Presse Med. 2014; 43: e105–e118 on line on
ß 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS
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www.sciencedirect.com AUTOIMMUNE CYTOPENIAS
Quarterly Medical Review
Autoimmune neutropenia
1 1,2
Aline Autrel-Moignet , Thierry Lamy
1. CHU de Rennes, service d’hématologie clinique, Rennes 35043, France
2. Université Rennes 1, Rennes 35043, France
Correspondence:
Thierry Lamy, CHU de Rennes, hôpital Pontchaillou, service d’hématologie clinique, 2, rue Henri-le-Guilloux, 35000 Rennes,
Available online: 27 March 2014 France.
In this issue Summary
Immune thrombocytopenic
purpura: major progress in Autoimmune neutropenia (AIN) is a rare entity caused by antibodies directed against
knowledge of the neutrophil-specific antigens. It includes primary and secondary autoimmune neutropenia.
pathophysiology and the
Acute autoimmune neutropenia can be related to drug-induced mechanism or viral infections.
therapeutic strategy, but
still a lot of issues Chronic autoimmune neutropenias occur in the context of autoimmune diseases, hematological
Bertrand Godeau malignancies, such as large granular lymphocyte leukemia, primary immune deficiency
Pathogenesis of immune syndromes or solid tumors. The therapeutic management depends on the etiology. Granulocyte
thrombocytopenia
growth factor is the main therapeutic option, raising the question of their long-term utilization
Douglas B Cines, Adam
Cuker, John W Semple safety. Corticosteroids or immunosuppressive therapy are indicated in infection-related AIN or
in case of symptomatic autoimmune disease or LGL leukemia.
ITP and international
guidelines, what do we
know, what do we need?
Francesco Rodeghiero,
Marco Ruggeri
Thrombopietic agents: There
is still much to learn
James B. Bussel, Madhavi
Lakkaraja
Is B-cell depletion still a
good strategy for treating
utoimmune neutropenia (AIN) is a rare and heterogeneous group of diseases with variable
immune thrombocytopenia? A
Bertrand Godeau, Roberto clinical manifestations coming from asymptomatic to severe forms associated with infectious
Stasi complications [1]. AIN is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies directed against
Novel treatments for neutrophils and leading to their destruction. However, anti-neutrophils antibodies are not easily
immune thrombocytopenia
detected due to the weak sensitivity of available tests. This review will focus on the description of
Andrew Shih, Ishac Nazi,
neutrophils cells (regulation, function and consequence of neutropenia), the methods of anti-
John G. Kelton, Donald M.
Arnold neutrophils antibodies detection and the physiopathology of autoimmune neutropenias. We will
Warm autoimmune discuss the clinical spectrum of AIN and finally propose how to manage patient with AIN.
hemolytic anemia: advances
in pathophysiology and
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) treatment
Marc Michel
How PMN homeostasis is regulated?
Autoimmune neutropenia 9
In physiological situation, bone marrow produces about 10 PMN per kilo of body weight per day
Aline Moignet, Thierry Lamy
[2,3]. Progenitors, precursors and marrow mature neutrophils represent 95% of PNN reserves [4].
Myeloid stem cells and progenitors will divide four or five times before beginning the maturation
tome 43 > n84 > avril 2014 e105 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lpm.2014.02.007
A Autrel-Moignet, T Lamy
phase. During this maturation stage, the nucleus segments and on the ethnic groups). This lower quantity of neutrophils among
the primary and secondary cytoplasmic granules appear. Pri- the African-American population may correspond to the ethnic
mary granules contain bactericidal proteins (MPO, proteinase 3, or benign neutropenia. This entity is poorly understood; the
elastase or cathepsin G) whereas secondary granules’ proteins genetic transmission type is still unknown but seems to be
are involved in the neutrophil migration and in the maintaining multifactorial. At the individual level, this entity remains
of the inflammatory response (lysozyme, cathelicidin, leuko- unclear, but it is defined by four simple criteria: mild or
lysin, collagenase and lactoferrin). Each maturation stage, moderate neutropenia, absence of infection due to neutrope-
mitotic and post-mitotic, lasts for seven days. The mature nia, any identified etiology and a compatible ethnicity. Explo-
neutrophil is a 12 to 14 mm cell with a lobulated nucleus. It rations have been reported in a very limited number of subjects
exits from the bone marrow through a barrier formed by the and are strictly normal, especially the bone marrow, which
basal membrane, endothelial cells and post-capillary venule showed no quantitative or qualitative abnormalities.
adventitial cells [5,6]. Five percent of PNN are in the circulation
or in the post-capillary venule endothelium. Once neutrophils Neutrophil functions and clinical manifestations of
have moved into tissues, their lifetime is short, between 6 and chronic neutropenia
8 hours [7]. Infection risk is well described when neutropenia is chemo-
Neutrophils traffic is regulated by various mechanisms. SDF-1, therapy-induced or in case of severe congenital neutropenia.
also called CXCL-12, is produced by osteoblasts [8] and binds to Neutropenia severity, installation velocity and duration modu-
CXCR4, which is found on the neutrophils’ surface. This inter- late the infectious risk. When neutropenia is severe and lasts for
action keeps neutrophils inside the bone marrow compartment. at least two weeks, 80% of the patients are infected and nearly
G-CSF acts on this SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in two ways: 100% after three weeks, mainly due to mycotic infections, such