Section 4 Southern Colonies \!mifJtO~ .... ··: : How and why did the · ·:. .......Southern .Colonies... .. ... grow?.... American Diary Reading Guide Content Vocabulary Anthony johnson was one of the first indentured tenant farmer Africans in colonial Virginia. Arriving in servant (p . 77) (p. 81) constitution (p. 79) mission (p . 82) 1621, johnson worked on a tobacco debtor (p. 80) plantation along the ]ames River. He and Academic Vocabulary his wife, Mary, eventually bought their estate (p. 77) Key People and Events way out of bondage. They acquired their Sir George Calvert, Lord Baltimore (p. 77) own land and raised livestock. After Nathaniel Bacon (p. 78) James Oglethorpe (p. 80) johnson's death, however, a Virginia Louis Joliet (p. 81) court ruled that because he was an Jacques Marquette (p. 81) Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle African nand by consequence an alien (p. 81) lforeigner]," the land rightly belonged to Reading Strategy the British Crown. Taking Notes As you read , use a chart like the one below to identify the types -quoted in Africans in America of workers who came to the South and their reasons for coming. Workers Why They Came A Virginia plantation owner over­ sees the packing of tobacco ind entured leaves to be shipped to England. serva nts Maryland and Virginia agreed to work without pay for a certain length of time. IMfitjlnt¥1 While Maryland grew and dealt with Protestant-Catholic conflicts, Virginia settlers Establishing Maryland continued to push westward . Maryland arose from the dream of Sir George Calvert, Lord Baltimore. Calvert History and You Can you build a house wherever wanted a safe place for his fellow Catholics you want? Read about how Virginia settlers responded who were being persecuted in England. King to restrictions placed on where they could live. Charles I gave Calvert a proprietary colony north of Virginia. However, Calvert died F ormer enslaved Africans such as Anthony before receiving the grant. His son, Cecilius, Johnson rarely owned land in colonial Amer­ inherited the colony and named it Maryland. ica. White males controlled most property, Cecilius sent two of his brothers to run the especially plantations which became impor­ colony. They reached America in 1634. tant to the economic growth of the Southern Cecilius gave large estates, or pieces of Colonies. As the number of plantations grew, land, to English aristocrats. He also granted the need for workers increased. land to other settlers. As the number of plan­ Not all people came to work in the colonies tations grew and more workers were needed, of their own free will. English criminals and the colony imported indentured servants and prisoners of war were shipped to the colo­ enslaved Africans. nies. They could earn their release by work­ For years the Calvert and Penn families ing for a period of time-usually seven years. argued over the boundary between Maryland African rulers sold their prisoners of war to and Pennsylvania. In the 1760s, they hired European slave traders, who took the enslaved Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon to map prisoners to the colonies. Many people also the boundary and lay a line of stones bearing came to the colonies as indentured servants. the Penn and Calvert crests-the Mason­ To pay for their passage to America, they Dixon line. By the Numbers Slavery In Colonial America North and South Slavery was Enslaved People in the important to the economy of many of Colonies, 1650-1710 the American colonies. Most enslaved 40,000 .....----------- Africans lived in the Southern Colonies, where many worked on plantations, or large farms. The Northern Colonies had a smaller number of enslaved people but also profited from the international trade 0 ~-:=::;~~~~ in Africans. 1650 1670 1690 1710 Year Enslaved People in the Colonies, Source: The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History 1650-1710 North South Total 880 720 1,600 3,410 4,535 Speculating Why do you think more 13,389 16.729 enslaved people lived in the Southern Colonies than in the Northern Colonies? 44,866 Tobacco label, circa 1700s ..,. Lumber f Rice -I Rum Tobacco s Iron • The first crop of tobacco was sold in 1612. Tobacco quickly became Virginia's leading agricultural export. With almost 100,000 tobacco farms in operation today, ATLANTIC tobacco is still an important OCEAN industry in the United States. 32"N 0 100 kilometers ...--.w. I 0 · 100 miles Albers Eq'tai-Area projection Interpreting Maps How does the ' 76"W map show the importance of tobacco in the Southern Colonies? Another conflict was harder to resolve. Nathaniel Bacon, a young planter in The Calverts had welcomed Protestants as western Virginia, opposed the colonial gov­ well as Catholics in Maryland. Protestant ernment because it was dominated, or con­ settlers outnumbered Catholics. To protect trolled, by easterners. Many westerners also the Catholics, the Act of Toleration was passed resented Berkeley's pledge to stay out of in 1649. The act granted Protestants and Native American territory. Some settled in Catholics the right to worship freely. the forbidden areas. They then blamed the However, tensions continued. In 1692 the government for not protecting them. Protestant-controlled assembly made the In 1676 Bacon led attacks on Native Ameri­ Anglican Church the official church in Mary­ can villages. His army also marched to James­ land. Catholics then faced the same restric­ town and drove Berkeley into exile. Only tions as they had in England. Bacon's sudden death kept him from govern­ ing Virginia. England then recalled Berkeley Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia and sent troops to restore order. While other colonies were being founded, Bacon's Rebellion showed that settlers Virginia continued to grow. Settlers moved would not be limited to the coast. The colo­ west and settled Native American lands. In nial government formed a militia to control the 1640s, to avoid conflicts, Virginia gover­ Native Americans and opened up more land nor William Berkeley made a pledge to for settlement. Native Americans. In exchange for a large piece of land, he agreed to keep settlers from Reading Check Analyzing Why did Bacon pushing farther into their territory. oppose the colonial government? 78 Chapter 3 Colonial America The Carolinas and Georgia "every man has a property in his own person .... The labour of his body, and the work of his hands l i'A rmtlnt¥1 The Carolinas and Georgia developed . .. are properly his." into major Southern Colonies. Carolina, however, did not develop as planned. It split into northern and southern History and You Do you believe that people who Carolina, creating two colonies. are in debt should be given a fresh start in life? Read .to. learn.... the.... reasons..... why.. Georgia.... .was.. .created............ Northern and Southern Carolina Farmers from inland Virginia settled north­ I n 1663 King Charles II created a proprietary ern Carolina. They grew tobacco and sold colony south of Virginia called Carolina­ timber and tar. The northern Carolina coast Latin for "Charles's land." The king gave the lacked a good harbor, so farmers used Virgin­ colony to eight nobles who had helped him ia's ports to conduct their trade. regain his throne. The proprietors set up Southern Carolina, however, prospered estates and sold or rented land to settlers from fertile farmland and the harbor at brought from England. Charles Town (later Charleston). Settlements John Locke, an English philosopher, wrote there spread, and trade in deerskin, lumber, a constitution, or plan of government, for the and beef thrived. colony that covered topics such as land divi­ Two crops came to dominate Carolina agri­ sions and social ranking. Concerned with culture. In the 1680s planters discovered that principles and rights, Locke argued that rice grew well in the wet coastal lowlands. Founding the Thirteen Colonies Colony 1st Permanent Reasons Founded Founders Settlement or Leaders Massachusetts "CC Plymouth John Carver William Bradford c 1620 Religious freedom cal/l Mass. Bay Colony 1630 Religious freedom John Winthrop 'Q~ wecc New Hampshire Profit from trade and fishing Gorges, John Mason 3:· Q)(.)c Rhode Island 1636 Religious freedom Roger Williams z Connecticut 1635 Profit from fur trade, farming; Thomas Hooker religious and political freedom New York 1624 Expand trade Dutch settlers Q)Xl ;:; ·c: Delaware 1638 Expand trade Swedish settlers "CCQ New Jersey 1638 Profit from selling land John Berkeley, George Carteret io(.) Pennsylvania 1682 Profit from selling land; religious freedom William Penn Virginia 1607 Expand trade John Smith Cl/l Maryland 1634 To sell land; religious freedom Cecil Calvert Q)._~Q) .cc North Carolina c. 1660s Profit from trade and selling land Group of eight aristocrats ... 0 oo South Carolina 1670 Profit from trade and selling land Group of eight aristocrats CI)CJ=- Georgia 1733 Religious freedom; protection against James Oglethorpe Spanish Florida; safe home for debtors Chart Skills Sequencing Which colony was the first to be settled? Which was the last? cttarts ~ See StudentWorks™ Plus or Growing rice required much labor, so the protect the other colonies from Britain's demand for slave labor rose. Another impor­ enemy, Spain. Oglethorpe and the first group tant crop, indigo, was developed in the 1740s of settlers built the forts and town of Savan­ by a young Englishwoman named Eliza nah as a barrier against Spanish expansion. Lucas. Indigo, a blue flowering plant, was Georgia did not develop as Oglethorpe used to dye textiles. planned. Few debtors settled there. Instead, By the early 1700s, Carolina's settlers hundreds of poor people came from Britain. wanted political power. In 1719 settlers in Religious refugees from Central Europe and southern Carolina seized control from its pro­ a small group of Jews also arrived. prietors. In 1729 Carolina became two royal Many settlers complained about Ogle­ colonies-North Carolina and South Carolina.