DOCSLIB.ORG

1 the Southern Colonies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-A Williamsburg SECTION 1 The Southern TEKS 1C, 2A, 2B, 10A, 11A, 11C, Colonies 12B, 23A, 25A What You Will Learn… If YOU were there… Main Ideas A year ago, in 1609, you moved to the colony of Virginia. Life here 1. Jamestown was the first has been hard. During the winter many people died of cold or sick- permanent English settlement ness. Food is always scarce. Now it is spring, and a ship has come Jamestown in America. J 1607 from England bringing supplies. In a week it will sail home. Some a 2. Daily life in Virginia was chal- m Marsh lenging to the colonists. e of your neighbors are giving up and returning to England. They ask s 3. Religious freedom and eco- R nomic opportunities were you to come, too. iv e motives for founding other r southern colonies, including Would you take the ship back to England? Maryland, the Carolinas, and Settlements American and Early Topography Georgia. Smith's Fort 4. Farming and slavery were important to the economies BUILDING BACKGROUND Several European nations took part in of the southern colonies. – American History Middle School the race to claim lands in the Americas. Their next step was to establish colonies in the lands that they claimed. The first English colonies were The Big Idea started in the late 1500s but failed. Even in successful colonies, colonists Despite a difficult beginning, faced hardships and challenges. MapQuest.com/HRW the southern colonies soon ah06se-c02000003aa Approved:11/11/04 flourished. – 9/30/04 F1 Proof Settlement in Jamestown Key Terms and People In 1605 a company of English merchants asked King James I for the Jamestown, p. 72 right to found, or establish, a settlement. In 1606 the king granted John Smith, p. 73 Pocahontas, p. 73 the request of the company to settle in a region called Virginia. indentured servants, p. 74 Bacon’s Rebellion, p. 74 Founding a New Colony Toleration Act of 1649, p. 75 The investors in the new settlement formed a joint-stock company Olaudah Equiano, p. 77 called the London Company. This allowed the group to share the slave codes, p. 77 cost and risk of establishing the colony. On April 26, 1607, the first 105 colonists sent by the London Company arrived in America. On May 14, about 40 miles up the James River in Virginia, the colonists founded Jamestown, the first permanent English settle- Use the graphic organizer online to ment in North America. take notes on the founding of the A lack of preparation cost a lot of the colonists their lives. Most southern colonies. of the men who came to Jamestown were adventurers with no farming experience or useful skills such as carpentry. Jamestown was surrounded by marshes full of disease-carrying mosquitoes. By the time winter arrived, two-thirds of the original colonists had died. 72 CHAPTER 3 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-A Jamestown Colony Williamsburg The forest could Williamsburg was provide wood for founded in 1633 as C building and for fuel. Middle Plantation by h e settlers from Jamestown. s a p e a k e J ame B The waters provided s a Ri v y er fish for food. But the Jamestown water, so near the ATLANTIC sea, was salty. OCEAN Jamestown J 1607 Roanoke a m Marsh e Jamestown was located with defense in s R mind. Enemy Spanish ships would have to iv e pass through a narrow channel to reach r Jamestown, making the ships easy marks GEOGRAPHY Topography and Early American Settlements American and Early Topography for the settlers’ cannons. SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS Smith's Fort 1. Human-Environment Interaction What were the advantages and disadvantages of locating Jamestown on a river? Middle School – American History Middle School 2. Human-Environment Interaction What do you think would have been a commonly used method of transporta- HRW Middle School – American History tion for people in this region? Locate it map for Chesapeake ah06se-c02map003ca F Proof – 9/30/04 MapQuest.com/HRW ah06se-c02000003aa Approved: 11/11/04 Approved:11/11/04 Powhatan Confederacy War in Virginia F1 Proof – 9/30/04 F1 Proof Jamestown fared better under John Smith, John Rolfe married Pocahontas, daughter who took control of the colony and built a of the Powhatan leader, in 1614. Their mar- fort in 1608. He forced the settlers to work riage helped the colonists form more peaceful harder and to build better housing by creat- relations with the Powhatan. However, Poca- VIDEO ing rules that rewarded harder workers with hontas died three years later in England, Save Our History: Secrets of food. The colonists received help from the where she was visiting with Rolfe. Jamestown powerful Powhatan Confederacy of Native In 1622, colonists killed a Powhatan Americans after Smith made an agreement leader. The Powhatan responded by attack- with them. The Powhatan brought food to ing the Virginia settlers later that year. Fight- help the colonists and taught them how to ing between the colonists and the Powhatan grow corn. continued for the next 20 years. Because In 1609 some 400 more settlers arrived the London Company could not protect its in Jamestown. That winter, disease and fam- colonists, the English Crown canceled the ine once again hit the colony. The colonists company’s charter in 1624. Virginia became ACADEMIC called this period the starving time. By the a royal colony and existed under the VOCABULARY spring of 1610, only 60 colonists were still authority of a governor chosen by the king. authority alive. Jamestown failed to make a profit until power, right to rule colonist John Rolfe introduced a new type of READING CHECK Finding Main Ideas What tobacco that sold well in England. problems did the Jamestown colonists face? THE ENGLISH COLONIES 73 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-A Daily Life in Virginia Labor in Virginia In early Virginia, people lived on scattered Colonists in Virginia suffered very high death farms rather than in towns. Tobacco farm- rates, which led to labor shortages. The majori- ers established large farms called plantations. ty of workers were indentured servants . These Tobacco was so valuable that it was some- servants signed a contract to work for four to times used as money. seven years for those who paid for their jour- ney to America. Headright System Expansion of Slavery These plantations were made possible in part by the headright system, which was started Not all laborers in Virginia came from by the London Company. Under this system, Europe. A Dutch ship brought the first colonists who paid their own way to Virginia Africans to Virginia in 1619. Some Africans received 50 acres of land. A colonist could were servants; others had been enslaved. Some AcaDEMIC earn another 50 acres for every additional African servants became successful farmers VocaBulary person brought from England. Rich colonists when their contracts ended. factors The demand for workers was soon greater causes who brought servants or relatives to Virginia gained large amounts of land. than the supply of people willing to work as indentured servants. Over time, the cost of slaves fell. These factors led some colonists Primary Source to turn to slave labor. By the mid-1600s most Africans in Virginia were being kept in life- LETTER long slavery. A Note from Virginia In this 1619 letter, the secretary of the Virginia colony, Bacon’s Rebellion John Pory, encouraged people to move to Virginia. As plantations grew, the economy of James- town began to expand. Soon, colonial offi- cials began to ask for more taxes. During the “As touching the quality of this country, mid-1600s poor colonists protested the higher three things there be, which in few years may taxes. They were also upset about the gover- bring this colony to perfection; the English nor’s policies toward Native Americans. They thought the colony was not well protected plow, vineyards, & cattle . All our riches against attack. In 1676 a group of former for the present do consist in tobacco, wherein indentured servants led by Nathaniel Bacon one man by his own labor has in one year, attacked some friendly American Indians. raised to himself to the value of 200 pounds Bacon opposed the governor’s policies pro- sterling; and another by the means of six moting trade with American Indians. He also thought the colonists should be able to take servants has cleared at one crop a thousand the Indians’ land. When the governor tried to pound English. These be true, yet indeed rare stop him, Bacon and his followers attacked and examples, yet possible to be done by others.” burned Jamestown in an uprising known as —from The Power of Words, edited by T. H. Breen Bacon’s Rebellion. At one point, Bacon controlled much of the colony. He died of fever, however, and ANALYSIS the rebellion soon ended. SKILL ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES How does this letter indicate the importance of READING CHECK Analyzing What factors led tobacco in Virginia? to the increased use of slave labor in Virginia? 74 CHAPTER 3 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-A Southern Wealth Colonists overcame tough begin- nings to create large and wealthy settlements like this one in Virginia. Churches were often the first major buildings in a growing town. How does the large church in the picture show Virginia’s wealth? Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Other Southern Colonies This meant that the colony’s proprietors, or As Jamestown was developing in Virginia, owners, controlled the government.
Recommended publications
  • Describe Geography of 3 Colonial Regions. * Describe Economy of the 3 Colonial Regions

    Describe Geography of 3 Colonial Regions. * Describe Economy of the 3 Colonial Regions

    * Describe geography of 3 colonial regions. * Describe economy of the 3 colonial regions. * Describe 3 different types of government in colonial America. * Explain concepts of Separation of Church & State, fair trial, & protection from cruel & unusual punishments. Discuss colonial events that brought these into practice. * Predict problems colonists may encounter later as they try to unite. * Analyze how we can connect modern America (culture, economy, government, geography) to the original 13 colonies. • Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, & Connecticut. Geography: cold climate, abundant forests, rocky soil, & a large port in Boston. • Colonies based on religious principles & values. Massachusetts had little to no religious tolerance. Theocracy , religious governments, were common. Religious rule in New England Q/A: Describe the impact religion played in the formation of New England colonies. • Jobs: Small subsistence farmers, shipbuilders, lumber men, fur traders, fishing, whaling, & merchants. • Most families lived on small farms. Geography led to forests being means of income besides farming. Subsistence Farm Abundant Lumber Port of Boston Fur Traders Ship builders Merchants Q/A: Analyze how geography directly impacted New England economy. • Witchcraft paranoia came with colonists from Europe. • Puritan leaders felt colony left strong religious roots & colony was being punished with witchcraft presence. • More than 100 people tried & 20 were put to death. • Serious questions about power of church, religious law, & fair trials resulted. Accused witches tried & convicted “Witches” put to death Q/A: Describe how concepts like a “fair trial by a jury of your peers” & “separation of church & state” resulted from events like the Salem Witch Trials. • Connecticut founded by Thomas Hooker, promoted religious tolerance & disagreed with Puritan laws.
  • Birth of a Colony North Carolina Guide for Educators Act IV—A New Voyage to Carolina, 1650–1710

    Birth of a Colony North Carolina Guide for Educators Act IV—A New Voyage to Carolina, 1650–1710

    Birth of a Colony North Carolina Guide for Educators Act IV—A New Voyage to Carolina, 1650–1710 Birth of a Colony Guide for Educators Birth of a Colony explores the history of North Carolina from the time of European exploration through the Tuscarora War. Presented in five acts, the video combines primary sources and expert commentary to bring this period of our history to life. Use this study guide to enhance students’ understanding of the ideas and information presented in the video. The guide is organized according to five acts. Included for each act are a synopsis, a vocabulary list, discussion questions, and lesson plans. Going over the vocabulary with students before watching the video will help them better understand the film’s content. Discussion questions will encourage students to think critically about what they have viewed. Lesson plans extend the subject matter, providing more information or opportunity for reflection. The lesson plans follow the new Standard Course of Study framework that takes effect with the 2012–2013 school year. With some adjustments, most of the questions and activities can be adapted for the viewing audience. Birth of a Colony was developed by the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, in collaboration with UNC-TV and Horizon Productions. More resources are available at the website http://www.unctv.org/birthofacolony/index.php. 2 Act IV—A New Voyage to Carolina, 1650–1710 Act IV of Birth of a Colony is divided into three parts. The first part explores the development of permanent English settlements in North Carolina. For nearly 70 years after the mysterious disappearance of the Lost Colony, North Carolina remained void of European settlement.
  • Jamestown Timeline

    Jamestown Timeline

    A Jamestown Timeline Christopher Columbus never reached the shores of the North American Continent, but European explorers learned three things from him: there was someplace to go, there was a way to get there, and most importantly, there was a way to get back. Thus began the European exploration of what they referred to as the “New World”. The following timeline details important events in the establishment of the first permanent English settlement in America – Jamestown, Virginia. Preliminary Events 1570s Spanish Jesuits set up an Indian mission on the York River in Virginia. They were killed by the Indians, and the mission was abandoned. Wahunsonacock (Chief Powhatan) inherited a chiefdom of six tribes on the upper James and middle York Rivers. By 1607, he had conquered about 25 other tribes. 1585-1590 Three separate voyages sent English settlers to Roanoke, Virginia (now North Carolina). On the last voyage, John White could not locate the “lost” settlers. 1602 Captain Bartholomew Gosnold explored New England, naming some areas near and including Martha’s Vineyard. 1603 Queen Elizabeth I died; James VI of Scotland became James I of England. Early Settlement Years 1606, April James I of England granted a charter to the Virginia Company to establish colonies in Virginia. The charter named two branches of the Company, the Virginia Company of London and the Virginia Company of Plymouth. 1606, December 20 Three ships – Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery - left London with 105 men and boys to establish a colony in Virginia between 34 and 41 degrees latitude. 1607, April 26 The three ships sighted the land of Virginia, landed at Cape Henry (present day Virginia Beach) and were attacked by Indians.
  • A Jamestown Timeline

    A Jamestown Timeline

    A Jamestown Timeline Christopher Columbus never reached the shores of the North American Continent, but European explorers learned three things from him: there was someplace to go, there was a way to get there, and most importantly, there was a way to get back. Thus began the European exploration of what they referred to as the “New World”. The following timeline details important events in the establishment of the fi rst permanent English settlement in America – Jamestown, Virginia. PRELIMINARY EVENTS 1570s Spanish Jesuits set up an Indian mission on the York River in Virginia. They were killed by the Indians, and the mission was abandoned. Wahunsonacock (Chief Powhatan) inherited a chiefdom of six tribes on the upper James and middle York Rivers. By 1607, he had conquered about 25 other tribes. 1585-1590 Three separate voyages sent English settlers to Roanoke, Virginia (now North Carolina). On the last voyage, John White could not locate the “lost” settlers. 1602 Captain Bartholomew Gosnold explored New England, naming some areas near and including Martha’s Vineyard. 1603 Queen Elizabeth I died; James VI of Scotland became James I of England. EARLY SETTLEMENT YEARS 1606, April James I of England granted a charter to the Virginia Company to establish colonies in Virginia. The charter named two branches of the Company, the Virginia Company of London and the Virginia Company of Plymouth. 1606, December 20 Three ships – Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery – left London with 105 men and boys to establish a colony in Virginia between 34 and 41 degrees latitude. 1607, April 26 The three ships sighted the land of Virginia, landed at Cape Henry (present day Virginia Beach) and were attacked by Indians.
  • Charter Constitutionalism: the Myth of Edward Coke and the Virginia Charter*

    Charter Constitutionalism: the Myth of Edward Coke and the Virginia Charter*

    Boston College Law School Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School Boston College Law School Faculty Papers 7-2016 Charter Constitutionalism: The yM th of Edward Coke and the Virginia Charter Mary Sarah Bilder Boston College Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/lsfp Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, Legal History Commons, and the State and Local Government Law Commons Recommended Citation Mary Sarah Bilder. "Charter Constitutionalism: The yM th of Edward Coke and the Virginia Charter." North Carolina Law Review 94, no.5 (2016): 1545-1598. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Boston College Law School Faculty Papers by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 94 N.C. L. REV. 1545 (2016) CHARTER CONSTITUTIONALISM: THE MYTH OF EDWARD COKE AND THE VIRGINIA CHARTER* MARY SARAH BILDER** [A]ll and every the persons being our subjects . and every of their children, which shall happen to be born within . the said several colonies . shall have and enjoy all liberties, franchises and immunities . as if they had been abiding and born, within this our realm of England . .—Virginia Charter (1606)1 Magna Carta’s connection to the American constitutional tradition has been traced to Edward Coke’s insertion of English liberties in the 1606 Virginia Charter. This account curiously turns out to be unsupported by direct evidence. This Article recounts an alternative history of the origins of English liberties in American constitutionalism.
  • Colonial Model: the Chesapeake (Virginia & Maryland) A. Virginia

    Colonial Model: the Chesapeake (Virginia & Maryland) A. Virginia

    Colonial model: The Chesapeake (Virginia & Maryland) A. Virginia (founded in 1607 by Virginia Company) 1. Jamestown, 1607 -- 1st permanent British colony in New World a. Founded by Virginia Company - received charter from King James I. 1) Main goals: Promise of gold, conversion of Indians to Christianity (just like Spain), and new passage to the Indies. 2) Consisted largely of well-to-do adventurers b. Virginia Charter: Overseas settlers given same rights of Englishmen in England 2. Colony wracked by tragedy during early years: famine, disease, war with Indians a. By 1625, only 1200 of the nearly 8000 colonists survived b. Only 60 out of 400 settlers survived "starving time" of 1610-1611 3. Captain John Smith organized the colony beginning in 1608: "He who will not work shall not eat." a. Smith kidnapped in Dec. 1607 by Powhatans led by Chief Powhatan b. Smith perhaps "saved" by Pocahantas, Powhatan's daughter, when she was only 12 years old 4. Pocahantas eventually became a central figure in preserving peace in early Jamestown a. Provided foodstuffs to settlers. b. Became hostage of colonists in 1613 during military conflicts. c. Later married John Rolfe & taught him Indian way of curing tobacco. d. Died of small pox at age 22 5. John Rolfe and tobacco crop economy -- "Colony built on smoke" a. Rolfe introduced new tough strain of tobacco b. Tobacco industry became cornerstone of Virginia's economy. c. Plantation system emerged 6. House of Burgesses (an assembly) authorized by London Company in 1619. a. 1st miniature parliament in the British American colonies. b.
  • English Settlement and Local Governance Mary Sarah Bilder Boston College Law School, Bilder@Bc.Edu

    English Settlement and Local Governance Mary Sarah Bilder Boston College Law School, [email protected]

    Boston College Law School Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School Boston College Law School Faculty Papers 11-2008 English Settlement and Local Governance Mary Sarah Bilder Boston College Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/lsfp Part of the Legal History Commons Recommended Citation Mary Sarah Bilder. "English Settlement and Local Governance." The Cambridge History of Law in America Volume 1: Early America (1580–1815), Cambridge University Press (2008): 63-103. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Boston College Law School Faculty Papers by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Cambridge Histories Online http://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/histories/ The Cambridge History of Law in America Edited by Michael Grossberg, Christopher Tomlins Book DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521803052 Online ISBN: 9781139054171 Hardback ISBN: 9780521803052 Paperback ISBN: 9781107605053 Chapter 3 - English Settlement and Local Governance pp. 63-103 Chapter DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521803052.004 Cambridge University Press P1:JZP 9780521803052c03 CUFX175/Grossberg 978 0 521 80305 2 August 31, 2007 3:30 3 english settlement and local governance mary sarah bilder In late 1584, as Sir Walter Raleigh began to organize an effort to send settlers to Roanoke Island, an anonymous author asked, “What manner of geouernement is to be vsed and what offics to geouerne?”1 The mysterious end to the Roanoke settlement offers no answer.
  • Ch. 3 Section 4: Life in the English Colonies Colonial Governments the English Colonies in North America All Had Their Own Governments

    Ch. 3 Section 4: Life in the English Colonies Colonial Governments the English Colonies in North America All Had Their Own Governments

    Ch. 3 Section 4: Life in the English Colonies Colonial Governments The English colonies in North America all had their own governments. Each government was given power by a charter. The English monarch had ultimate authority over all of the colonies. A group of royal advisers called the Privy Council set English ​ ​ colonial policies. Colonial Governors and Legislatures Each colony had a governor who served as head of the government. Most governors were assisted by an advisory council. In royal colonies the English king or queen selected the governor and the council members. In proprietary colonies, the ​ ​ proprietors chose all of these officials. In a few colonies, such as Connecticut, the ​ ​ people elected the governor. In some colonies the people also elected representatives to help make laws and ​ ​ set policy. These officials served on assemblies. Each colonial assembly passed laws ​ ​ that had to be approved first by the advisory council and then by the governor. Established in 1619, Virginia's assembly was the first colonial legislature in ​ ​ ​ ​ North America. At first it met as a single body, but was later split into two houses. The first house was known as the Council of State. The governor's advisory council and the ​ ​ London Company selected its members. The House of Burgesses was the assembly's ​ ​ second house. The members were elected by colonists. It was the first democratically elected body in the English colonies. In New England the center of politics was the town meeting. In town meetings ​ ​ people talked about and decided on issues of local interest, such as paying for schools.
  • The Planting of English America ᇻᇾᇻ 1500–1733

    The Planting of English America ᇻᇾᇻ 1500–1733

    2 The Planting of English America ᇻᇾᇻ 1500–1733 . For I shall yet to see it [Virginia] an Inglishe nation. SIR WALTER RALEIGH, 1602 s the seventeenth century dawned, scarcely a three European powers planted three primitive out- Ahundred years after Columbus’s momentous posts in three distant corners of the continent landfall, the face of m uch of the New World had within three years of one another: the Spanish at already been profoundly transformed. European Santa Fe in 1610, the French at Quebec in 1608, and, crops and livestock had begun to alter the very land- most consequentially for the future United States, scape, touching off an ecological revolution that the English at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. would reverberate for centuries to come. From Tierra del Fuego in the south to Hudson Bay in the north, disease and armed conquest had cruelly win- England’s Imperial Stirrings nowed and disrupted the native peoples. Several hundred thousand enslaved Africans toiled on Caribbean and Brazilian sugar plantations. From Feeble indeed were England’s efforts in the 1500s to Florida and New Mexico southward, most of the New compete with the sprawling Spanish Empire. As World lay firmly within the grip of imperial Spain. Spain’s ally in the first half of the century, England Bu t North America in 1600 remained largely took little interest in establishing its own overseas unexplored and effectively unclaimed by Euro- colonies. Religious conflict, moreover, disrupted peans. Then, as if to herald the coming century of England in midcentury, after King Henry VIII broke colonization and conflict in the northern continent, with the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s, 25 26 CHAPTER 2The Planting of English America, 1500–1733 launching the English Protestant Reformation.
  • 1 What Factors Brought Settlers to Maryland?

    1 What Factors Brought Settlers to Maryland?

    Educational materials were developed through the Making Master Teachers in Howard County Program, a partnership between Howard County Public School System and the Center for History Education at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. Resource Sheet #01 What Factors Brought Settlers to Maryland? Student Background Essay Cecil Calvert, the second Lord of Baltimore, founded the colony of Maryland in 1634. Calvert hoped that Maryland could be a colony where persecuted English Catholics could come to practice their religion and do business freely. Eventually, Maryland’s reputation as a tolerant haven that was good for business attracted settlers to the colony. As the population and economic opportunities in Maryland grew, it became necessary to increase immigration. There are three main factors that brought settlers to the colony of Maryland. The first factor that brought settlers to Maryland was for religious freedom. The second factor was for profit from business. The third reason that helped to populate the colony was forced migration. In the late sixteenth century, the Chesapeake Bay Region was inhabited by a variety of advanced Native American cultures. The Native American’s thrived by using the great natural resources of the area to fish and farm. When Europeans began to explore the region during this time period, they also realized the great potential of the Chesapeake Bay. England in the late 1500s was competing for power with other European nations. The British were interested in expanding their country into a global empire. The east coast of North America provided them with an opportunity to expand their economic and political influence.
  • The Founders of Maryland As Portrayed in Manuscripts, Provincial

    The Founders of Maryland As Portrayed in Manuscripts, Provincial

    U( ',3^ p^ THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND AS PORTEAYED IN MAmJSCRIPTS, PROYESTCIAL RECORDS AI^J"D EARLY DOCUMENTS, REV. EDWARD D. NEILL, A. B., Author of "English Colonization op America," "Virginia Compant op London," "Terra Marlb," " Fairfaxes of England and America," "History of Minnesota," etc. \J "Ifec falsa dicere, nee vera reticere." ff ALBANY: JOEL MIJNSELL. 1876. THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND. PEEFACE. Every year, the citizens of ancient Padua crowd the costly church, dedicated to their townsman, the Italian Saint Anthony, and hang upon its walls, or around the shrine, sketches in oil, or water colors, commemorative of important events in their lives. One of the many good results of the centennial year of the American Republic j is the taking down from the garrets, the neglected portraits of our forefathers, the removal of the stains and dust, the substitution of new frames, for those battered and worm eaten, and in remembering their labors for posterity. With the aid of manuscripts, brought to light during the last decade, and access to the papers of the British Kecord Office, we can now portray more accurately, and hang in a better light, the Founders of Maryland. The object of this little book, is to state facts, which had become obscured or forgotten, concern- 6 Preface. ing the first European settlers on the shores of the Potomac River, and Chesapeake Bay. Bearing in mind, the sentiment of Hieronymus " in a letter to Epiphanius : Malem aliena vere- cunde dicere, quam jura imprudenter ingerere," I have recorded facts, gleaned from the manuscript Provincial Records at the capital of Maryland, and other documents of the Provincial period, rather than obtruded my own opinions.
  • The British Empire in the Atlantic: Nova Scotia, the Board of Trade, and the Evolution of Imperial Rule in the Mid-Eighteenth Century

    The British Empire in the Atlantic: Nova Scotia, the Board of Trade, and the Evolution of Imperial Rule in the Mid-Eighteenth Century

    The British Empire in the Atlantic: Nova Scotia, the Board of Trade, and the Evolution of Imperial Rule in the Mid-Eighteenth Century by Thomas Hully Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the MA degree in History University of Ottawa © Thomas Hully, Ottawa, Canada, 2012 ii Abstract The British Empire in the Atlantic: Nova Scotia, the Board of Trade, and the Evolution of Imperial Rule in the Mid-Eighteenth Century Thomas Hully Dr. Richard Connors Submitted: May 2012 Despite considerable research on the British North American colonies and their political relationship with Britain before 1776, little is known about the administration of Nova Scotia from the perspective of Lord Halifax’s Board of Trade in London. The image that emerges from the literature is that Nova Scotia was of marginal importance to British officials, who neglected its administration. This study reintegrates Nova Scotia into the British Imperial historiography through the study of the “official mind,” to challenge this theory of neglect on three fronts: 1) civil government in Nova Scotia became an important issue during the War of the Austrian Succession; 2) The form of civil government created there after 1749 was an experiment in centralized colonial administration; 3) This experimental model of government was highly effective. This study adds nuance to our understanding of British attempts to centralize control over their overseas colonies before the American Revolution. iii Acknowledgments I would like to thank the Ontario Graduate Scholarship Program for providing the funding which made this dissertation possible, as well as the University of Ottawa’s Department of History for providing me with the experience of three Teaching Assistantships.