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Section 4 Southern Colonies \!mifJtO~ .... ··: : How and why did the · ·:...... Southern .Colonies...... grow?...... American Diary Reading Guide Content Vocabulary Anthony johnson was one of the first indentured tenant farmer Africans in colonial . Arriving in servant (p . 77) (p. 81) constitution (p. 79) mission (p . 82) 1621, johnson worked on a debtor (p. 80) plantation along the ]ames River. He and Academic Vocabulary his wife, Mary, eventually bought their estate (p. 77) Key People and Events way out of bondage. They acquired their Sir George Calvert, Lord Baltimore (p. 77) own land and raised livestock. After Nathaniel Bacon (p. 78) (p. 80) johnson's death, however, a Virginia Louis Joliet (p. 81) court ruled that because he was an Jacques Marquette (p. 81) Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle African nand by consequence an alien (p. 81) lforeigner]," the land rightly belonged to Reading Strategy the British Crown. Taking Notes As you read , use a chart like the one below to identify the types -quoted in Africans in America of workers who came to the South and their reasons for coming.

Workers Why They Came

A Virginia plantation owner over­ sees the packing of tobacco ind entured leaves to be shipped to England. serva nts and Virginia agreed to work without pay for a certain length of time. IMfitjlnt¥1 While Maryland grew and dealt with Protestant-Catholic conflicts, Virginia settlers Establishing Maryland continued to push westward . Maryland arose from the dream of Sir George Calvert, Lord Baltimore. Calvert History and You Can you build a house wherever wanted a safe place for his fellow Catholics you want? Read about how Virginia settlers responded who were being persecuted in England. King to restrictions placed on where they could live. Charles I gave Calvert a proprietary colony north of Virginia. However, Calvert died F ormer enslaved Africans such as Anthony before receiving the grant. His son, Cecilius, Johnson rarely owned land in colonial Amer­ inherited the colony and named it Maryland. ica. White males controlled most property, Cecilius sent two of his brothers to run the especially plantations which became impor­ colony. They reached America in 1634. tant to the economic growth of the Southern Cecilius gave large estates, or pieces of Colonies. As the number of plantations grew, land, to English aristocrats. He also granted the need for workers increased. land to other settlers. As the number of plan­ Not all people came to work in the colonies tations grew and more workers were needed, of their own free will. English criminals and the colony imported indentured servants and prisoners of war were shipped to the colo­ enslaved Africans. nies. They could earn their release by work­ For years the Calvert and Penn families ing for a period of time-usually seven years. argued over the boundary between Maryland African rulers sold their prisoners of war to and . In the 1760s, they hired European slave traders, who took the enslaved Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon to map prisoners to the colonies. Many people also the boundary and lay a line of stones bearing came to the colonies as indentured servants. the Penn and Calvert crests-the Mason­ To pay for their passage to America, they Dixon line.

By the Numbers Slavery In Colonial America

North and South Slavery was Enslaved People in the important to the economy of many of Colonies, 1650-1710 the American colonies. Most enslaved 40,000 .....------Africans lived in the Southern Colonies, where many worked on plantations, or large farms. The Northern Colonies had a smaller number of enslaved people but also profited from the international trade 0 ~-:=::;~~~~ in Africans. 1650 1670 1690 1710 Year Enslaved People in the Colonies, Source: The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History 1650-1710 North South Total 880 720 1,600 3,410 4,535 Speculating Why do you think more 13,389 16.729 enslaved people lived in the Southern Colonies than in the Northern Colonies? 44,866 Tobacco label, circa 1700s ..,.

Lumber f Rice -I Rum Tobacco s Iron •

The first crop of tobacco was sold in 1612. Tobacco quickly became Virginia's leading agricultural export. With almost 100,000 tobacco farms in operation today, ATLANTIC tobacco is still an important OCEAN industry in the .

32"N

0 100 kilometers ...--.w. I 0 · 100 miles Albers Eq'tai-Area projection Interpreting Maps How does the ' 76"W map show the importance of tobacco in the Southern Colonies?

Another conflict was harder to resolve. Nathaniel Bacon, a young planter in The Calverts had welcomed Protestants as western Virginia, opposed the colonial gov­ well as Catholics in Maryland. Protestant ernment because it was dominated, or con­ settlers outnumbered Catholics. To protect trolled, by easterners. Many westerners also the Catholics, the Act of Toleration was passed resented Berkeley's pledge to stay out of in 1649. The act granted Protestants and Native American territory. Some settled in Catholics the right to worship freely. the forbidden areas. They then blamed the However, tensions continued. In 1692 the government for not protecting them. Protestant-controlled assembly made the In 1676 Bacon led attacks on Native Ameri­ Anglican Church the official church in Mary­ can villages. His army also marched to James­ land. Catholics then faced the same restric­ town and drove Berkeley into exile. Only tions as they had in England. Bacon's sudden death kept him from govern­ ing Virginia. England then recalled Berkeley Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia and sent troops to restore order. While other colonies were being founded, Bacon's Rebellion showed that settlers Virginia continued to grow. Settlers moved would not be limited to the coast. The colo­ west and settled Native American lands. In nial government formed a militia to control the 1640s, to avoid conflicts, Virginia gover­ Native Americans and opened up more land nor William Berkeley made a pledge to for settlement. Native Americans. In exchange for a large piece of land, he agreed to keep settlers from Reading Check Analyzing Why did Bacon pushing farther into their territory. oppose the colonial government?

78 Chapter 3 Colonial America The Carolinas and "every man has a property in his own person .... The labour of his body, and the work of his hands l i'A rmtlnt¥1 The Carolinas and Georgia developed . .. are properly his." into major Southern Colonies. Carolina, however, did not develop as planned. It split into northern and southern History and You Do you believe that people who Carolina, creating two colonies. are in debt should be given a fresh start in life? Read .to. learn.... the.... reasons..... why.. Georgia...... was.. .created...... Northern and Southern Carolina Farmers from inland Virginia settled north­ I n 1663 King Charles II created a proprietary ern Carolina. They grew tobacco and sold colony south of Virginia called Carolina­ timber and tar. The northern Carolina coast Latin for "Charles's land." The king gave the lacked a good harbor, so farmers used Virgin­ colony to eight nobles who had helped him ia's ports to conduct their trade. regain his throne. The proprietors set up Southern Carolina, however, prospered estates and sold or rented land to settlers from fertile farmland and the harbor at brought from England. Charles Town (later Charleston). Settlements , an English philosopher, wrote there spread, and trade in deerskin, lumber, a constitution, or plan of government, for the and beef thrived. colony that covered topics such as land divi­ Two crops came to dominate Carolina agri­ sions and social ranking. Concerned with culture. In the 1680s planters discovered that principles and rights, Locke argued that rice grew well in the wet coastal lowlands.

Founding the

Colony 1st Permanent Reasons Founded Founders Settlement or Leaders "CC Plymouth John Carver William Bradford c 1620 Religious freedom cal/l Mass. Bay Colony 1630 Religious freedom John Winthrop 'Q~ wecc Profit from trade and fishing Gorges, John Mason 3:· Q)(.)c 1636 Religious freedom Roger Williams z 1635 Profit from , farming; Thomas Hooker religious and political freedom

New York 1624 Expand trade Dutch settlers Q)Xl ;:; ·c: 1638 Expand trade Swedish settlers "CCQ 1638 Profit from selling land John Berkeley, George Carteret io(.) Pennsylvania 1682 Profit from selling land; religious freedom William Penn

Virginia 1607 Expand trade

Cl/l Maryland 1634 To sell land; religious freedom Cecil Calvert Q)._~Q) .cc c. 1660s Profit from trade and selling land Group of eight aristocrats ... 0 oo 1670 Profit from trade and selling land Group of eight aristocrats CI)CJ=- Georgia 1733 Religious freedom; protection against James Oglethorpe ; safe home for debtors Chart Skills

Sequencing Which colony was the first to be settled? Which was the last? cttarts ~ See StudentWorks™ Plus or Growing rice required much labor, so the protect the other colonies from Britain's demand for slave labor rose. Another impor­ enemy, Spain. Oglethorpe and the first group tant crop, indigo, was developed in the 1740s of settlers built the forts and town of Savan­ by a young Englishwoman named Eliza nah as a barrier against Spanish expansion. Lucas. Indigo, a blue flowering plant, was Georgia did not develop as Oglethorpe used to dye textiles. planned. Few debtors settled there. Instead, By the early 1700s, Carolina's settlers hundreds of poor people came from Britain. wanted political power. In 1719 settlers in Religious refugees from Central Europe and southern Carolina seized control from its pro­ a small group of Jews also arrived. prietors. In 1729 Carolina became two royal Many settlers complained about Ogle­ colonies-North Carolina and South Carolina. thorpe's rules, especially the limits on land­ holding and the bans on slave labor and rum. Georgia A frustrated Oglethorpe finally agreed to Georgia, founded in 1733, was the last their demands. Disappointed with the colo­ British colony set up in America. James ny's slow growth, he gave up and turned Oglethorpe received a charter for a colony Georgia back over to the king in 1751. where debtors and poor people could make By that time, the British had been in east­ a fresh start. In Britain, debtors-those who em for almost 150 years. They were not able to repay debts-were had lined the Atlantic coast with colonies. imprisoned. British officials also had hoped that Geor­ Reading Check Explaining Why was Georgia gia, located north of Spanish Florida, would founded?

• Anne Hutchinson • Margaret Brent • Landowner in Maryland Dissenter banished • from Massachusetts • Brent, one of Maryland's • Bay Colony • largest landowners and • most powerful citizens, Hutchinson held • meetings in her • requested a vote in the home in Boston to • Maryland Assembly on discuss and give : January 21, 1648. When her her views on recent • request was denied because sermons. Puritan • she was a woman, the leaders charged her • Assembly noted in its • minutes that, "the s[ai]d with "dishonoring" • the commonwealth. In her trial, she defended herself • Mrs Brent protested • ag[ain]st all proceedings by arguing, "there /yes a clear rule in Titus [book in the • Christian Bible New Testament], that the elder women • in this . . . Assembly, should instruct the younger." She was convicted and • unlesse shee may . .. banished in 1637. : have [a] vote." Brent was • so angry that she moved • to Virginia, where she • • spent the rest of her life . • • • The French and Spanish in North America. Forts and trading posts were built to protect their profitable trade. North America In 1663 became a royal colony. King Louis XIV limited the privileges of the 1\TJFmjlb@l The French and the Spanish expanded fur companies. He appointed a royal gover­ their lands in North America. nor who supported new explorations. History and You What might it be like to explore a large, unknown river that runs for hundreds of miles? Down the Mississippi River Read to learn about the French explorers who traveled In the 1670s, two Frenchmen-a fur trader, along the Mississippi River. Louis Joliet, and a priest, Jacques Marquett~xplored the Mississippi River The British were not the only Europeans by canoe. Joliet and Marquette hoped to find colonizing North America. Elsewhere on the gold, silver, or other precious metals. They continent, the Spanish and the French built were also looking for a water passage to the settlements of their own. Pacific Ocean. When they realized that the The French founded Quebec in 1608. At Mississippi flowed south into the Gulf of first they had little interest in large-scale Mexico rather than west into the Pacific, they settlement in North America. They were turned around and headed back upriver. mainly concerned with fishing and trapping A few years later, Rene-Robert Cavelier, animals for their fur. French trappers and Sieur de La Salle, followed the Mississippi missionaries went far into the interior of River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico. La Salle claimed the region for France, calling it in honor of King Louis XIV. In 1718 the French governor founded the port of New Orleans. Later, French explorers and mis­ sionaries traveled west to the Rocky Moun­ • tains and southwest to the Rio Grande . • • • Growth of New France • French settlement in North America • Eliza Lucas Pinckney advanced slowly. New France was made up • Successful plantation manager in • of estates along the St. Lawrence River. Estate • South Carolina • holders received land in return for bringing • Lucas managed her father's three • settlers. Known as tenant farmers, the settlers • plantations in South Carolina and paid their lord an annual rent and worked for • experimented with many crops. She • him for a fixed number of days each year. • marketed the colony's first crop of The French had better relations with the • indigo, used to make blue dye. Lucas Native Americans than did other Europeans . • was proud of her work, writing, "I am • French trappers and missionaries traveled • making a large plantation of Oaks • which I look upon as my own deep into Indian lands. They lived among the • Native American peoples, learned their lan­ • property, whether my father gives me • the land or not." guages, and respected their ways. • • Although the missionaries had come to • convert Native Americans to Catholicism, • CRITICAL • they did not try to change their customs . • Most importantly, the French colony grew so • 1. Synthesizing How did these three women • challenge traditional views of women's roles? slowly that Native Americans were not • • 2. Analyzing What evidence do you see in each of the pushed off their lands. quotes that the women's activities were not entirely accepted at that time? Colonial America Chapter 3 81 Spanish Interests Spanish missionaries and soldiers also In the early 1600s, England, France, and brought them to the missions-often by the Netherlands began colonizing North force-to labor in fields and workshops. America. The Spanish, however, still con­ In 1769 Junipero Serra, a Franciscan monk, trolled most of Mexico, the Caribbean, and founded a mission at San Diego. Over the Central and South America. They also next 15 years, Father Serra set up other mis­ expanded into the western and southern sions in California along a route called El parts of the present-day United States. Camino Real (The Royal Highway). These mis­ Spain wanted to keep the other European sions later became cities, such as Los Angeles powers from threatening its empire in Amer­ and Monterey. Serra traveled on foot to super­ ica. To protect their claims, the Spanish sent vise the missions. Serra also supported Native soldiers, missionaries, and settlers north into Americans' rights by working to prevent present-day New Mexico. In 1609 or 1610, the Spanish soldiers from mistreating them. Spanish founded Santa Fe. They also went to what is now Arizona in the late 1600s. When European Conflicts France claimed land around the Mississippi Rivalries between European nations car­ River, the Spanish moved into what is now ried over into the Americas. In North Amer­ Texas. Spain wanted to control the area ica, France and Britain were expanding their between the French territory and Mexico. In settlements. Both nations fought several wars the early 1700s, Spain built San Antonio and in the early 1700s. When the two countries other military posts in Texas. warred in Europe, fighting often erupted Spanish priests built a string of missions between their colonies in North America. In along the Pacific coast. Missions are religious the late 1700s, wars in Europe would greatly settlements established to convert people to a shape events in America. faith. The missions helped the Spanish claim California. The Spanish did more than con­ Reading Check Explaining Why did Spain vert local Native Americans to Christianity. establish missions in California?

Vocabulary 4. Explaining Why were the French 7. Descriptive Writing Suppose 1. Use each of these terms in a slow to settle in North America? you are a member of La Salle's expedition. Write an entry in sentence that will help explain Critical Thinking its meaning: your journal that describes your 5. Analyzing Why did demand for experiences along the Missis- enslaved workers increase as sippi River for one day. Include the Southern Colonies grew? things that you experienced Main Ideas 6. Determining Cause and through each of your five 2. Describing How did Maryland Effect Use a diagram like the senses: sight, sound, taste, deal with tensions between one below to describe the touch, and smell. Protestant and Catholic set- causes and effects of Bacon's Ans er he tiers? Rebellion. 8. 3. Identifying Who was John How and why did• the Southern Locke, and what did he do for ~ Bacon's Rebellion Colonies grow? Carolina? ~ I

82 Chapter 3 Colonial America Colonies Reasons Settled Relations With Native Americans • Early settlements: • Claim and protect land Roanoke, Jamestown in North America • Trade and exchange of • : • Profit from resources skills Massachusetts, Rhode and trade • Learn Native American Island, Connecticut, New • Seek religious freedom languages and customs Hampshire and escape persecution (French) • : New • Start a society based on • Often did not pay York, Pennsylvania, New the Bible (Puritans) for land or honor Jersey, Delaware treaties (British) • Provide a safe haven for people of all religions • Hostilities and fighting • Spread common Christianity to Native Americans • Seek politi­ cal freedom • Southern Colonies: and repre­ Maryland, Virginia, North sentative Carolina, South Carolina, government Georgia • Escape • French colonies: New economic Types of Government France hard • Representative • Spanish colonies times • Proprietary • Royal governor

Status of Slavery • Permitted by law (origi­ nally banned in Georgia) • Increasingly important to colonies as farms and plantations grew

Colonial America Chapter 3 83