we in- 1966, Pininfarina opened the Studies and Re- herit our legacies from live people– search Centre (Studi e Ricerche) in Grugliasco. not from the dead.” § Modernizing for The research centre occupied 8,000 sq. metres

42 pt Giorgetto Giugia- ro (born 7 August 1938) is an Italian automobile designer. He

30 pt has worked on supercars and popular everyday vehicles. He was born in Garessio, Cu- neo, Piedmont. ¶ Giugiaro was named Car Designer of the

16 pt Century in 1999 and inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 2002. ¶ In addition to cars, Giugiaro designed camera bodies for Nikon, computer prototypes for Ap- ple, Navigation promenade of Porto Santo Stefano, and developed a new pasta shape “Marille”, as well as office

12 pt 9 pt furniture for Okamura Corporation. § 1970s approached, Giugiaro’s designs became Influence on design ¶ Giugaro’s ear- increasingly angular, culminating in the “folded pa- liest cars featured tastefully arched per” era of the 1970s. Straight-lined designs such as the BMW M1, Lotus Esprit S1, and Maserati and curving shapes, such as the De Bora followed before a softer approach returned Tomaso Mangusta, Iso Grifo, and in the Maserati Merak, Lamborghini Calà, Mase- Maserati Ghibli. However, as the rati Spyder, and Ferrari GG50. Among the best

42 pt son of an orchestra conductor, Gandini was born in Turin. ¶ In 63, he approached

30 pt Nuccio Bertone, head of the Gruppo Bertone company for work. However Giorgetto Gi- ugiaro, then Bertone’s chief designer, opposed him being

12 pt 9 pt construction of prototype automo- BMW 5 Series (E12), the Innocenti Mini, and the biles. ¶ Gandini designed Lamborgh- Renault Supercinq.[1] He introduced the concept ini’s groundbreaking mid-engined of scissor doors with the Alfa Romeo 33 Cara- bo prototype, while the Lancia Stratos supercar Miura and extreme Countach, as was another Gandini design. ¶ Gandini left Ber- well as many practical cars such as tone in 1980, pursuing freelance automotive, in- the Citroën BX, the first-generation dustrial, and interior design. ¶ Gandini has worked

42 pt Martin’s work has received varied reception. In 2005, the Daily Telegraph

30 pt called the Fiat 130 Coupé a “majestic blend of severity and grace, boldness and subtlety, sharp angles joined by soft curves, a true catwalk

12 pt 9 pt ‘70, before winning 22 internation- Design News called the Modulo “iconic”. The al design awards. A 2007 retro- Modulo placed third in Jalopnik’s 2008 compe- spective said the Modulo was “a tition for the top ten best “Wedge Car Designs Of The 60s, 70s and 80s.” ¶ By contrast, the milestone in the automobile design Rolls Royce Camargue ranked in 2010 as one history with a deep influence on the of the “10 Worst Cars” as chosen by readers 1970’s car styling.” In 2008, Car of the Globe and Mail; ranked 38 in the 2005

42 pt Lancia Stratos HF (Tipo 829), widely and more simply known as Lancia

30 pt a sports car and rally car made by Italian car manufacturer Lancia. The HF stands for High Fidelity. It was a very successful rally car, winning

16 pt car made by Italian car manufacturer Lancia. The HF stands for High Fidelity. It was a very successful rally car, winning the World Rally Championship in 1974, 1975 and 1976. ¶ A Bertone-designed concept car called the Lancia Stratos Zero was shown to the pub-

12 pt 9 pt the public in 1970, but shares little the original Stratos, but was based on a Ferrari but the name and mid-engined lay- chassis and engine. § History ¶ Bertone had no out with the Stratos HF version. previous business with Lancia, who were traditionally linked with Pininfarina, and he wanted A new car called the New Stratos to come into conversation with them. Bertone was announced in 2010 which was knew that Lancia was looking for a replace- heavily influenced by the design of ment for the ageing Fulvia for use in rally sports

42 pt The Modulo has an extremely low body with a canopy-style roof that slides for-

30 pt forward to permit entry to the cabin of the car. All four wheels are partly covered. Another special feature of the design are 24 holes in

12 pt 9 pt chassis n. 512S n. 27 to build a Pininfarina S.p.A. (short for Carrozzeria Pinin- show car. ¶ In 2014, Pininfarina farina) is an Italian car design firm and coach- sold Modulo to American entre- builder, with headquarters in Cambiano, (Met- ropolitan City of Turin), Italy. It was founded by preneur and automotive aficionado Battista “Pinin” Farina in 1930. On December James Glickenhaus who is restor- 14, 2015, Mahindra Group acquired Pininfarina ing it to full operating condition. → S.p.A. in a deal worth about €168 million. ¶ Pin-

42 pt Bravo was a concept car designed by Marcello Gandini at Bertone for Lam-

30 pt It was first presented in 1974 at the Turin Auto Show. ¶ The Bravo was designed to showcase ideas for a replacement to the Ur-

12 pt 9 pt never put into production, but barely necessary to operate the vehicle. ¶ many styling features were in- In 1987 it was considered for production spired by the Countach, including as a companion car to the Bertone built Fiat X1/9. That “Project 1” was, however, ended the angular features and the win- when Fiat stopped the production of the 1.5L dow arrangement, but the interior SOHC engine and rear-mounted 5-speed was never more than what was trans-axle. ¶ Car was sold in auction at Villa

42 pt The 1960s were the years of the Italian-style GT. Nuccio Bertone came up with five variations on

30 pt up with five variations on the theme which would always be dear to his heart, in the shape of five extremely racy GT models: the Alfa Romeo 2600 Sprint, in coupé and cabriolet

12 pt 9 pt with the work on the Simca 1000 Coupé and with the work on the Simca 1000 Coupé and the BMW the BMW 3200 CS limited series, as was 3200 CS limited series, as was the important, but unfor- the important, but unfortunate ASA 1000, tunate ASA 1000, better known as the “Ferrarina”, or “little Ferrari” (as the project originated with Enzo Ferrari), which, better known as the “Ferrarina”, or “little Fer- despite the high expectations of the public, never made it rari” (as the project originated with Enzo to the automobilemarket. ¶ The Iso Rivolta GT 300, the Iso Ferrari), which, despite the high expectations Rivolta GT 340 and the Iso Grifo were also created in the

42 pt Starting with the planning for the new plant in Grug- liasco in 1956, Pinin started to groom his replace-

30 pt to groom his replacements–Sergio his son and Renzo Carli his son-in- law. To his heirs apparent, Pinin said of the Corso Trapani facility “This old plant has reached the limits of

16 pt has reached the limits of its growth. It has no room for expansion and is far from being up to date. If I were alone I’d leave it as it is. But I want you to decide which way to go–to stay as we are or to enlarge. Either way is fine with me. It’s your decision to make and I don’t want to know what it is. I’m finished and it’s your time to take over. The fu-

12 pt 9 pt I’m finished and it’s your time to take over. a new world ¶ Starting in the mid-1960s, Pininfarina started The future is absolutely up to you.” In 1958, to make investments in the science of automotive de- upon leaving for a world tour Pinin added “In sign, a strategy to differentiate itself from the other Italian coachbuilders. ¶ In 1966, Pininfarina opened the Studies my family we inherit our legacies from live and Research Centre (Studi e Ricerche) in Grugliasco. The people–not from the dead.” § Modernizing research centre occupied 8,000 sq. metres (2 acres) and for a new world ¶ Starting in the mid-1960s, employed 180 technicians capable of producing 25 proto-

42 pt Giorgetto Giugiaro (born 7 August 1938) is an Ital- ian automobile designer. He has worked on super-

30 pt has worked on supercars and popular everyday vehicles. He was born in Garessio, Cuneo, Piedmont. ¶ Gi- ugiaro was named Car Designer of the Century in 1999 and inducted

16 pt Century in 1999 and inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 2002. ¶ In addition to cars, Giugiaro designed camera bodies for Nikon, computer prototypes for Apple, Navigation promenade of Porto Santo Stefano, and developed a new pasta shape “Marille”, as well as office furniture for Okamura Corporation. § Influence on de-

12 pt 9 pt furniture for Okamura Corporation. § Influ- 1970s approached, Giugiaro’s designs became increas- ence on design ¶ Giugaro’s earliest cars fea- ingly angular, culminating in the “folded paper” era of the tured tastefully arched and curving shapes, 1970s. Straight-lined designs such as the BMW M1, Lotus Esprit S1, and Maserati Bora followed before a softer such as the De Tomaso Mangusta, Iso Grifo, approach returned in the Maserati Merak, Lamborghini and Maserati Ghibli. However, as the 1970s Calà, Maserati Spyder, and Ferrari GG50. Among the best approached, Giugiaro’s designs became in- known of his designs is the DeLorean DMC-12, made fa-

42 pt The son of an orchestra conductor, Gandini was born in Turin. ¶ In 1963, he approached Nuccio Ber-

30 pt approached Nuccio Bertone, head of the Gruppo Bertone company for work. However Giorgetto Giu- giaro, then Bertone’s chief designer, opposed him being hired. When Gi-

16 pt opposed him being hired. When Giugiaro left Bertone two years later, Gandini was hired, and worked for the company for fourteen years. ¶ Creator of Stile Bertone in Caprie, Gandini served as general manager of the styling house, designing show cars as well as managing the construction of prototype automobiles. ¶ Gandini

12 pt 9 pt construction of prototype automobiles. ¶ BMW 5 Series (E12), the Innocenti Mini, and the Renault Gandini designed Lamborghini’s ground- Supercinq.[1] He introduced the concept of scissor doors breaking mid-engined Miura and extreme with the Alfa Romeo 33 Carabo prototype, while the Lancia Stratos supercar was another Gandini design. ¶ Countach, as well as many practical cars Gandini left Bertone in 1980, pursuing freelance automo- such as the Citroën BX, the first-generation tive, industrial, and interior design. ¶ Gandini has worked BMW 5 Series (E12), the Innocenti Mini, and in other areas, including home architecture, the design of

42 pt Martin’s work has received varied reception. In 2005, the Daily Tele- graph called the Fiat 130

30 pt called the Fiat 130 Coupé a “majestic blend of severity and grace, boldness and subtlety, sharp angles joined by soft curves, a true catwalk beauty, a masterclass that

16 pt beauty, a masterclass that was widely copied in the Seventies but never equaled.” ¶ After its debut at the 1970 Geneva Motor Show, the Ferrari Modulo went on to be shown (repainted white, from its original black) at the 1970 Turin Motor Show and at Osaka’s Expo ‘70, before winning 22 international design awards. A 2007 retro-

12 pt 9 pt ‘70, before winning 22 international design Design News called the Modulo “iconic”. The Modulo awards. A 2007 retrospective said the placed third in Jalopnik’s 2008 competition for the top Modulo was “a milestone in the automobile ten best “Wedge Car Designs Of The 60s, 70s and 80s.” ¶ By contrast, the Rolls Royce Camargue ranked in 2010 design history with a deep influence on the as one of the “10 Worst Cars” as chosen by readers of 1970’s car styling.” In 2008, Car Design the Globe and Mail; ranked 38 in the 2005 book Crap News called the Modulo “iconic”. The Mod- Cars by Richard Porter (the author saying the car “looked

42 pt Lancia Stratos HF (Tipo 829), widely and more simply known as Lan- cia Stratos, is a sports

30 pt a sports car and rally car made by Italian car manufacturer Lancia. The HF stands for High Fidelity. It was a very successful rally car, winning the World Rally Champion-

16 pt car made by Italian car manufacturer Lancia. The HF stands for High Fidelity. It was a very successful rally car, winning the World Rally Championship in 1974, 1975 and 1976. ¶ A Bertone-designed concept car called the Lancia Stratos Zero was shown to the public in 1970, but shares little but the name and mid-engined

12 pt 9 pt the public in 1970, but shares little but the original Stratos, but was based on a Ferrari chassis the name and mid-engined layout with and engine. § History ¶ Bertone had no previous busi- the Stratos HF version. A new car called ness with Lancia, who were traditionally linked with Pininfarina, and he wanted to come into conversation the New Stratos was announced in 2010 with them. Bertone knew that Lancia was looking for a which was heavily influenced by the de- replacement for the ageing Fulvia for use in rally sports sign of the original Stratos, but was based and so he designed an eye-catcher to show to Lancia.

42 pt Modulo has an extremely low body with a canopy-style roof that slides forward to permit entry

30 pt forward to permit entry to the cabin of the car. All four wheels are partly covered. Another special feature of the design are 24 holes in the engine cover that re-

16 pt engine cover that reveal the Ferrari V12 engine which develops 550 hp (410 kW), a top speed of 220 mph (350 km/h) and 0–60 in 3.1 seconds. § History ¶ In 1968, Ferrari built 612 Can Am chassis 0864 which after testing was given to Pininfarina with the new chassis n. 512S n. 27 to build a show car. ¶ In 2014,

12 pt 9 pt chassis n. 512S n. 27 to build a show Pininfarina S.p.A. (short for Carrozzeria Pininfarina) is car. ¶ In 2014, Pininfarina sold Modulo to an Italian car design firm and coachbuilder, with head- American entrepreneur and automotive quarters in Cambiano, (Metropolitan City of Turin), Italy. It was founded by Battista “Pinin” Farina in 1930. On aficionado James Glickenhaus who is re- December 14, 2015, Mahindra Group acquired Pinin- storing it to full operating condition. → Pin- farina S.p.A. in a deal worth about €168 million. ¶ Pin- infarina S.p.A. (short for Carrozzeria Pin- infarina is employed by a wide variety of automobile

42 pt Bravo was a concept car designed by Mar- cello Gandini at Bertone for Lamborghini. It was

30 pt at Bertone for Lamborghini. It was first presented in 1974 at the Turin Auto Show. ¶ The Bra- vo was designed to showcase ideas for a replacement to the

16 pt for a replacement to the Urraco. The completely working prototype featured a 3L 300 hp (220 kW) V8 that powered the rear wheels, and underwent nearly 168,000 miles (270,000 km) of testing before it was placed in the Bertone museum. It was never put into production, but many styling features were

12 pt 9 pt never put into production, but many styl- barely necessary to operate the vehicle. ¶ In 1987 it ing features were inspired by the Coun- was considered for production as a companion car tach, including the angular features and to the Bertone built Fiat X1/9. That “Project 1” was, however, ended when Fiat stopped the production the window arrangement, but the interior of the 1.5L SOHC engine and rear-mounted 5-speed was never more than what was barely trans-axle. ¶ Car was sold in auction at Villa d’Es- necessary to operate the vehicle. ¶ In te (Italy) on 21 May 2011, for the highest bidder of

42 pt The 1960s were the years of the Italian-style GT. Nuccio Ber- tone came up with five variations on the theme which would

30 pt up with five variations on the theme which would always be dear to his heart, in the shape of five extremely racy GT models: the Alfa Romeo 2600 Sprint, in coupé and cabriolet versions, two Ferrari 250 GTs, one

12 pt 9 pt with the work on the Simca 1000 Coupé and the BMW with the work on the Simca 1000 Coupé and the BMW 3200 CS limited 3200 CS limited series, as was the important, but series, as was the important, but unfortunate ASA 1000, better known unfortunate ASA 1000, better known as the “Ferrari- as the “Ferrarina”, or “little Ferrari” (as the project originated with Enzo Ferrari), which, despite the high expectations of the public, never made na”, or “little Ferrari” (as the project originated with Enzo it to the automobilemarket. ¶ The Iso Rivolta GT 300, the Iso Rivolta GT Ferrari), which, despite the high expectations of the 340 and the Iso Grifo were also created in the 1960s. Nuccio Bertone public, never made it to the automobilemarket. designed a prototype cabriolet of the latter and a racing version known

42 pt Starting with the planning for the new plant in Grugliasco in 1956, Pinin started to groom his replacements–Sergio his

30 pt to groom his replacements–Sergio his son and Renzo Carli his son-in-law. To his heirs apparent, Pinin said of the Corso Trapani facility “This old plant has reached the limits of its growth. It has no room for expan-

16 pt has reached the limits of its growth. It has no room for expansion and is far from being up to date. If I were alone I’d leave it as it is. But I want you to decide which way to go–to stay as we are or to enlarge. Either way is fine with me. It’s your decision to make and I don’t want to know what it is. I’m finished and it’s your time to take over. The future is absolutely up to you.”[8] In 1958, upon leaving for a world tour Pinin

12 pt 9 pt I’m finished and it’s your time to take over. The future a new world ¶ Starting in the mid-1960s, Pininfarina started to make is absolutely up to you.” In 1958, upon leaving for a investments in the science of automotive design, a strategy to differ- world tour Pinin added “In my family we inherit our entiate itself from the other Italian coachbuilders. ¶ In 1966, Pininfarina opened the Studies and Research Centre (Studi e Ricerche) in Grug- legacies from live people–not from the dead.” § Mod- liasco. The research centre occupied 8,000 sq. metres (2 acres) and ernizing for a new world ¶ Starting in the mid-1960s, employed 180 technicians capable of producing 25 prototypes a year. ¶ Pininfarina started to make investments in the sci- The Calculation and Design Centre was set up in 1967, the first step in a

42 pt Giorgetto Giugiaro (born 7 Aug. 1938) is an Italian automobile designer. He has worked on supercars and popular everyday

30 pt has worked on supercars and popular everyday vehicles. He was born in Garessio, Cuneo, Piedmont. ¶ Giugiaro was named Car Designer of the Century in 1999 and inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in

16 pt Century in 1999 and inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 2002. ¶ In addition to cars, Giugiaro designed camera bodies for Nikon, computer prototypes for Apple, Navigation promenade of Porto Santo Stefano, and developed a new pasta shape “Marille”, as well as office furniture for Okamura Corporation § Influence on design ¶ Giugaro’s earliest cars featured tastefully arched and curving shapes,

12 pt 9 pt furniture for Okamura Corporation. § Influence on 1970s approached, Giugiaro’s designs became increasingly angular, cul- design ¶ Giugaro’s earliest cars featured tastefully minating in the “folded paper” era of the 1970s. Straight-lined designs arched and curving shapes, such as the De Tomaso such as the BMW M1, Lotus Esprit S1, and Maserati Bora followed before a softer approach returned in the Maserati Merak, Lamborghini Mangusta, Iso Grifo, and Maserati Ghibli. However, as Calà, Maserati Spyder, and Ferrari GG50. Among the best known of his the 1970s approached, Giugiaro’s designs became designs is the DeLorean DMC-12, made famous on its original merits increasingly angular, culminating in the “folded paper” then featured prominently in the Hollywood blockbuster series Back

42 pt The son of an orchestra conductor, Gandini was born in Tu- rin. ¶ In 1963, he approached Nuccio Bertone, head of the

30 pt approached Nuccio Bertone, head of the Gruppo Bertone company for work. How- ever Giorgetto Giugiaro, then Bertone’s chief designer, opposed him being hired. When Giugiaro left Bertone two years later,

16 pt opposed him being hired. When Giugiaro left Bertone two years later, Gandini was hired, and worked for the company for fourteen years. ¶ Creator of Stile Ber- tone in Caprie, Gandini served as general manager of the styling house, designing show cars as well as managing the construction of prototype automobiles. ¶ Gandini designed Lamborghini’s groundbreaking mid-engined Miura and extreme

12 pt 9 pt construction of prototype automobiles. ¶ Gandini BMW 5 Series (E12), the Innocenti Mini, and the Renault Supercinq. He designed Lamborghini’s groundbreaking mid-en- introduced the concept of scissor doors with the Alfa Romeo 33 Cara- gined Miura and extreme Countach, as well as many bo prototype, while the Lancia Stratos supercar was another Gandini design. ¶ Gandini left Bertone in 1980, pursuing freelance automotive, practical cars such as the Citroën BX, the first-gen- industrial, and interior design. ¶ Gandini has worked in other areas, eration BMW 5 Series (E12), the Innocenti Mini, and including home architecture, the design of a nightclub interior, and the the Renault Supercinq. He introduced the concept of body styling of the Heli-Sport CH-7 helicopter. → The CH-7 Helicop-

42 pt Martin’s work has received varied reception. In 2005, the Daily Telegraph called the Fiat 130 Coupé a “majestic blend

30 pt called the Fiat 130 Coupé a “majestic blend of severity and grace, boldness and subtlety, sharp angles joined by soft curves, a true catwalk beauty, a masterclass that was widely copied in the Seven-

12 pt 9 pt ‘70, before winning 22 international design awards. Design News called the Modulo “iconic”. The Modulo placed third A 2007 retrospective said the Modulo was “a mile- in Jalopnik’s 2008 competition for the top ten best “Wedge Car stone in the automobile design history with a deep Designs Of The 60s, 70s and 80s.” ¶ By contrast, the Rolls Royce Camargue ranked in 2010 as one of the “10 Worst Cars” as chosen influence on the 1970’s car styling.” In 2008, Car by readers of the Globe and Mail; ranked 38 in the 2005 book Crap Design News called the Modulo “iconic”. The Mod- Cars by Richard Porter (the author saying the car “looked utterly ulo placed third in Jalopnik’s 2008 competition for terrible)” and ranked 92 in a 2008 poll of the 100 ugliest cars of all

42 pt Stratos HF (Tipo 829), widely and more simply known as Lancia Stratos, is a sports car and rally car made by Italian

30 pt The HF stands for High Fidelity. It was a very successful rally car, winning the World Rally Championship in 1974, 1975 and 1976. ¶ A Bertone-designed concept car called the Lancia Stratos Zero was

16 pt car made by Italian car manufacturer Lancia. The HF stands for High Fideli- ty. It was a very successful rally car, winning the World Rally Championship in 1974, 1975 and 1976. ¶ A Bertone-designed concept car called the Lancia Stratos Zero was shown to the public in 1970, but shares little but the name and mid-engined layout with the Stratos HF version. A new car called the New

12 pt 9 pt the public in 1970, but shares little but the name the original Stratos, but was based on a Ferrari chassis and engine. and mid-engined layout with the Stratos HF ver- § History ¶ Bertone had no previous business with Lancia, who sion. A new car called the New Stratos was an- were traditionally linked with Pininfarina, and he wanted to come into conversation with them. Bertone knew that Lancia was looking nounced in 2010 which was heavily influenced by for a replacement for the ageing Fulvia for use in rally sports and the design of the original Stratos, but was based so he designed an eye-catcher to show to Lancia. Bertone used the on a Ferrari chassis and engine. § History ¶ Ber- running gear of the Fulvia Coupé of one of his personal friends and

42 pt Modulo has an extremely low body with a canopy-style roof that slides forward to permit entry to

30 pt forward to permit entry to the cabin of the car. All four wheels are partly covered. Another special feature of the design are 24 holes in the engine cover that reveal the Ferrari V12 engine which

16 pt engine cover that reveal the Ferrari V12 engine which develops 550 hp (410 kW), a top speed of 220 mph (350 km/h) and 0–60 in 3.1 seconds. § History ¶ In 1968, Ferrari built 612 Can Am chassis 0864 which after testing was given to Pininfarina with the new chassis n. 512S n. 27 to build a show car. ¶ In 2014, Pininfarina sold Modulo to American entrepreneur and

12 pt 9 pt chassis n. 512S n. 27 to build a show car. ¶ In Pininfarina S.p.A. (short for Carrozzeria Pininfarina) is an Italian 2014, Pininfarina sold Modulo to American car design firm and coachbuilder, with headquarters in Cambia- entrepreneur and automotive aficionado James no, (Metropolitan City of Turin), Italy. It was founded by Battista “Pinin” Farina in 1930. On December 14, 2015, Mahindra Group Glickenhaus who is restoring it to full operating acquired Pininfarina S.p.A. in a deal worth about €168 million. ¶ condition. → Pininfarina S.p.A. (short for Car- Pininfarina is employed by a wide variety of automobile manufac- rozzeria Pininfarina) is an Italian car design firm tures to design vehicles. These firms have included long-estab-

42 pt Bravo was a concept car designed by Marcello Gan- dini at Bertone for Lambo- rghini. It was first present-

30 pt at Bertone for Lamborghini. It was first presented in 1974 at the Turin Auto Show. ¶ The Bravo was designed to showcase ideas for a replacement to the Urraco. The completely working

16 pt for a replacement to the Urraco. The completely working prototype featured a 3L 300 hp (220 kW) V8 that powered the rear wheels, and underwent nearly 168,000 miles (270,000 km) of testing before it was placed in the Bertone museum. It was never put into production, but many styling features were inspired by the Countach, including the an-

12 pt 9 pt never put into production, but many styling barely necessary to operate the vehicle. ¶ In 1987 it was features were inspired by the Countach, in- considered for production as a companion car to the Bertone cluding the angular features and the window built Fiat X1/9. That “Project 1” was, however, ended when Fiat stopped the production of the 1.5L SOHC engine and arrangement, but the interior was never more rear-mounted 5-speed trans-axle. ¶ Car was sold in auction than what was barely necessary to operate at Villa d’Este (Italy) on 21 May 2011, for the highest bidder of the vehicle. ¶ In 1987 it was considered for €588,000. Prior being offered at the auction the Bravo was the

42 pt The 1960s were the years of the Ital- ian-style GT. Nuccio Bertone came up with five variations on the theme which would always be dear to his

16 pt Sprint, in coupé and cabriolet versions, two Ferrari 250 GTs, one named ‘Wax’ after the commissioning client, and the other for the his personal use, the Aston Martin DB4 GT ‘Jet’ and the Maserati 5000 GT. At the same time, two new industrial partnerships were getting under way, with the work on the Simca 1000 Coupé and the BMW 3200 CS limited series, as was the important, but unfortunate ASA 1000, better known as the “Ferrarina”, or “little Ferrari” (as the

12 pt 9 pt with the work on the Simca 1000 Coupé and the BMW 3200 with the work on the Simca 1000 Coupé and the BMW 3200 CS limited series, as CS limited series, as was the important, but unfortunate ASA was the important, but unfortunate ASA 1000, better known as the “Ferrarina”, or 1000, better known as the “Ferrarina”, or “little Ferrari” (as the “little Ferrari” (as the project originated with Enzo Ferrari), which, despite the high expectations of the public, never made it to the automobilemarket. ¶ The Iso Rivolta project originated with Enzo Ferrari), which, despite the high GT 300, the Iso Rivolta GT 340 and the Iso Grifo were also created in the 1960s. expectations of the public, never made it to the automobile- Nuccio Bertone designed a prototype cabriolet of the latter and a racing version market. ¶ The Iso Rivolta GT 300, the Iso Rivolta GT 340 and known as the A3C. The Grifo years were also the years of the Corvair Testudo, driv-

42 pt Starting with the planning for the new plant in Grugliasco in 1956, Pi- nin started to groom his replacements–Sergio his son and Ren-

30 pt to groom his replacements–Sergio his son and Renzo Carli his son-in-law. To his heirs apparent, Pinin said of the Corso Trapani facility “This old plant has reached the limits of its growth. It has no room for expansion and is far from being up to

12 pt 9 pt I’m finished and it’s your time to take over. The future is abso- a new world ¶ Starting in the mid-1960s, Pininfarina started to make investments lutely up to you.” In 1958, upon leaving for a world tour Pinin in the science of automotive design, a strategy to differentiate itself from the added “In my family we inherit our legacies from live people– other Italian coachbuilders. ¶ In 1966, Pininfarina opened the Studies and Research Centre (Studi e Ricerche) in Grugliasco. The research centre occupied 8,000 not from the dead.” § Modernizing for a new world ¶ Starting sq. metres (2 acres) and employed 180 technicians capable of producing 25 proto- in the mid-1960s, Pininfarina started to make investments in types a year. ¶ The Calculation and Design Centre was set up in 1967, the first step the science of automotive design, a strategy to differentiate in a process of technological evolution which, during the 1970s, would take Pinin-

42 pt Giorgetto Giugiaro (born 7 Aug. 1938) is an Italian automobile designer. He has worked on supercars and popular everyday vehicles. He

30 pt has worked on supercars and popular everyday vehicles. He was born in Garessio, Cuneo, Pied- mont. ¶ Giugiaro was named Car Designer of the Century in 1999 and inducted into the Automo- tive Hall of Fame in 2002. ¶ In addition to cars,

16 pt Century in 1999 and inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 2002. ¶ In addition to cars, Giugiaro designed camera bodies for Nikon, computer prototypes for Apple, Navigation promenade of Porto Santo Stefano, and developed a new pasta shape “Marille”, as well as office furniture for Okamura Corporation § Influence on design ¶ Giugaro’s earliest cars featured tastefully arched and curving shapes, such as the De Tomaso Mangusta, Iso Grifo, and Mase-

12 pt 9 pt furniture for Okamura Corporation. § Influence on design ¶ 1970s approached, Giugiaro’s designs became increasingly angular, culminat- Giugaro’s earliest cars featured tastefully arched and curving ing in the “folded paper” era of the 1970s. Straight-lined designs such as the shapes, such as the De Tomaso Mangusta, Iso Grifo, and BMW M1, Lotus Esprit S1, and Maserati Bora followed before a softer approach returned in the Maserati Merak, Lamborghini Calà, Maserati Spyder, and Ferrari Maserati Ghibli. However, as the 1970s approached, Giugia- GG50. Among the best known of his designs is the DeLorean DMC-12, made ro’s designs became increasingly angular, culminating in the famous on its original merits then featured prominently in the Hollywood block- “folded paper” era of the 1970s. Straight-lined designs such buster series Back to the Future. ¶ The Calculation and Design Centre was set

42 pt Son of an orchestra conductor, Gandini was born in Turin. ¶ In 1963, he approached Nuccio Bertone, head of the Gruppo Bertone com-

30 pt approached Nuccio Bertone, head of the Gruppo Bertone company for work. However Giorgetto Giugiaro, then Bertone’s chief designer, opposed him being hired. When Giugiaro left Bertone two years later, Gandini was hired, and worked for the

16 pt opposed him being hired. When Giugiaro left Bertone two years later, Gandini was hired, and worked for the company for fourteen years. ¶ Creator of Stile Bertone in Caprie, Gandini served as general manager of the styling house, designing show cars as well as managing the construction of prototype automobiles. ¶ Gandini designed Lamborghini’s groundbreaking mid-engined Miura and extreme Countach, as well as many practical cars such as the

12 pt 9 pt construction of prototype automobiles. ¶ Gandini designed BMW 5 Series (E12), the Innocenti Mini, and the Renault Supercinq. He intro- Lamborghini’s groundbreaking mid-engined Miura and ex- duced the concept of scissor doors with the Alfa Romeo 33 Carabo prototype, treme Countach, as well as many practical cars such as the while the Lancia Stratos supercar was another Gandini design. ¶ Gandini left Bertone in 1980, pursuing freelance automotive, industrial, and interior design. Citroën BX, the first-generation BMW 5 Series (E12), the In- ¶ Gandini has worked in other areas, including home architecture, the design nocenti Mini, and the Renault Supercinq. He introduced the of a nightclub interior, and the body styling of the Heli-Sport CH-7 helicopter. → concept of scissor doors with the Alfa Romeo 33 Carabo The CH-7 Helicopters Heli-Sport CH-7 series of ultralight, kit-built, helicopters

42 pt Martin’s work has received varied reception. In 2005, the Daily Tele- graph called the Fiat 130 Coupé a “majestic blend of severity and

30 pt called the Fiat 130 Coupé a “majestic blend of severity and grace, boldness and subtlety, sharp angles joined by soft curves, a true catwalk beauty, a masterclass that was widely copied in the Seventies but never equaled.” ¶ After its de-

16 pt beauty, a masterclass that was widely copied in the Seventies but never equaled.” ¶ After its debut at the 1970 Geneva Motor Show, the Ferrari Modulo went on to be shown (repainted white, from its original black) at the 1970 Turin Motor Show and at Osaka’s Expo ‘70, before winning 22 international design awards. A 2007 retrospective said the Modulo was “a milestone in the automobile design history with a deep influence on the 1970’s car

12 pt 9 pt ‘70, before winning 22 international design awards. A 2007 Design News called the Modulo “iconic”. The Modulo placed third in Jalopnik’s retrospective said the Modulo was “a milestone in the auto- 2008 competition for the top ten best “Wedge Car Designs Of The 60s, 70s mobile design history with a deep influence on the 1970’s and 80s.” ¶ By contrast, the Rolls Royce Camargue ranked in 2010 as one of the “10 Worst Cars” as chosen by readers of the Globe and Mail; ranked car styling.” In 2008, Car Design News called the Modulo 38 in the 2005 book Crap Cars by Richard Porter (the author saying the car “iconic”. The Modulo placed third in Jalopnik’s 2008 compe- “looked utterly terrible)” and ranked 92 in a 2008 poll of the 100 ugliest cars tition for the top ten best “Wedge Car Designs Of The 60s, of all time by readers of The Daily Telegraph. Autoblog said the Camargue had

42 pt Lancia Stratos HF (Tipo 829), widely and more simply known as Lancia Stratos, is a sports car and rally car made by Italian car

30 pt The HF stands for High Fidelity. It was a very successful rally car, winning the World Rally Championship in 1974, 1975 and 1976. ¶ A Ber- tone-designed concept car called the Lancia Stratos Zero was shown to the public in 1970,

16 pt car made by Italian car manufacturer Lancia. The HF stands for High Fidelity. It was a very successful rally car, winning the World Rally Championship in 1974, 1975 and 1976. ¶ A Bertone-designed concept car called the Lancia Stratos Zero was shown to the public in 1970, but shares little but the name and mid-engined layout with the Stratos HF version. A new car called the New Stratos was announced in 2010 which was heavily influenced

12 pt 9 pt the public in 1970, but shares little but the name and the original Stratos, but was based on a Ferrari chassis and engine. § History mid-engined layout with the Stratos HF version. A new car ¶ Bertone had no previous business with Lancia, who were traditionally linked called the New Stratos was announced in 2010 which was with Pininfarina, and he wanted to come into conversation with them. Bertone knew that Lancia was looking for a replacement for the ageing Fulvia for use heavily influenced by the design of the original Stratos, in rally sports and so he designed an eye-catcher to show to Lancia. Bertone but was based on a Ferrari chassis and engine. § History used the running gear of the Fulvia Coupé of one of his personal friends and ¶ Bertone had no previous business with Lancia, who built a running showpiece around it. When Bertone himself appeared at the

42 pt The Modulo has an extremely low body with a canopy-style roof that slides forward to permit entry to the cabin of the car. All

30 pt All four wheels are partly covered. Another special feature of the design are 24 holes in the engine cover that reveal the Ferrari V12 engine which develops 550 hp (410 kW), a top speed of 220 mph (350 km/h) and 0–60 in 3.1

16 pt engine cover that reveal the Ferrari V12 engine which develops 550 hp (410 kW), a top speed of 220 mph (350 km/h) and 0–60 in 3.1 seconds. § History ¶ In 1968, Ferrari built 612 Can Am chassis 0864 which after testing was given to Pininfarina with the new chassis n. 512S n. 27 to build a show car. ¶ In 2014, Pininfarina sold Modulo to American entrepreneur and automotive aficionado James Glickenhaus who is restoring it to full

12 pt 9 pt chassis n. 512S n. 27 to build a show car. ¶ In 2014, Pinin- Pininfarina S.p.A. (short for Carrozzeria Pininfarina) is an Italian car design farina sold Modulo to American entrepreneur and auto- firm and coachbuilder, with headquarters in Cambiano, (Metropolitan City of motive aficionado James Glickenhaus who is restoring it Turin), Italy. It was founded by Battista “Pinin” Farina in 1930. On December 14, 2015, Mahindra Group acquired Pininfarina S.p.A. in a deal worth about to full operating condition. → Pininfarina S.p.A. (short for €168 million. ¶ Pininfarina is employed by a wide variety of automobile man- Carrozzeria Pininfarina) is an Italian car design firm and ufactures to design vehicles. These firms have included long-established coachbuilder, with headquarters in Cambiano, (Metro- customers such as Ferrari, Alfa Romeo, Peugeot, Fiat, GM, Lancia, and

42 pt Bravo was a concept car designed by Marcello Gandini at Bertone for Lamborghini. It was first presented in 1974 at the Tu-

30 pt at Bertone for Lamborghini. It was first presented in 1974 at the Turin Auto Show. ¶ The Bravo was designed to showcase ideas for a replacement to the Urraco. The completely working prototype featured a 3L 300 hp (220

16 pt for a replacement to the Urraco. The completely working prototype featured a 3L 300 hp (220 kW) V8 that powered the rear wheels, and underwent nearly 168,000 miles (270,000 km) of testing before it was placed in the Bertone museum. It was never put into production, but many styling features were inspired by the Countach, including the angular features and the window arrangement, but the interior was never

12 pt 9 pt never put into production, but many styling features barely necessary to operate the vehicle. ¶ In 1987 it was considered were inspired by the Countach, including the angular for production as a companion car to the Bertone built Fiat X1/9. That features and the window arrangement, but the interior “Project 1” was, however, ended when Fiat stopped the production of the 1.5L SOHC engine and rear-mounted 5-speed trans-axle. ¶ Car was sold was never more than what was barely necessary to in auction at Villa d’Este (Italy) on 21 May 2011, for the highest bidder of operate the vehicle. ¶ In 1987 it was considered for €588,000. Prior being offered at the auction the Bravo was the only car production as a companion car to the Bertone built Fiat from the Bertone Museum that was “refreshed” → The Lamborghini Ur-

48 pt The 1960s were the years of the Ital- ian-style GT. Nuccio Bertone came up with five variations on the theme which would always be dear to his heart, in the shape

32 pt up with five variations on the theme which would always be dear to his heart, in the shape of five extremely racy GT models: the Alfa Romeo 2600 Sprint, in coupé and cabriolet versions, two Fer- rari 250 GTs, one named ‘Wax’ after the commissioning client, and

26 pt Sprint, in coupé and cabriolet versions, two Ferrari 250 GTs, one named ‘Wax’ after the commissioning client, and the other for the his personal use, the Aston Martin DB4 GT ‘Jet’ and the Maserati 5000 GT. At the same time, two new industrial partnerships were getting under way, with the work on the Simca 1000 Coupé

20 pt with the work on the Simca 1000 Coupé and the BMW 3200 CS limited series, as was the important, but unfortunate ASA 1000, better known as the “Ferrarina”, or “little Ferra- ri” (as the project originated with Enzo Ferrari), which, despite the high expectations of

48 pt Starting with the planning for the new plant in Grugliasco in 1956, Pi- nin started to groom his replacements–Sergio his son and Renzo

32 pt to groom his replacements–Sergio his son and Renzo Carli his son-in-law. To his heirs apparent, Pinin said of the Corso Trapani facility “This old plant has reached the limits of its growth. It has no room for expansion

26 pt has reached the limits of its growth. It has no room for expansion and is far from being up to date. If I were alone I’d leave it as it is. But I want you to decide which way to go–to stay as we are or to enlarge. Either way is fine with me. It’s your decision to make and I

20 pt I’m finished and it’s your time to take over. The future is absolutely up to you.” In 1958, upon leaving for a world tour Pinin added “In my family we inherit our legacies from live people–not from the dead.” § Modernizing for a new world ¶ Starting in the mid-1960s,

48 pt Giorgetto Giugiaro (born 7 Aug. 1938) is an Italian automobile designer. He has worked on supercars and popular everyday vehicles. He

32 pt has worked on supercars and popular everyday vehicles. He was born in Garessio, Cuneo, Piedmont. ¶ Giugiaro was named Car Designer of the Century in 1999 and inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in

28 pt Century in 1999 and inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 2002. ¶ In addition to cars, Giugiaro designed camera bodies for Nikon, computer prototypes for Apple, Navigation promenade of Porto Santo Stefano, and developed a new pasta shape “Marille”,

20 pt furniture for Okamura Corporation. § Influence on design ¶ Giugaro’s earliest cars featured tastefully arched and curving shapes, such as the De Tomaso Mangusta, Iso Grifo, and Maserati Ghibli. However, as the 1970s approached, Giugiaro’s designs became

48 pt Son of an orchestra conductor, Gan- dini was born in Turin. ¶ In 1963, he approached Nuccio Bertone, head of the Gruppo Bertone company for

32 pt approached Nuccio Bertone, head of the Gruppo Ber- tone company for work. However Giorgetto Giugiaro, then Bertone’s chief designer, opposed him being hired. When Giugiaro left Bertone two years later,

26 pt opposed him being hired. When Giugiaro left Bertone two years later, Gandini was hired, and worked for the company for fourteen years. ¶ Creator of Stile Bertone in Caprie, Gandini served as general manager of the styling house, designing show cars as well as

20 pt construction of prototype automobiles. ¶ Gandini designed Lamborghini’s groundbreaking mid-engined Miura and extreme Countach, as well as many practical cars such as the Citroën BX, the first-generation BMW 5 Series (E12), the Innocenti Mini,

48 pt Martin’s work has received varied reception. In 2005, the Daily Tele- graph called the Fiat 130 Coupé a “majestic blend of severity and

32 pt called the Fiat 130 Coupé a “majestic blend of severity and grace, boldness and subtlety, sharp angles joined by soft curves, a true catwalk beauty, a masterclass that was widely copied in the Seventies but

26 pt beauty, a masterclass that was widely copied in the Seventies but never equaled.” ¶ After its debut at the 1970 Geneva Motor Show, the Ferrari Modulo went on to be shown (repainted white, from its original black) at the 1970 Turin Motor Show and at Osaka’s Expo

20 pt ‘70, before winning 22 international design awards. A 2007 retrospective said the Modulo was “a milestone in the automobile design history with a deep influence on the 1970’s car styling.” In 2008, Car Design News called the Modulo “iconic”. The

48 pt Lancia Stratos HF (Tipo 829), widely and more simply known as Lan- cia Stratos, is a sports car and rally car made by Italian car man-

32 pt The HF stands for High Fidelity. It was a very successful rally car, winning the World Rally Champion- ship in 1974, 1975 and 1976. ¶ A Bertone-designed concept car called the Lancia Stratos Zero was

26 pt car made by Italian car manufacturer Lancia. The HF stands for High Fidelity. It was a very successful rally car, winning the World Rally Championship in 1974, 1975 and 1976. ¶ A Bertone-designed concept car called the Lancia Stratos Zero was shown to

20 pt the public in 1970, but shares little but the name and mid-engined layout with the Stratos HF version. A new car called the New Stratos was announced in 2010 which was heavily influenced by the design of the original Stratos, but was based on a Fer-

48 pt The Modulo has an extremely low body with a canopy-style roof that slides forward to permit entry to the cabin of the car. All four wheels

32 pt forward to permit entry to the cabin of the car. All four wheels are partly covered. Another special feature of the design are 24 holes in the engine cover that reveal the Ferrari V12 engine which develops

26 pt engine cover that reveal the Ferrari V12 engine which develops 550 hp (410 kW), a top speed of 220 mph (350 km/h) and 0–60 in 3.1 seconds. § History ¶ In 1968, Ferrari built 612 Can Am chassis 0864 which after testing was given to Pininfarina with

20 pt chassis n. 512S n. 27 to build a show car. ¶ In 2014, Pininfarina sold Modulo to Amer- ican entrepreneur and automotive aficionado James Glickenhaus who is restoring it to full operating condition. → Pininfarina S.p.A. (short for Carrozzeria Pininfari-

48 pt Bravo was a concept car designed by Marcello Gandini at Bertone for Lamborghini. It was first presented in 1974 at the Turin Auto

32 pt It was first presented in 1974 at the Turin Auto Show. ¶ The Bravo was designed to ideas for a replacement to the Urraco. The completely working prototype featured a 3L 300 hp (220 kW) V8 that

26 pt for a replacement to the Urraco. The completely working prototype featured a 3L 300 hp (220 kW) V8 that powered the rear wheels, and underwent nearly 168,000 miles (270,000 km) of testing before it was placed in the Bertone museum. It was nev-

20 pt never put into production, but many styling features were inspired by the Coun- tach, including the angular features and the window arrangement, but the interior was never more than what was barely necessary to operate the vehicle. ¶ In 1987

48 pt The 1960s were the years of the Ital- ian-style GT. Nuccio Bertone came up with five variations on the theme which would always be dear to his heart, in the shape

20 pt with the work on the Simca 1000 Coupé and the BMW 3200 CS limited series, as was the important, but unfortunate ASA 1000, better known as the “Ferrarina”, or “little Ferrari” (as the project originated with Enzo Ferrari), which, despite the high expectations of the public, never made it to the automobilemarket.

48 pt Starting with the planning for the new plant in Grugliasco in 1956, Pinin started to groom his replacements–Sergio his son and Renzo Carli his son-in-law. To his heirs

48 pt Giorgetto Giugiaro (born 7 Aug. 1938) is an Italian automobile designer. He has worked on supercars and popular everyday vehicles. He was born in Garessio, Cuneo, Pied-

32 pt has worked on supercars and popular everyday vehicles. He was born in Garessio, Cuneo, Piedmont. ¶ Giugiaro was named Car Designer of the Century in 1999 and inducted into the Auto- motive Hall of Fame in 2002. ¶ In addition to cars, Giugiaro de-

28 pt Century in 1999 and inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 2002. ¶ In addition to cars, Giugiaro designed camera bodies for Nikon, computer prototypes for Apple, Navigation promenade of Porto Santo Stefano, and developed a new pasta shape “Marille”, as well as office furniture for Okamura Corporation

20 pt furniture for Okamura Corporation. § Influence on design ¶ Giugaro’s earliest cars featured tastefully arched and curving shapes, such as the De Tomaso Mangusta, Iso Grifo, and Maserati Ghibli. However, as the 1970s approached, Giugiaro’s designs became increasingly angular, culminating in the “folded

48 pt Son of an orchestra conductor, Gandini was born in Turin. ¶ In 1963, he approached Nuccio Bertone, head of the Gruppo Ber- tone company for work. However Giorget-

32 pt approached Nuccio Bertone, head of the Gruppo Bertone company for work. However Giorgetto Giugiaro, then Bertone’s chief designer, opposed him being hired. When Giugiaro left Bertone two years later, Gandini was hired, and worked for the company

26 pt opposed him being hired. When Giugiaro left Bertone two years later, Gandini was hired, and worked for the company for fourteen years. ¶ Creator of Stile Bertone in Caprie, Gandini served as general manager of the styling house, designing show cars as well as managing the construction of prototype auto-

20 pt construction of prototype automobiles. ¶ Gandini designed Lamborghini’s groundbreaking mid-engined Miura and extreme Countach, as well as many practical cars such as the Citroën BX, the first-generation BMW 5 Series (E12), the Innocenti Mini, and the Renault Supercinq. He introduced the

48 pt Martin’s work has received varied reception. In 2005, the Daily Telegraph called the Fiat 130 Coupé a “majestic blend of severity and grace, boldness and subtlety,

32 pt called the Fiat 130 Coupé a “majestic blend of severity and grace, boldness and subtlety, sharp angles joined by soft curves, a true catwalk beauty, a masterclass that was widely copied in the Seventies but never equaled.” ¶ After its debut

48 pt Lancia Stratos HF (Tipo 829), widely and more simply known as Lancia Stratos, is a sports car and rally car made by Italian car manufacturer Lancia. The HF stands

32 pt The HF stands for High Fidelity. It was a very successful rally car, winning the World Rally Championship in 1974, 1975 and 1976. ¶ A Bertone-designed concept car called the Lancia Stratos Zero was shown to the public in 1970, but shares little

26 pt car made by Italian car manufacturer Lancia. The HF stands for High Fidelity. It was a very successful rally car, winning the World Rally Championship in 1974, 1975 and 1976. ¶ A Bertone-designed concept car called the Lancia Stratos Zero was shown to the public in 1970, but shares little but the name

20 pt the public in 1970, but shares little but the name and mid-engined layout with the Stratos HF version. A new car called the New Stratos was announced in 2010 which was heavily influenced by the design of the original Stratos, but was based on a Ferrari chassis and engine. § History ¶ Bertone had no

48 pt The Modulo has an extremely low body with a canopy-style roof that slides forward to permit entry to the cabin of the car. All four wheels are partly covered.

32 pt forward to permit entry to the cabin of the car. All four wheels are partly covered. Another special feature of the design are 24 holes in the engine cover that reveal the Ferrari V12 engine which develops 550 hp (410 kW), a top speed of 220 mph (350

20 pt chassis n. 512S n. 27 to build a show car. ¶ In 2014, Pininfarina sold Modulo to American entrepreneur and automotive aficionado James Glickenhaus who is restoring it to full operating condition. → Pininfarina S.p.A. (short for Carrozzeria Pininfarina) is an Italian car design firm and coachbuild-

48 pt Bravo was a concept car designed by Marcello Gandini at Bertone for Lambo- rghini. It was first presented in 1974 at the Turin Auto Show. ¶ The Bravo was

32 pt It was first presented in 1974 at the Turin Auto Show. ¶ The Bravo was designed to showcase ideas for a replacement to the Urraco. The completely working prototype featured a 3L 300 hp (220 kW) V8 that powered the rear wheels, and under-

26 pt for a replacement to the Urraco. The completely working prototype featured a 3L 300 hp (220 kW) V8 that powered the rear wheels, and underwent nearly 168,000 miles (270,000 km) of testing before it was placed in the Bertone museum. It was never put into production, but many styling

20 pt never put into production, but many styling features were inspired by the Countach, including the angular features and the window arrangement, but the interior was never more than what was barely necessary to operate the vehicle. ¶ In 1987 it was considered for production as a compan-

Danish København er Danmarks hovedstad og er med København er Danmarks ho- 10 and 8pt (+20 Tracking) vedstad og er med 1.308.893 1.308.893 indbyggere (2018) landets største indbyggere (2018) landets byområde omfattende 18 kommuner eller dele største byområde omfattende 18 kommuner eller dele heraf. heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en del af Region Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en Hovedstaden og for de sydlige deles vedkom- del af Region Hovedstaden og

French La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situation en France La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, 10 and 8pt (+20 Tracking) la situation en France est est difficile : malgré la vigilance de Fouché, la con- difficile : malgré la vigilance de testation des mouvements royalistes s’intensifie Fouché, la contestation des mouvements royalistes s’in- après l’exécution du duc d’Enghien. Les caisses du tensifie après l’exécution du Trésor public sont vides : pris de panique face aux duc d’Enghien. Les caisses du

German Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenössisch auch Als Weimarer Republik (zeit- 10 and 8pt (+20 Tracking) genössisch auch Deutsche Deutsche Republik) wird der Abschnitt der deuts- Republik) wird der Abschnitt chen Geschichte von 1918 bis 1933 bezeichnet, in der deutschen Geschichte von 1918 bis 1933 bezeichnet, dem erstmals eine parlamentarische Demokratie in dem erstmals eine parla- in Deutschland bestand. Diese Epoche begann mit mentarische Demokratie in

Hungarian Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, illetve szék- Pestet és Budát, Magyaror- 10 and 8pt (+20 Tracking) szág fő-, illetve székvárosát városát csak a reformkortól kezdődően emleget- csak a reformkortól kezdő- ték együtt, közös nevükön. A gyakoribb forma a dően emlegették együtt, közös nevükön. A gyakoribb nagyobb (és nemzeti szempontból jelentősebb) forma a nagyobb (és nemzeti város nevét előre helyezve Pest-Buda volt, de elvét- szempontból jelentősebb)

Italian Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata dai fiumi Stura Torino sorge nella pianura deli- 10 and 8pt (+20 Tracking) mitata dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, di Lanzo, Sangone e Po (quest’ultimo attraversa Sangone e Po (quest’ultimo la città da sud verso nord), di fronte allo sbocco di attraversa la città da sud verso nord), di fronte allo sbocco alcune vallate alpine: Val di Susa, che collega la città di alcune vallate alpine: Val di con la vicina Francia attraverso il traforo del Frejus, Susa, che collega la città con la

Polish Warszawa, miasto stołeczne Warszawa (m.st. Warszawa, miasto stołeczne 10 and 8pt (+20 Tracking) Warszawa (m.st. Warszawa) Warszawa) – stolica Polski i województwa ma- – stolica Polski i województwa zowieckiego, największe miasto kraju, położone w mazowieckiego, najwięks- ze miasto kraju, położone w jego środkowo-wschodniej części, na Nizinie Śro- jego środkowo-wschodniej dkowomazowieckiej, na Mazowszu, nad Wisłą.¶ części, na Nizinie Środkowo-

Spanish Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los orígenes del núcleo Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los 10 and 8pt (+20 Tracking) orígenes del núcleo original de original de la ciudad se encontraban en una isla la ciudad se encontraban en del Guadalquivir, en la actual zona de la Alfalfa.60 una isla del Guadalquivir, en la actual zona de la Alfalfa.60 El nombre original del asentamiento fue Spal, que El nombre original del asen- puede también leerse como Ispal. En lengua fenicia tamiento fue Spal, que puede

Danish København er Danmarks hovedstad og er med København er Danmarks ho- 10 and 8pt (+20 Tracking) vedstad og er med 1.308.893 1.308.893 indbyggere (2018) landets største indbyggere (2018) landets byområde omfattende 18 kommuner eller dele største byområde omfattende 18 kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en del af Region heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er Hovedstaden og for de sydlige deles vedkom- byen en del af Region Ho-

French La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situation en Fran- La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, 10 and 8pt (+20 Tracking) la situation en France est ce est difficile : malgré la vigilance de Fouché, la difficile : malgré la vigilance de contestation des mouvements royalistes s’inten- Fouché, la contestation des mouvements royalistes s’in- sifie après l’exécution du duc d’Enghien. Les cais- tensifie après l’exécution du ses du Trésor public sont vides : pris de panique duc d’Enghien. Les caisses du

German Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenössisch auch Als Weimarer Republik (zeit- 10 and 8pt (+20 Tracking) genössisch auch Deutsche Deutsche Republik) wird der Abschnitt der deuts- Republik) wird der Abschnitt chen Geschichte von 1918 bis 1933 bezeichnet, in der deutschen Geschichte von 1918 bis 1933 bezei- dem erstmals eine parlamentarische Demokratie chnet, in dem erstmals eine in Deutschland bestand. Diese Epoche begann mit parlamentarische Demokra-

Italian Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata dai fiumi Stu- Torino sorge nella pianura 10 and 8pt (+20 Tracking) delimitata dai fiumi Stura di ra di Lanzo, Sangone e Po (quest’ultimo attraversa Lanzo, Sangone e Po (qu- la città da sud verso nord), di fronte allo sbocco est’ultimo attraversa la città da sud verso nord), di fronte di alcune vallate alpine: Val di Susa, che collega la allo sbocco di alcune vallate città con la vicina Francia attraverso il traforo del alpine: Val di Susa, che collega

Danish København er Danmarks hovedstad og er med København er Danmar- 10 and 8pt (+20 Tracking) ks hovedstad og er med 1.308.893 indbyggere (2018) landets største 1.308.893 indbyggere (2018) byområde omfattende 18 kommuner eller dele landets største byområde omfattende 18 kommuner heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en del af Region eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar Hovedstaden og for de sydlige deles vedkom- 2007 er byen en del af Re-

French La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situation en Fran- La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, 10 and 8pt (+20 Tracking) la situation en France est dif- ce est difficile : malgré la vigilance de Fouché, la ficile : malgré la vigilance de contestation des mouvements royalistes s’inten- Fouché, la contestation des mouvements royalistes s’in- sifie après l’exécution du duc d’Enghien. Les cais- tensifie après l’exécution du ses du Trésor public sont vides : pris de panique duc d’Enghien. Les caisses du

German Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenössisch auch Als Weimarer Republik (zeit- 10 and 8pt (+20 Tracking) genössisch auch Deutsche Deutsche Republik) wird der Abschnitt der deuts- Republik) wird der Abschnitt chen Geschichte von 1918 bis 1933 bezeichnet, in der deutschen Geschichte von 1918 bis 1933 bezei- dem erstmals eine parlamentarische Demokratie chnet, in dem erstmals eine in Deutschland bestand. Diese Epoche begann parlamentarische Demokra-

Italian Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata dai fiumi Stu- Torino sorge nella pianura 10 and 8pt (+20 Tracking) delimitata dai fiumi Stura di ra di Lanzo, Sangone e Po (quest’ultimo attraver- Lanzo, Sangone e Po (qu- sa la città da sud verso nord), di fronte allo sbocco est’ultimo attraversa la città da sud verso nord), di fronte di alcune vallate alpine: Val di Susa, che collega la allo sbocco di alcune vallate città con la vicina Francia attraverso il traforo del alpine: Val di Susa, che collega

Polish Warszawa, miasto stołeczne Warszawa (m.st. Warszawa, miasto stołec- 10 and 8pt (+20 Tracking) zne Warszawa (m.st. War- Warszawa) – stolica Polski i województwa ma- szawa) – stolica Polski i zowieckiego, największe miasto kraju, położone w województwa mazowieckiego, największe mias- jego środkowo-wschodniej części, na Nizinie Śro- to kraju, położone w jego dkowomazowieckiej, na Mazowszu, nad Wisłą.¶ środkowo-wschodniej części,

Spanish Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los orígenes del núcleo Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los 10 and 8pt (+20 Tracking) orígenes del núcleo original original de la ciudad se encontraban en una isla de la ciudad se encontraban del Guadalquivir, en la actual zona de la Alfalfa.60 en una isla del Guadalquivir, en la actual zona de la Alfalfa.60 El nombre original del asentamiento fue Spal, El nombre original del asen- que puede también leerse como Ispal. En lengua tamiento fue Spal, que puede

Danish København er Danmarks hovedstad og er med 1.308.893 København er Danmarks hovedstad 10 and 8pt (+30 Tracking) og er med 1.308.893 indbyggere indbyggere (2018) landets største byområde omfattende (2018) landets største byområde 18 kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en omfattende 18 kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen del af Region Hovedstaden og for de sydlige deles vedkom- en del af Region Hovedstaden og mende af Region Sjælland. Byområdet er præget af byspre- for de sydlige deles vedkommende

French La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situation en France est La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situ- 10 and 8pt (+30 Tracking) ation en France est difficile : malgré difficile : malgré la vigilance de Fouché, la contestation des la vigilance de Fouché, la contesta- mouvements royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc tion des mouvements royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc d’Enghien. Les caisses du Trésor public sont vides : pris de d’Enghien. Les caisses du Trésor panique face aux tensions internationales, les épargnants public sont vides : pris de panique

German Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenössisch auch Deutsche Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenös- 10 and 8pt (+30 Tracking) sisch auch Deutsche Republik) Republik) wird der Abschnitt der deutschen Geschichte wird der Abschnitt der deutschen von 1918 bis 1933 bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine parla- Geschichte von 1918 bis 1933 bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine mentarische Demokratie in Deutschland bestand. Diese parlamentarische Demokratie in Epoche begann mit der Ausrufung der Republik am 9. Deutschland bestand. Diese Epo-

Hungarian Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, illetve székvárosát Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, 10 and 8pt (+30 Tracking) illetve székvárosát csak a refor- csak a reformkortól kezdődően emlegették együtt, közös mkortól kezdődően emlegették nevükön. A gyakoribb forma a nagyobb (és nemzeti szem- együtt, közös nevükön. A gyakoribb forma a nagyobb (és nemzeti pontból jelentősebb) város nevét előre helyezve Pest-Buda szempontból jelentősebb) város volt, de elvétve előfordult a magyar nyelvhez jobban illesz- nevét előre helyezve Pest-Buda

Italian Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata dai fiumi Stura di Lan- Torino sorge nella pianura delimita- 10 and 8pt (+30 Tracking) ta dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Sangone zo, Sangone e Po (quest’ultimo attraversa la città da sud e Po (quest’ultimo attraversa la verso nord), di fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: città da sud verso nord), di fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val di Susa, che collega la città con la vicina Francia attra- Val di Susa, che collega la città verso il traforo del Frejus, Valli di Lanzo, Val Sangone. Torino con la vicina Francia attraverso il

Polish Warszawa, miasto stołeczne Warszawa (m.st. Warszawa) Warszawa, miasto stołeczne War- 10 and 8pt (+30 Tracking) szawa (m.st. Warszawa) – stolica – stolica Polski i województwa mazowieckiego, największe Polski i województwa mazowie- miasto kraju, położone w jego środkowo-wschodniej częś- ckiego, największe miasto kraju, położone w jego środkowo-wschod- ci, na Nizinie Środkowomazowieckiej, na Mazowszu, nad niej części, na Nizinie Środkowo- Wisłą.¶ Prawa miejskie uzyskała przed 1300. W 1569 mocą mazowieckiej, na Mazowszu, nad

Spanish Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los orígenes del núcleo original de Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los oríge- 10 and 8pt (+30 Tracking) nes del núcleo original de la ciudad la ciudad se encontraban en una isla del Guadalquivir, en la se encontraban en una isla del actual zona de la Alfalfa.60 El nombre original del asenta- Guadalquivir, en la actual zona de la Alfalfa.60 El nombre original del miento fue Spal, que puede también leerse como Ispal. En asentamiento fue Spal, que puede lengua fenicia el significado de Spal es literalmente la isla de también leerse como Ispal. En

Danish København er Danmarks hovedstad og er med 1.308.893 København er Danmarks ho- 10 and 8pt (+30 Tracking) vedstad og er med 1.308.893 indbyggere (2018) landets største byområde omfattende indbyggere (2018) landets største 18 kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en byområde omfattende 18 kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar del af Region Hovedstaden og for de sydlige deles vedkom- 2007 er byen en del af Region mende af Region Sjælland. Byområdet er præget af byspre- Hovedstaden og for de sydlige

French La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situation en France est La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la 10 and 8pt (+30 Tracking) situation en France est difficile : difficile : malgré la vigilance de Fouché, la contestation des malgré la vigilance de Fouché, la mouvements royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du contestation des mouvements royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécu- duc d’Enghien. Les caisses du Trésor public sont vides : tion du duc d’Enghien. Les caisses pris de panique face aux tensions internationales, les épar- du Trésor public sont vides : pris de

German Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenössisch auch Deutsche Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenös- 10 and 8pt (+30 Tracking) sisch auch Deutsche Republik) Republik) wird der Abschnitt der deutschen Geschichte wird der Abschnitt der deutschen von 1918 bis 1933 bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine parla- Geschichte von 1918 bis 1933 bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine mentarische Demokratie in Deutschland bestand. Diese parlamentarische Demokratie Epoche begann mit der Ausrufung der Republik am 9. in Deutschland bestand. Diese

Polish Warszawa, miasto stołeczne Warszawa (m.st. Warszawa) Warszawa, miasto stołeczne War- 10 and 8pt (+30 Tracking) szawa (m.st. Warszawa) – stolica – stolica Polski i województwa mazowieckiego, największe Polski i województwa mazowie- miasto kraju, położone w jego środkowo-wschodniej części, ckiego, największe miasto kraju, położone w jego środkowo-wschod- na Nizinie Środkowomazowieckiej, na Mazowszu, nad niej części, na Nizinie Środkowo- Wisłą.¶ Prawa miejskie uzyskała przed 1300. W 1569 mocą mazowieckiej, na Mazowszu, nad

Spanish Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los orígenes del núcleo original Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los 10 and 8pt (+30 Tracking) orígenes del núcleo original de la de la ciudad se encontraban en una isla del Guadalquivir, en ciudad se encontraban en una isla la actual zona de la Alfalfa.60 El nombre original del asen- del Guadalquivir, en la actual zona de la Alfalfa.60 El nombre original tamiento fue Spal, que puede también leerse como Ispal. del asentamiento fue Spal, que pu- En lengua fenicia el significado de Spal es literalmente la ede también leerse como Ispal. En

Danish København er Danmarks hovedstad og er med 1.308.893 København er Danmarks ho- 10 and 8pt (+30 Tracking) vedstad og er med 1.308.893 indbyggere (2018) landets største byområde omfattende indbyggere (2018) landets 18 kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen største byområde omfattende 18 kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra en del af Region Hovedstaden og for de sydlige deles 1. januar 2007 er byen en del af vedkommende af Region Sjælland. Byområdet er præget Region Hovedstaden og for de

French La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situation en France est La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la 10 and 8pt (+30 Tracking) situation en France est difficile : difficile : malgré la vigilance de Fouché, la contestation malgré la vigilance de Fouché, la des mouvements royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécu- contestation des mouvements royalistes s’intensifie après l’exé- tion du duc d’Enghien. Les caisses du Trésor public sont cution du duc d’Enghien. Les cais- vides : pris de panique face aux tensions internationales, ses du Trésor public sont vides :

German Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenössisch auch Deutsche Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenös- 10 and 8pt (+30 Tracking) sisch auch Deutsche Republik) Republik) wird der Abschnitt der deutschen Geschichte wird der Abschnitt der deutschen von 1918 bis 1933 bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine parla- Geschichte von 1918 bis 1933 bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine mentarische Demokratie in Deutschland bestand. Diese parlamentarische Demokratie Epoche begann mit der Ausrufung der Republik am 9. in Deutschland bestand. Diese

Hungarian Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, illetve székvárosát Pestet és Budát, Magyarország 10 and 8pt (+30 Tracking) fő-, illetve székvárosát csak a re- csak a reformkortól kezdődően emlegették együtt, közös formkortól kezdődően emlegették nevükön. A gyakoribb forma a nagyobb (és nemzeti szem- együtt, közös nevükön. A gyakoribb forma a nagyobb (és nemzeti pontból jelentősebb) város nevét előre helyezve Pest-Bu- szempontból jelentősebb) város da volt, de elvétve előfordult a magyar nyelvhez jobban nevét előre helyezve Pest-Buda

Italian Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata dai fiumi Stura di Torino sorge nella pianura delimita- 10 and 8pt (+30 Tracking) ta dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Sango- Lanzo, Sangone e Po (quest’ultimo attraversa la città da ne e Po (quest’ultimo attraversa la sud verso nord), di fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate città da sud verso nord), di fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: alpine: Val di Susa, che collega la città con la vicina Francia Val di Susa, che collega la città attraverso il traforo del Frejus, Valli di Lanzo, Val Sangone. con la vicina Francia attraverso il

Polish Warszawa, miasto stołeczne Warszawa (m.st. Warszawa) Warszawa, miasto stołeczne 10 and 8pt (+30 Tracking) Warszawa (m.st. Warszawa) – stolica Polski i województwa mazowieckiego, najwięk- – stolica Polski i województwa sze miasto kraju, położone w jego środkowo-wschodniej mazowieckiego, największe miasto kraju, położone w jego części, na Nizinie Środkowomazowieckiej, na Mazowszu, środkowo-wschodniej części, na nad Wisłą.¶ Prawa miejskie uzyskała przed 1300. W 1569 Nizinie Środkowomazowieckiej,

Spanish Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los orígenes del núcleo original Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los 10 and 8pt (+30 Tracking) orígenes del núcleo original de la de la ciudad se encontraban en una isla del Guadalquivir, ciudad se encontraban en una isla en la actual zona de la Alfalfa.60 El nombre original del del Guadalquivir, en la actual zona de la Alfalfa.60 El nombre original asentamiento fue Spal, que puede también leerse como del asentamiento fue Spal, que Ispal. En lengua fenicia el significado de Spal es literalmen- puede también leerse como Ispal.

Danish København er Danmarks hovedstad og er med 1.308.893 indbyg- København er Danmarks hovedstad og 10 and 8pt (+40 Tracking) er med 1.308.893 indbyggere (2018) gere (2018) landets største byområde omfattende 18 kommu- landets største byområde omfattende ner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en del af Region 18 kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en del af Region Hovedstaden og for de sydlige deles vedkommende af Region Hovedstaden og for de sydlige deles Sjælland. Byområdet er præget af byspredning over et stort areal. vedkommende af Region Sjælland.

French La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situation en France est difficile : La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situ- 10 and 8pt (+40 Tracking) ation en France est difficile : malgré la malgré la vigilance de Fouché, la contestation des mouvements vigilance de Fouché, la contestation royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc d’Enghien. Les cais- des mouvements royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc d’Enghien. Les ses du Trésor public sont vides : pris de panique face aux tensions caisses du Trésor public sont vides : internationales, les épargnants tentent de récupérer l’or en dépôt pris de panique face aux tensions

German Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenössisch auch Deutsche Republik) Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenössisch 10 and 8pt (+40 Tracking) auch Deutsche Republik) wird der wird der Abschnitt der deutschen Geschichte von 1918 bis 1933 Abschnitt der deutschen Geschichte bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine parlamentarische Demokratie von 1918 bis 1933 bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine parlamentarische De- in Deutschland bestand. Diese Epoche begann mit der Ausrufung mokratie in Deutschland bestand. Diese der Republik am 9. November 1918 und endete mit der NS-Mach- Epoche begann mit der Ausrufung der

Hungarian Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, illetve székvárosát csak a Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, 10 and 8pt (+40 Tracking) illetve székvárosát csak a reformkortól reformkortól kezdődően emlegették együtt, közös nevükön. A kezdődően emlegették együtt, közös gyakoribb forma a nagyobb (és nemzeti szempontból jelentősebb) nevükön. A gyakoribb forma a nagyobb (és nemzeti szempontból jelentősebb) város nevét előre helyezve Pest-Buda volt, de elvétve előfordult város nevét előre helyezve Pest-Buda a magyar nyelvhez jobban illeszkedő, a mássalhangzó-torlódást volt, de elvétve előfordult a magyar

Italian Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, San- Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata 10 and 8pt (+40 Tracking) dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Sangone e Po gone e Po (quest’ultimo attraversa la città da sud verso nord), di (quest’ultimo attraversa la città da sud fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val di Susa, che collega verso nord), di fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val di Susa, che la città con la vicina Francia attraverso il traforo del Frejus, Valli collega la città con la vicina Francia di Lanzo, Val Sangone. Torino è detta “la città dei quattro fiumi” attraverso il traforo del Frejus, Valli di

Polish Warszawa, miasto stołeczne Warszawa (m.st. Warszawa) – sto- Warszawa, miasto stołeczne Warszawa 10 and 8pt (+40 Tracking) (m.st. Warszawa) – stolica Polski i wo- lica Polski i województwa mazowieckiego, największe miasto jewództwa mazowieckiego, największe kraju, położone w jego środkowo-wschodniej części, na Nizinie miasto kraju, położone w jego środ- kowo-wschodniej części, na Nizinie Śro- Środkowomazowieckiej, na Mazowszu, nad Wisłą.¶ Prawa miejs- dkowomazowieckiej, na Mazowszu, nad kie uzyskała przed 1300. W 1569 mocą unii lubelskiej Warszawa Wisłą.¶ Prawa miejskie uzyskała przed

Spanish Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los orígenes del núcleo original de la Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los orígenes 10 and 8pt (+40 Tracking) del núcleo original de la ciudad se ciudad se encontraban en una isla del Guadalquivir, en la actual encontraban en una isla del Guadalqu- zona de la Alfalfa.60 El nombre original del asentamiento fue Spal, ivir, en la actual zona de la Alfalfa.60 El nombre original del asentamiento fue que puede también leerse como Ispal. En lengua fenicia el signifi- Spal, que puede también leerse como cado de Spal es literalmente la isla de Baal, uno de los dioses más Ispal. En lengua fenicia el significa-

Danish København er Danmarks hovedstad og er med 1.308.893 København er Danmarks hovedstad og 10 and 8pt (+40 Tracking) er med 1.308.893 indbyggere (2018) indbyggere (2018) landets største byområde omfattende 18 landets største byområde omfattende kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en del af 18 kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en del af Region Region Hovedstaden og for de sydlige deles vedkommende Hovedstaden og for de sydlige deles af Region Sjælland. Byområdet er præget af byspredning over vedkommende af Region Sjælland.

French La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situation en France est difficile : La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situ- 10 and 8pt (+40 Tracking) ation en France est difficile : malgré la malgré la vigilance de Fouché, la contestation des mouvements vigilance de Fouché, la contestation royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc d’Enghien. Les des mouvements royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc d’Enghien. caisses du Trésor public sont vides : pris de panique face aux Les caisses du Trésor public sont vi- tensions internationales, les épargnants tentent de récupérer des : pris de panique face aux tensions

German Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenössisch auch Deutsche Republik) Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenössisch 10 and 8pt (+40 Tracking) auch Deutsche Republik) wird der wird der Abschnitt der deutschen Geschichte von 1918 bis 1933 Abschnitt der deutschen Geschichte bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine parlamentarische Demokratie von 1918 bis 1933 bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine parlamentarische De- in Deutschland bestand. Diese Epoche begann mit der Ausrufung mokratie in Deutschland bestand. Die- der Republik am 9. November 1918 und endete mit der NS-Mach- se Epoche begann mit der Ausrufung

Hungarian Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, illetve székvárosát csak a re- Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, 10 and 8pt (+40 Tracking) illetve székvárosát csak a reformkortól formkortól kezdődően emlegették együtt, közös nevükön. A gya- kezdődően emlegették együtt, közös koribb forma a nagyobb (és nemzeti szempontból jelentősebb) nevükön. A gyakoribb forma a nagyobb (és nemzeti szempontból jelentősebb) város nevét előre helyezve Pest-Buda volt, de elvétve előfordult város nevét előre helyezve Pest-Buda a magyar nyelvhez jobban illeszkedő, a mássalhangzó-torlódást volt, de elvétve előfordult a magyar

Polish Warszawa, miasto stołeczne Warszawa (m.st. Warszawa) – Warszawa, miasto stołeczne War- 10 and 8pt (+40 Tracking) szawa (m.st. Warszawa) – stolica stolica Polski i województwa mazowieckiego, największe miasto Polski i województwa mazowieckiego, kraju, położone w jego środkowo-wschodniej części, na Nizinie największe miasto kraju, położone w jego środkowo-wschodniej części, Środkowomazowieckiej, na Mazowszu, nad Wisłą.¶ Prawa miejs- na Nizinie Środkowomazowieckiej, kie uzyskała przed 1300. W 1569 mocą unii lubelskiej Warszawa na Mazowszu, nad Wisłą.¶ Prawa

Spanish Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los orígenes del núcleo original de la Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los orígenes 10 and 8pt (+40 Tracking) del núcleo original de la ciudad se ciudad se encontraban en una isla del Guadalquivir, en la actual encontraban en una isla del Guadalqu- zona de la Alfalfa.60 El nombre original del asentamiento fue ivir, en la actual zona de la Alfalfa.60 El nombre original del asentamiento fue Spal, que puede también leerse como Ispal. En lengua fenicia Spal, que puede también leerse como el significado de Spal es literalmente la isla de Baal, uno de los Ispal. En lengua fenicia el significado

Danish København er Danmarks hovedstad og er med 1.308.893 København er Danmarks hovedstad og 10 and 8pt (+40 Tracking) er med 1.308.893 indbyggere (2018) indbyggere (2018) landets største byområde omfattende 18 landets største byområde omfattende kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en del 18 kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en del af Region af Region Hovedstaden og for de sydlige deles vedkommende Hovedstaden og for de sydlige deles af Region Sjælland. Byområdet er præget af byspredning over vedkommende af Region Sjælland.

French La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situation en France est difficile : La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situ- 10 and 8pt (+40 Tracking) ation en France est difficile : malgré la malgré la vigilance de Fouché, la contestation des mouvements vigilance de Fouché, la contestation royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc d’Enghien. Les des mouvements royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc d’Enghien. caisses du Trésor public sont vides : pris de panique face aux Les caisses du Trésor public sont tensions internationales, les épargnants tentent de récupérer vides : pris de panique face aux ten-

German Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenössisch auch Deutsche Repu- Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenös- 10 and 8pt (+40 Tracking) sisch auch Deutsche Republik) wird blik) wird der Abschnitt der deutschen Geschichte von 1918 der Abschnitt der deutschen Geschi- bis 1933 bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine parlamentarische chte von 1918 bis 1933 bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine parlamentarische Demokratie in Deutschland bestand. Diese Epoche begann mit Demokratie in Deutschland bestand. der Ausrufung der Republik am 9. November 1918 und ende- Diese Epoche begann mit der Ausru-

Hungarian Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, illetve székvárosát csak a re- Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, 10 and 8pt (+40 Tracking) illetve székvárosát csak a reform- formkortól kezdődően emlegették együtt, közös nevükön. A gya- kortól kezdődően emlegették együtt, koribb forma a nagyobb (és nemzeti szempontból jelentősebb) közös nevükön. A gyakoribb forma a nagyobb (és nemzeti szempontból je- város nevét előre helyezve Pest-Buda volt, de elvétve előfordult lentősebb) város nevét előre helyezve a magyar nyelvhez jobban illeszkedő, a mássalhangzó-torlódást Pest-Buda volt, de elvétve előfordult

Italian Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata 10 and 8pt (+40 Tracking) dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Sangone e Po Sangone e Po (quest’ultimo attraversa la città da sud verso (quest’ultimo attraversa la città da nord), di fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val di Susa, sud verso nord), di fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val di Susa, che collega la città con la vicina Francia attraverso il traforo del che collega la città con la vicina Fran- Frejus, Valli di Lanzo, Val Sangone. Torino è detta “la città dei cia attraverso il traforo del Frejus, Valli

Spanish Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los orígenes del núcleo original de la Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los orígenes 10 and 8pt (+40 Tracking) del núcleo original de la ciudad se ciudad se encontraban en una isla del Guadalquivir, en la actual encontraban en una isla del Guadalqui- zona de la Alfalfa.60 El nombre original del asentamiento fue vir, en la actual zona de la Alfalfa.60 El nombre original del asentamiento fue Spal, que puede también leerse como Ispal. En lengua fenicia Spal, que puede también leerse como el significado de Spal es literalmente la isla de Baal, uno de los Ispal. En lengua fenicia el significado

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