Capricorn Greenland

Environmental Impact Assessment, 3D Seismic Survey Programme for Pitu, Offshore West Greenland

July 2011

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Cairn Energy PLC

Environmental Impact Assessment, 3D Seismic Survey Programme for Pitu, Offshore West Greenland

July 2011

Reference 0125335

Prepared by: Jonathan Perry and Carys Jones

For and on behalf of Environmental Resources Management

Approved by: Jonathan Perry

Signed:

Position: Partner

Date: 12 July 2011

This report has been prepared by Environmental Resources Management the trading name of Environmental Resources Management Limited, with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the Contract with the client, incorporating our General Terms and Conditions of Business and taking account of the resources devoted to it by agreement with the client.

We disclaim any responsibility to the client and others in respect of any matters outside the scope of the above.

This report is confidential to the client and we accept no responsibility of whatsoever nature to third parties to whom this report, or any part thereof, is made known. Any such party relies on the report at their own risk.

Environmental Resources Management Limited Incorporated in the United Kingdom with registration number 1014622 Registered Office: 2nd Floor, Exchequer Crt, 33 St Mary Axe, London, EC3A 8AA CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 1-1

1.1 BACKGROUND 1-1 1.2 SCOPE 1-1 1.3 PROPONENT 1-3 1.4 PROJECT SCHEDULE 1-4 1.5 SOURCES OF INFORMATION 1-4

2 POLICY, REGULATORY AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 2-1

2.1 NATIONAL LEGISLATION AND GUIDELINES 2-1 2.2 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS 2-2 2.3 INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FOR THE EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION INDUSTRY 2-5

3 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY 3-1

3.1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS 3-1 3.2 SCREENING 3-1 3.3 SCOPING 3-2 3.4 BASELINE DATA COLLECTION 3-4 3.5 INTERFACE WITH PROJECT PLANNING AND DESIGN 3-5 3.6 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS 3-5 3.7 MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING 3-10 3.8 REPORTING AND NEXT STEPS 3-10

4 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 4-1

4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING SCOPE 4-1 4.2 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 4-1 4.3 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 4-15 4.4 PROTECTED AREAS AND THREATENED SPECIES 4-37 4.5 RESOURCE USE 4-40 4.6 OTHER SEA USERS 4-48 4.7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 4-49

5 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1

5.1 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE 1 5.2 PITU 3D SEISMIC SURVEY 2 5.3 SURVEY VESSELS 6 5.4 LOGISTICS 8 5.5 EMISSIONS AND RELEASES 9 5.6 DEMOBILISATION FROM THE STUDY AREA 13

6 ALTERNATIVES 6-1

6.1 INTRODUCTION 6-1 6.2 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES 6-1 6.3 TIMING 6-3 6.4 CONCLUSIONS 6-3

7 DISCUSSION OF IMPACTS 7-1

7.1 INTRODUCTION 7-1 7.2 POTENTIAL IMPACTS 7-1 7.3 IMPACTS FROM PLANNED EVENTS 7-2 7.4 IMPACTS FROM UNPLANNED EVENTS 7-18 7.5 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS 7-24 7.6 IMPACT SUMMARY 7-24

8 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PLAN 8-1

8.1 INTRODUCTION 8-1 8.2 PRE-SURVEY MEASURES 8-1 8.3 OPERATIONAL PHASE MEASURES 8-3 8.4 POST SURVEY PHASE 8-3 8.5 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROCEDURES 8-3

9 CONCLUSION 9-1

Annex A: Fish Species List Annex B: Detailed Species Descriptions Annex C: Vessel Specs Annex D: Details of Noise Assessment

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

This study constitutes an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for 3D seismic survey operations to be conducted off the west coast of Greenland, to start around mid August 2011 (the Project). This EIA has been produced by Environmental Resources Management (ERM) on behalf of Capricorn Greenland (Capricorn).

Capricorn is planning to carry out a 3D seismic survey over an area in the Pitu Licence Block in northwest Greenland as well as the Saqqamiut Licence Block and the adjacent Prospecting Area in south Greenland. This EIA is concerned with the activities that will occur within the Pitu Licence Block. Details of the survey in the Saqqamiut Licence Block and adjacent Prospecting Area will be given within separate EIAs. Capricorn has an ongoing exploration programme offshore Greenland involving a number of licence areas and Figure 1.1 below shows the locations of Capricorn’s assets in Greenland as of November 2010, including the Pitu Licence Block.

The 3D seismic survey will investigate the geological structures and characteristics within the Pitu block. The objective of the proposed survey is to obtain a 3D seismic image of the sub–seabed geology in the proposed survey area. The 3D image will facilitate the identification of geological configurations favourable to hydrocarbon accumulations.

1.2 SCOPE

The purpose of the EIA is to:

 Describe the physical, biological and human components of the environment within the study area and to assess their sensitivities in the context of the intended 3D seismic survey.

 Present details of the Project.

 Identify potential environmental and social impacts associated with the proposed 3D seismic survey.

 Assess the nature, significance and probability of impacts on environmental and social resources and receptors.

 Develop appropriate mitigation measures, together with management and monitoring procedures that will seek to avoid, minimise or reduce potential impacts.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 1-1 This report has been compiled in order to meet the applicable requirements of Greenland legislation and standards, international guidance and Capricorn’s corporate policies and expectations. A description of the most relevant legislation, standards and guidance applicable to the Project is provided in Chapter 2.

In preparation of the EIA, a desktop study was undertaken to inform the baseline environment chapter. A literature review was conducted using reports written by environmental organisations from Denmark and Greenland as well as information sourced during internet research.

The geographical scope of this EIA encompasses the Pitu Licence Block (also referred to herein as the Licence Block) together with the wider marine and coastal environment where relevant to the potential impacts of the Project (refer to Figure 5.1; 3D Seismic Survey Location).

The EIA is accompanied by a Non-Technical Summary (NTS) and in addition to this Chapter 1, it contains the following:

 Chapter 2 presents the policy, regulatory and administrative framework and discusses certain relevant standards and guidelines.

 Chapter 3 describes the approach and assessment methodology.

 Chapter 4 presents the ‘baseline’ information on existing environmental and socio-economic conditions pertinent to the study area and intended Project activities.

 Chapter 5 describes the Project.

 Chapter 6 discusses the different project options considered.

 Chapter 7 assesses potential impacts, describes proposed mitigation measures and summarises the likely residual impacts, ie those predicted to remain after the application of mitigation measures.

 Chapter 8 sets out the Environmental Protection Plan that Capricorn propose to apply to the Project.

 Chapter 9 summarises the key findings and conclusions of the EIA.

In addition, the Appendices contain a number of items of supporting information relevant to the EIA, such as species lists and technical vessel specifications, which are referenced within the text.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 1-2 Figure 1.1 Capricorn Greenland Assets (November 2010)

1.3 PROPONENT

Capricorn Greenland (‘Capricorn’) is a subsidiary of Cairn Energy PLC (‘Cairn’). Cairn is an independent, public oil and gas exploration and production company based in Edinburgh, Scotland and is quoted on the London Stock Exchange.

Cairn Energy, through its subsidiary Capricorn, has secured a working interest in a total of 11 exploration licences off the south and west coasts of Greenland (see Figure 1.1). Several of these licence blocks have been the subject of previous Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessments, Environmental

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 1-3 Impact Assessments, seismic surveys and exploratory drilling by the company.

1.4 PROJECT SCHEDULE

The 3D seismic survey requires sufficiently ice free waters to begin and complete the survey. Due to typical ice and weather conditions the survey is planned to start in August 2011, depending on ice and weather conditions.

The proposed 3D seismic survey will use a survey vessel, a support vessel, and two chase vessels. The survey will normally continue 24 hours a day, seven days a week and in total the Pitu survey is expected to last for a period of approximately 35 days. The speed and progress of the survey programme will be heavily influenced by the meteorological and oceanographic (metocean) conditions and the presence of ice in the survey area.

1.5 SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Key information sources used in the preparation of this EIA were sourced from:

 Greenland Institute of Natural Resources (GINR);  National Environmental Research Institute (NERI), Aarhus University, Denmark;  Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Denmark; and  Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum (BMP), Greenland.

Operational and management information was provided by the client.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 1-4 2 POLICY, REGULATORY AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

2.1 NATIONAL LEGISLATION AND GUIDELINES

The following table (Table 2.1) summarises the national legislation and guidelines most applicable to the proposed offshore survey operations (the Project) which is the focus of the assessments:

Table 2.2 Summary of National Legislation and Guidelines Applicable to the Project

Title Summary & Relevance Year BMP Guidelines – for preparing Set out the process for preparing and submitting 2011 an Environmental Impact EIAs for activities related to exploration, Assessment (EIA) report for development, production, transport and activities related to decommissioning of hydrocarbons offshore hydrocarbon exploration and Greenland (excluding seismic and site surveys). exploitation off shore The structure and content of EIA reports is Greenland. explained, along with references, applicable standards and sources of further relevant information. BMP Guidelines for application, These guidelines replace BMP’s “Seismic Survey 2011 execution and reporting of Standards, 2003” and cover activities carried out offshore hydrocarbon from a vessel in Greenland offshore areas under a exploration activities (excluding prospecting licence or an exclusive licence for drilling) in Greenland exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons, except for drilling activities. Guidelines to environmental This report provides a guideline for companies 2010 impact assessment of seismic preparing EIAs of seismic surveys in ice free activities in Greenland waters. Greenland waters. It includes a set of ‘best 2nd edition. (NERI Technical practice’ actions for conducting these surveys in Report). Published June 2010. relation to marine mammals; designated protection zones for sensitive marine mammals; and maps indicating the most important offshore fishing grounds. Executive Order on health, The draft Executive Order sets out the general 2010 safety and the environment in obligations, management systems and HSE connection with offshore reporting requirements for businesses, the hydrocarbon activities in procedures for approvals and licences, risk Greenland (HES Executive assessment and emergency procedures to be Order) employed and the requirements for environmental protection. Greenland Parliament Act no. 7 The Minerals Resources Act defines the roles and 2009 of December 7, 2009, on mineral responsibilities of the Government and Operators resources and mineral resource and specifies amongst other things Licensing activities (The Mineral details, environmental requirements, data Resources Act), together with ownership and health and safety. associated published commentary (2009). Act No. 882 of 25 August 2008 Act by which the International Convention on 2008 on Safety at Sea Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) 1974 and the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL) are implemented into Greenlandic law Guidelines for submitting Currently applicable but subject to revision. The 2006 applications for approval of 2006 Guidelines set out the legal framework,

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 2-1 Title Summary & Relevance Year offshore installations for management system requirements, safety and hydrocarbon exploration in emergency response, permitting, reporting and Greenland, with particular documentation expectations. emphasis on HSE (Health, Safety and Environmental) requirements (2006). Act No. 554 of 21 June 2000 on The Act on Safety at Sea along with the Working 2000 Safety at Sea Environment Act aims to safeguard the health aspects of work in Greenland, e.g. that a seismic vessel is safely fitted out and that the working conditions on board protect the employees from any deterioration in their health during work on the vessel. Consolidated Act No. 368 of 18 The 1998 Mineral Resources Act aims to ensure 1998 June 1998 on Mineral Resources the proper exploitation of mineral resources in in Greenland, as amended. Greenland and sets out the procedures for licensing, scientific studies, responsibilities of the various organisations and regulatory provision. Act No. 295 of 4 June 1986 on See Act on Safety at Sea. 1986 the Working Environment in Greenland.

2.2 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS

Although Greenland originally joined the European Communities with Denmark in 1973, it subsequently changed its status in 1985 to become a European overseas territory. In 1979, the Greenland Home Rule was created and since then Greenland has signed a number of international treaties, agreements and conventions with regard to the environment. This section summarises selected global and regional environmental conventions and protocols to which Greenland is a signatory (Table 2.3). The conventions summarised below are not specific to oil and gas exploration operations, although their subject matter is relevant to the potential impacts of such operations on the environment.

Table 2.3 Summary of International Conventions and Agreements Applicable to Offshore Exploration in Date Order

Title Summary & Relevance Year The Convention for the Guides international cooperation on the 1992 Protection of the Marine protection of the marine environment of the Environment of the North- North-East Atlantic. It combined and updated East Atlantic (OSPAR the 1972 Oslo Convention on dumping waste at Convention) sea and the 1974 Paris Convention on land- based sources of marine pollution. This convention has been signed by all EU Member States, as well as Iceland, Norway and Switzerland.

The North-East Atlantic is defined as extending Westward to the east coast of Greenland. Although it is not directly applicable to the Project area lying off the west coast of Greenland, OSPAR standards and requirements

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 2-2 Title Summary & Relevance Year are being followed as good practice. United Nations Framework Under this convention, developed countries are 1992 Convention on Climate required to take measures aimed at reducing Change (UNFCCC) emissions of greenhouse gasses (in particular carbon dioxide), and to provide assistance to developing countries.

Climate Change data for Greenland are collated and reported by the Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI) along with figures for Denmark and the Faroe Islands. Convention on the Control Aims to protect human health and the 1992 of Trans-boundary environment against the adverse effects Movements of Hazardous resulting from the generation, management, Waste and their Disposal transboundary movements and disposal of (Basel Convention) hazardous and other wastes.

Any hazardous wastes produced by the survey which require International shipment for disposal are likely to be encompassed by the legislation. United Nations Convention Comprehensive regime of law and order in the 1982 on the Law of the Sea world's oceans and seas establishing rules (UNCLOS) governing all uses of the oceans and their resources.

This Convention establishes the rights of coastal states, including navigation rights and the exploration for and exploitation of resources, such as oil and gas. Convention on the Included as part of the United Nations 1979 Conservation of Migratory Environment Programme (UNEP). Aims to Species of Wild Animals conserve terrestrial, marine and avian migratory (CMS or Bonn Convention) species (those that regularly cross international boundaries, including international waters).

There are a number of migratory species present off the west coast of Greenland, as detailed in the Baseline Chapter of the EIA, and the protection of these species will fall under this Convention. International Union for the The IUCN assesses the conservation status of Founded Conservation of Nature animal and plant species and assigns a threat 1948. Red List (IUCN) level to each. Lists of threatened species status started in 1963 (IUCN red lists) are published for different and updated countries. annually.

A number of species from the IUCN lists are In force likely to be found in the survey area and are through the described more fully in the Baseline Chapter of kingdom of the EIA. Denmark

IMO Conventions

Convention on the Control The International Convention on the Control of 2001 of Harmful Anti-fouling Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships will Systems on Ships prohibit the use of harmful organo-tins in anti- (Convention on anti-fouling fouling paints used on ships and will establish a systems) mechanism to prevent the potential future use

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 2-3 Title Summary & Relevance Year of other harmful substances in anti-fouling systems.

Anti-fouling coatings on the vessel’s hulls will be controlled by this Convention in order to limit polluting effects in the marine environment. Convention on Oil Pollution Parties to the OPRC convention are required to 1990 Preparedness, Response and establish measures for dealing with pollution Co-operation (OPRC 90) incidents, either nationally or in co-operation with other countries. Ships are required to carry a shipboard oil pollution emergency plan to be developed by IMO. Convention for the Considers and seeks to prevent pollution by oil, 1973 Prevention of Pollution from chemicals, and harmful substances in packaged Ships, as modified by the form, sewage and garbage from ships. Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78) The MARPOL requirements apply to the operation of vessels and regulate releases to air and water, including sewage, garbage, oil and gaseous emissions. Convention on the Aims to prevent pollution of the sea from the 1972 Prevention of Marine dumping of waste and other matter liable to Pollution by Dumping of create hazards, harm living resources and Wastes and Other Matter marine life, damage amenities or to interfere (The London Convention) with other legitimate uses of the sea. The dumping of Annex I materials is prohibited, Annex II materials require a prior special permit and all other wastes require a prior general permit.

Any release of waste material to sea from vessels connected to the Project will be regulated under this Convention.

2.2.1 Transboundary Agreements

Greenland has signed up to a number of agreements that provide guidance on the protection of marine animals that have distributions across international boundaries (Table 2.4). In addition, Greenland is a member of several international organisations that advise on the sustainable use of Greenland’s marine resources such as the Northwest Atlantic Fishery Commission (NAFO), North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organisation (NASCO), and International Whaling Commission (IWC).

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 2-4 Table 2.4 Summary of Transboundary Agreements Applicable to Offshore Exploration

Countries/Areas Name Summary Involved Joint Commission on Issues specific management recommendations Greenland and Conservation and in terms of hunting levels and protection of Canada Management of Narwhal and narwhal and beluga. Beluga (JCNB) Provides information on the status and vulnerability of these species, which are likely to be present in the Project area. Agreement for cooperation This Agreement ensures appropriate Denmark and relating to the marine measures are applied in the area between the Canada environment countries to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment from seabed and subsoil natural resource exploration and exploitation activities. The Agreement between This Agreement ensures the cooperation of Denmark, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, States to protect the marine environment Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden against pollution by oil or other harmful Norway and Concerning Cooperation in substances and specifies monitoring, Sweden Measures to deal with reporting and pollution handling measures Pollution of the Sea by Oil or for incidents that occur within the respective other Harmful Substances States’ territorial sea, EEZ and continental shelf.

2.3 INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FOR THE EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION INDUSTRY

This section provides an overview of the relevant guidelines and standards that are produced within the Exploration and Production (E&P) sector. Capricorn is committed to ensuring that work is completed in accordance with international good industry practices in line with the standards and guidance shown in Table 2.5.

The project will also be conducted within the framework of internal standards and commitments of Capricorn and its parent company; Cairn Energy and the environmental, health and safety policies and procedures of its subcontractors. The environmental management of the project will follow the procedures and requirements as specified in Cairn Energy’s Corporate Responsibility Management System (CRMS) which incorporates health, safety and environment (HSE), corporate social responsibility (CSR) and security. The operations will also have to maintain compliance with Cairn Energy’s corporate responsibility (CR) commitments and procedures, comprising:

 Group Health Safety and Environment (HSE) Policy;  Group Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Policy;  Group Security Policy; and  Group Corporate Responsibility (CR) Guiding Principles.

These policies and management procedures will be bridged to the contractors own management system as defined in more detail in Chapter 8 of the EIA.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 2-5 Table 2.5 Applicable Industry Standards and Guidance Documents

Guideline Summary Date Guidelines for Minimising These guidelines were designed for use by 2010 Acoustic Disturbance to cetacean observers on seismic vessels. Marine Mammals from Observation and operating procedures are Seismic Surveys (UK Joint described and forms are included for the Nature Conservation logging of observations, together with guidance Committee) for their use. Arctic Council Protection of These Guidelines are intended to be of use at all 2009 the Arctic Marine stages during planning, exploration and Environment Working development of offshore oil and gas activities Group: Arctic Offshore Oil & and aim to protect the arctic marine Gas Guidelines environment. Source: http://www.bmp.gl/ OGP Guideline: Managing This guideline addresses the HSE management 2009 HSE in a geophysical systems currently recognised as good practice contract (report No. 432) and commonly applied in geophysical operations. Oil and Gas UK: Guidelines Although most relevant to offshore seismic and 2008 for Fisheries Liaison, Issue 5 survey work, these Guidelines are also applicable to support vessels. Where commercial fishing activities may be impacted, liaison with fishing organisations is recommended. The latest guidelines include a new detailed and expanded section for assessing fishing claims, as well as the code of practice for interaction with inshore static gear fisheries. OGP Guidelines: Oil & gas These guidelines specify features of the arctic 2002 exploration & production in marine environment relevant to Oil & gas arctic offshore regions: exploration & production, potential impacts and Guidelines for environmental controls, management systems environmental protection and planning procedures. OGP Key Questions in This guidance document discusses the types of 2002 Managing Social Issues in Oil social issues and questions that should be and Gas Projects considered at each stage of the Project’s life- cycle. E&P Forum / UNEP: This publication provides an overview of the 1997 Environmental Management environmental issues and technical and in Oil and Gas exploration management approaches to achieving high and Production environmental performance in oil and gas exploration and production. Arctic Environment These guidelines summarise the key Tasks and 1997 Protection Strategy; Objectives of an arctic environment EIA, detail Guidelines for the particular considerations at each stage of the Environmental process and provide the specific factors of Impact Assessment (EIA) in working in an arctic environment that need to the Arctic. be accounted for in the EIA. Environmental Guidelines Useful guidance is provided regarding the 1995 for Exploration Operations in planning and execution of seismic and drilling Near-Shore and Sensitive operations including liaison with government Areas (UK Offshore authorities and fishing organisations, Operators Association Ltd preparation of contingency plans and waste (UKOOA) management. E&P Forum: Exploration and Guidance is provided on area-specific waste 1993 Production (E&P) Waste management planning and methods for the Management Guidelines handling and treatment of primarily drilling and production related waste streams.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 2-6 3 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS

This impact assessment (IA) has been undertaken following a systematic process that predicts the magnitude and evaluates the significance of the Project’s impacts to the physical and biological/natural environments and human/socio-economic aspects. The assessment identifies and takes into account the measures that the Company will take to avoid, reduce, remedy, offset or compensate for adverse impacts and, where it is appropriate, to provide benefits.

The overall approach followed is shown schematically in Figure 3.1 and the key steps are described in the subsequent section. It should be noted that IA is not a linear process, but one in which findings are revisited and modified as the Project and its IA progress.

Figure 3.1 Overview of IA Approach

Screening

Scoping

Assessment engagement Stakeholder Predict magnitude of impacts

Evaluate their significance

collectionand new surveys) Investigate options for mitigation Baseline studies (existing data

Reassess residual impact (as required)

Management Plans/ Mitigation Register Interaction with project planning and design

Reporting and Disclosure

3.2 SCREENING

The screening stage of the impact assessment process looks at the type of project and the applicable framework of legislation and standards to determine whether an assessment is required and form and scale of impact assessment that should be carried out.

Screening for this project has been undertaken through a review of the applicable national and client corporate standards and through consultation with the Greenland authorities (through the BMP) and applicable consultees such as NERI. The outcome of early screening discussions establishes the

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 3-1 requirement for a EIA for the 3D seismic survey and defines the broad scope and content of the study.

3.3 SCOPING

Scoping involved the systematic identification of the potential sources of impact of the Project and the aspects of the physical, natural and human environment that may be affected. Environmental and socioeconomic resources and receptors considered during Scoping are as follows.

 The physical environment includes meteorological and oceanographic conditions, bathymetry, air, noise, vibration, light and other forms of radiation.

 The biological environment includes aquatic and coastal habitats, flora and fauna; biodiversity at the community, species and genetic levels; protected areas and ecosystem values.

 The social and socioeconomic environment includes people and their homes, lands and other resources; their health, welfare, amenity, safety and security; lifestyles including subsistence activities, employment and incomes; business premises and economic activity; community facilities; infrastructure; local, regional and national economies; and tangible and intangible sites and features of archaeological, historic, traditional, cultural or aesthetic interest, together with traditions and cultural practices and events.

The term resources is used to describe features of the environment such as water resources, habitats, species, landscapes, etc which are valued by society for their intrinsic worth. The term receptors is used to define people and communities who may be affected by the Project.

In identifying and subsequently assessing impacts the following types of impacts were defined.

Nature of Impact  Positive or beneficial impacts are those which are considered to present an improvement to the baseline or to introduce a new desirable factor.  Negative or adverse impacts are the reverse.

Timeframes Impacts include:  permanent impacts that will arise from irreversible changes in conditions such as the removal of features;  temporary impacts that will arise during short term activities; and  longer term impacts that will arise over the duration of exploration activities.

Short and long term impacts will cease on completion of the relevant activities although there may be a period before the environment returns to its previous condition.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 3-2 Within each of these categories, the assessment will consider impacts which are one-off or recurrent, and continuous or intermittent. If intermittent they may occur at varying frequency, and at regular (e.g. seasonally) or irregular intervals (e.g. depending on operating or weather conditions).

Direct, Higher Order and Induced Impacts The assessment includes direct impacts arising from activities associated with the Project (primary impacts) and impacts that follow on as a consequence of these (secondary and higher order impacts). So for example discharges to sea will have a direct effect on water quality. A change in water quality can then have a secondary effect on marine fauna including fish; and this can in turn affect people’s livelihoods.

Projects can also have induced impacts by stimulating other developments to take place which are not directly within the scope of, or essential to, the development of the Project.

Cumulative Impacts The Project may also be taking place at the same time as other developments causing impacts affecting the same environmental resources, such that there will be cumulative effects with the proposed Project.

Where a particular resource is affected by more than one type of impact from the Project the combined impact of these on the receptor will also be taken into account.

Transboundary Impacts See below – spatial scope.

Routine and Non-Routine Impacts The EIA will assess both:  Routine impacts resulting from planned activities of the Project; and  Non-routine impacts arising from: unplanned or accidental events within the Project such as breakdown or catastrophic failure; and external events affecting the Project such as storms.

Scoping also defined the technical, spatial and temporal scope for the EIA.

Technical, Spatial and Temporal Scope The Technical Scope is defined as including those actions and activities which are a necessary part of the operations including all related and ancillary facilities without which the Project cannot proceed. The Project is deemed to include the activities of the 3D seismic survey vessel and support vessels, resupply, refuelling and crew-change operations, waste management as far as receipt by a registered waste carrier, survey planning and emergency preparedness. The definition of the Project excludes activities which are prompted to occur by the Project but which are not essential to its development and are undertaken by others, but, as noted below, the impacts of these developments are nevertheless taken into account in the assessment.

The Spatial Scope varies depending on the type of impact being considered. In each case it includes all that area within which it is considered that significant impacts could occur and takes into account:

 the physical extent of the operations, defined by the limits of the Exploration Licence Block;  the nature of the baseline environment (biological, physical and socio-economic) and manner in which impacts are likely to be propagated beyond the Project boundary (for example underwater sound).

The area of influence may also extend across administrative or national boundaries and the assessment includes such trans-boundary effects. The Temporal Scope is from the time vessels, equipment and personnel enter Greenland territory to their demobilisation from Greenland at the end of the survey programme.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 3-3 A key aim of scoping was to focus the assessment on the likely significant impacts. An initial review of the Project and its environment was undertaken to identify all possible impacts. Those which might be expected to be significant were then identified taking into account such matters as legislation, policy, past experience, the judgement of the specialists within the team and the views of consultees.

3.3.1 Consultation

Initial consultation has been undertaken between the client and a limited number of key stakeholders, primarily for the purposes of initial screening, verifying the scope of work and gathering baseline data. The views of key stakeholders, together with relevant guidance documents published by the BMP and NERI have been taken into account in developing the scope and approach of this assessment.

During Scoping the team also considered:

 The methods to be used to characterise the baseline environment and to predict and evaluate impacts.

 The likely availability of information given the relative scarcity of environmental data for certain topics such as marine mammal distribution.

 The alternatives to be considered - these are described further in Chapter 6 of the EIA.

It should be noted that although initial scoping was carried out early in the process, it is an activity that continues as new issues and information emerge during studies and stakeholder consultations, and as a result of development of the Project design. The results of scoping have been used to develop the structure of this assessment, to inform project workshops held with the client and to identify areas where baseline information is scarce and additional research may be warranted in future.

3.4 BASELINE DATA COLLECTION

To provide a baseline against which the impacts of the Project can be assessed the EIA provides a description of the conditions that will prevail in the absence of the Project. The baseline description has the following main objectives:

 To focus on receptors and resources that were identified during scoping as having the potential to be significantly affected by the proposed Project.

 To describe and where possible quantify their characteristics (nature, condition, quality, extent, etc).

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 3-4  To provide data to aid the prediction and evaluation of possible impacts.

 To inform judgements about the importance, quality and sensitivity of resources and receptors.

For this IA, baseline data collection proceeded in stages:

 Collection of available data from existing sources including: o government agencies; o research and academic organisations; and o published sources.

3.5 INTERFACE WITH PROJECT PLANNING AND DESIGN

3.5.1 Developing the Project Description

The Project team has provided information for the assessment on details relating to the planning and operation of the Project. As impacts have been investigated the results have been fed back and appropriate mitigation measures agreed and integrated into the Project as an iterative process.

As the Project has developed the description of the Project has been revised to include all planned mitigation reflecting the commitment that has been made by the Project proponent. The planned mitigation is identified in the Environmental Protection Plan (Chapter 8).

3.5.2 Consideration of Alternatives

As part of the EIA process, the IA team has reviewed alternatives to the proposed operations. These have included alternative methodologies and equipment, as well as the ‘no development option’. Further details are provided in Chapter 6.

3.6 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS

3.6.1 General Considerations

The assessment of impacts has proceeded through an iterative process considering four questions:

1. Prediction – What will happen to the human or natural environment as a consequence of this Project? 2. Evaluation – Does this impact matter? How important or significant is it? 3. Mitigation – If it is significant can anything be done about it? 4. Residual Impact – Is it still significant?

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 3-5 Where significant residual impacts remain further options for mitigation may be considered and impacts re-assessed until they are as low as reasonably practicable.

3.6.2 Predicting the Magnitude of Impacts

The IA describes what will happen by predicting the magnitude of impacts and quantifying these to the extent practicable. The term ‘magnitude’ is used as shorthand to encompass all the dimensions of the predicted impact including:

 the nature of the change (what is affected and how);  its size, scale or intensity;  its geographical extent and distribution;  its duration, frequency, reversibility, etc; and  where relevant, the probability of the impact occurring as a result of accidental or unplanned events.

The prediction of impact magnitude takes into consideration mitigation and other measures to avoid, minimise or reduce impacts that are included in the Project. It also includes any uncertainty about the occurrence or scale of the impact, expressed as ranges, confidence limits or likelihood (1).

An overall grading of the magnitude of impacts is provided taking into account all the various dimensions to determine whether an impact is of negligible, small, medium or large magnitude. For readily quantifiable impacts, such as noise, numerical values can be used whilst for other topics a more qualitative classification is necessary. The details of how magnitude is predicted and described for each impact are presented in the relevant chapters of the IA Report.

3.6.3 Evaluation of Significance

The next step in the assessment is to take the information on the magnitude of impacts, and explain what this means in terms of its importance to people and the environment, so that decision makers and stakeholders understand how much weight should be given to the issue in deciding on their view of the Project. This is referred to as evaluation of significance.

There is no statutory definition of significance; however, for the purposes of this IA, the following practical definition of when an impact is judged to be significant is used;

An impact is significant if, in isolation or in combination with other impacts, it should, in the judgement of the IA team, be reported in the IA report so that it

(1) A distinction is made here between the probability of impact arising from a non-routine event such as an accidental explosion or spill, and the likelihood of an uncertain impact; for example it may not be certain that migrating species will be present during operations.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 3-6 can be taken into account in the decision on whether or not the Project should proceed and if so under what conditions.

This recognises that evaluation requires an exercise of judgement and that judgements may vary between parties in the process. The evaluation of impacts that is presented in this IA Report is based on the judgement of the IA team, informed by reference to legal standards, government policy, current good practice and the views of stakeholders.

Criteria for assessing the significance of impacts are clearly defined for each topic area and types of impact taking into account whether the Project will:

 Cause legal or accepted environmental standards to be exceeded – eg air, water or soil quality, noise levels – or make a substantial contribution to the likelihood of a standard being exceeded.

 Adversely affect protected areas or features, or valuable resources – nature conservation areas, rare or protected species, protected landscapes, historic features.

 Conflict with established government policy eg to reduce CO2 emissions, recycle waste or protect human rights.

Where standards are not available or provide insufficient information on their own to allow evaluation of significance, it has been evaluated taking into account the magnitude of the impact and the importance, quality or sensitivity of the affected resource or receptor. For a resource the judgement takes into account its quality and its importance as represented, for example, by its local, regional, national or international designation, its importance to the local or wider community, or its economic value. The sensitivity of receptors, for example a household, community or wider social group, will take into account their likely response to the change and their ability to adapt to and manage the effects of the impact. Magnitude and value/sensitivity are looked at in combination to evaluate whether an impact is significant and if so its degree of significance. The principle is illustrated in Figure 3.2.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 3-7 Figure 3.2 Evaluation of Significance

Magnitude of Impact

Small Medium Large

Not Significant

Minor

Moderate Medium Low

Major

High

Quality/Importance/SensitivityResource/Receptor of

3.6.4 Mitigation

Impact assessment is designed to ensure that decisions on Projects are made in full knowledge of their likely impacts on the environment and society. A vital step within the process is the identification of measures that can be taken to mitigate impacts so that these can be incorporated into the Project.

The process has involved identifying where significant impacts could occur and then working to identify practical and affordable ways of mitigating those impacts as far as possible. Where a significant impact is identified, a hierarchy of options for mitigation has been considered to identify the preferred approach:

 Avoid at source – remove the source of the impact, eg avoid water pollution by not using chemical additives.

 Abate at source – reduce the source of the impact, eg reduce air emissions through a maintenance programmes and use of modern equipment.

 Attenuate – reduce the impact between the source and the receptor, eg reducing fisheries impacts through prior notification and good communications with fisheries groups.

 Abate at the receptor – reduce the impact at the receptor, eg use of appropriate waste disposal to reduce groundwater impacts from landfill.

 Remedy – repair the damage after it has occurred, eg clean-up and restoration activities following an accidental spill.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 3-8  Compensate / offset – replace in kind or with a different resource of equal value, eg re-establishing / relocating habitats.

All mitigation measures have been agreed with the Project proponent and integrated into the Project design.

3.6.5 Assessing Residual Impacts

The IA reports the significance of residual impacts; ie those predicted to remain with Project mitigation in place. Where appropriate, the IA discusses mitigation options that have been considered for a particular impact, which has been selected and the reasons why.

The degree of significance attributed to residual impacts is related to the weight the IA team considers should be given to them in reaching a decision on the Project.

 Any residual major impacts, whether positive or negative, are considered to warrant substantial weight, when compared with other environmental, social or economic costs and benefits, in the decision on whether the Project should be permitted to proceed; conditions should be imposed to ensure adverse impacts are strictly controlled and monitored and beneficial impacts are fully delivered.

 Residual moderate impacts are considered to be of reducing importance to the decision, but still warranting careful attention to conditions regarding mitigation and monitoring, to ensure best available techniques are used to keep adverse impacts as low as reasonably practicable, and to ensure beneficial impacts are delivered.

 Minor impacts should be brought to the attention of the decision-maker but are identified as warranting little if any weight in the decision; mitigation can be achieved using normal good practice and monitoring should be carried out to confirm that impacts do not exceed predicted levels.

3.6.6 Dealing with Uncertainty

Even with a firm Project design and an unchanging environment, predictions are by definition uncertain. In this IA predictions have been quantified where possible or through qualitative assessment and expert judgement. The accuracy of predictions will depend on the method and the quality of the input data on the Project and the environment. Where assumptions have been made, the natures of any uncertainties which stem from these are presented.

Uncertainty can also arise as a result of the stage in the planning process at the time of preparation of this IA report. Where this results in uncertainty that is material to the findings of the IA, this is clearly stated. The general approach has then been to take a conservative view of the likely residual impacts, to identify standards of performance which the Project will meet where firm predictions cannot be made, and to propose monitoring and further contingency measures.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 3-9 In order to facilitate decision-making, areas of uncertainty, data gaps and deficiencies, and additional work required during further stages of Project development have been highlighted within the report.

3.7 MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING

A range of different measures to mitigate impacts have been identified through the assessment and the developer is committed to their implementation within the Project. These measures are set out in the Project description and, to assist the reader, they have been brought together in the Environmental Protection Plan (EPP) (Chapter 8).

3.8 REPORTING AND NEXT STEPS

The EIA report will be submitted by Capricorn to the Greenland authorities (specifically the Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum) as part of the application to undertake 3D seismic survey activities. Accompanying information will include details of emergency response plans, waste management plans and contractor controls to be applied by Capricorn in ensuring the findings of this EIA are taken into account by the survey and vessel contractors.

Subsequent dissemination of the EIA is managed by the Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 3-10 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING SCOPE

This Chapter provides a general overview of the baseline conditions in the Project area. It highlights physical, biological and socio-economic receptors that may be affected by Project activities. It is not designed to be an exhaustive description of the Northwest Greenland offshore environment. Data presented in this Chapter are the best available data at the time of writing, however, it is acknowledged that due to the nature of the baseline environment, new or updated information is continually becoming available.

4.2 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

4.2.1 Climate

Temperature

During the summer months in northern Greenland there are periods of 24 hour sun (1). During this period, the difference in temperature between the northernmost coast of Greenland and the southernmost coast is only about 2°C (2). In the winter the difference in temperature between the north and the south coasts is much greater, with differences of up to 30°C. This variation is caused by the absence of ice cover on the sea in the southern areas of Greenland. The coldest month is February and the warmest month is August (July in the coastal area).

Towards the south of Greenland, over open water, the temperature pattern is considered to be oceanic, with cool summers, relatively mild winters and temperature ranges less than 10°C (3). In summer, temperatures close to the sea surface vary little from those of the water column, while in winter air temperatures are normally below sea surface temperatures due to the prevailing advection of cold air.

The licence block lies within the High Arctic Region and in winter the mean temperature is on average -20°C with the lowest temperatures of -40°C found to the west of the licence block (4). The closest weather stations to the licence block are Pituffik which is approximately 252 km to the north of the licence block and Upernavik which is approximately 146 km to the south of the

(1) During the summer months Sisimiut receives an average of 225, 237, 257 and 180 hours of sunlight a month in May, June, July and August respectively. Maximum recorded day light hours occurred on 10/06/1980 with 18.3 hours of sunlight. Zero hours of sunlight are experienced in December. Source: Cappelen et al (2001). (2) Cappelen, J., Jørgensen, B.V., Laursen, E.V., Stannius, L.S. & Thomsen, R.S., (2001) The Observed Climate of Greenland, 1958-90 – with Climatological Standard Normals 1961-90. Danish Meteorological Institute. Technical Report 00-18. (3) Danish Meteorological Institute (2004) Weather, sea and ice conditions offshore West Greenland – Focusing on new licence areas 2004. (4)Valeur, H.H., Hansen, C., Hansen, K.Q., Rasmussen, L. & Thingvad, N. 1996. Weather, Sea and Ice Conditions in Eastern Baffin Bay, Offshore Northwest Greenland: A Review. Danish Meteorological Institute Technical Report No. 96-12. 39 pp.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-1 licence block. The mean monthly temperatures for these stations are presented in Figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1 Mean Temperature (°C) and Precipitation (mm) by Month Pituffik and Upernavik

Precipitation

Precipitation in Baffin Bay is low with on average 200 mm per year (1), which is due to the low moisture content of the cold air. Most precipitation falls in late summer or in autumn, due to the maximum occurrence of open water combined with high cyclonic activity. In winter, precipitation will usually be in the form of snow. In summer, light snow (or freezing drizzle may fall from stratus clouds over ice pack or sea water with temperatures close to freezing point. Generally, October and June are the rain/snow transition months in the north.

Snowfall is more frequent than rainfall in the area as can be seen in the figure below denoting the frequency of precipitation in Upernavik (Figure 4.2).

(1)Valeur, H.H., Hansen, C., Hansen, K.Q., Rasmussen, L. & Thingvad, N. 1996. Weather, Sea and Ice Conditions in Eastern Baffin Bay, Offshore Northwest Greenland: A Review. Danish Meteorological Institute Technical Report No. 96-12. 39 pp.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-2 Figure 4.2 Frequency of Precipitation at Upernavik

Source: Valeur et al, 1996 (1)

Fog

Foggy weather is defined as when visibility is less than 1,000 metres and the thickness of the fog layer is more than two metres above land or 10 metres above sea. Off the west coast of Greenland this is primarily a summer phenomenon with the estimated frequency of fog in the open sea of 20-30% of total time in July (2) (3). In Baffin Bay the fog season starts in May and peaks in July and is usually advection fog, which occurs when humid air moves over a cold surface (4). Advection fog will evaporate or lift to a low cloud if the fog moves over a warmer surface (5).

4.2.2 Wind

Strong winds in western Greenland are typically connected with passing cyclones (6). Between strong wind events there are generally periods of calm throughout the year, in which the wind regimes are determined by local conditions.

The winter months are characterised by an area of high pressure over the northernmost part of Greenland and an area of low pressure stretching from

(1) Valeur, H.H., Hansen, C., Hansen, K.Q., Rasmussen, L. & Thingvad, N. 1996. Weather, Sea and Ice Conditions in Eastern Baffin Bay, Offshore Northwest Greenland: A Review. Danish Meteorological Institute Technical Report No. 96-12. 39 pp. (2) Danish Meteorological Institute (2004) Weather, sea and ice conditions offshore West Greenland – Focusing on new license areas 2004. (3) DMI, (1998) Physical Environment of Eastern Davis Strait and Northeastern Labrador Sea. Danish Meterological Institute, Technical Report 97-9. 35 pp. (4) DMI, (1998). Physical Environment of Eastern Davis Strait and Northeastern Labrador Sea. Danish Meterological Institute, Technical Report 97-9. 35 pp. (5) DMI, (1998). Physical Environment of Eastern Davis Strait and Northeastern Labrador Sea. Danish Meterological Institute, Technical Report 97-9. 35 pp. (6) Cappelen, J., Jørgensen, B.V., Laursen, E.V., Stannius, L.S. & Thomsen, R.S., (2001) The Observed Climate of Greenland, 1958-90 – with Climatological Standard Normals 1961-90. Danish Meteorological Institute. Technical Report 00-18.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-3 Newfoundland and Iceland to the Norwegian Sea (1). Strong winds from a northwesterly direction are frequent in winter in Western and Central Baffin Bay, however, Mellville Bay has a more sheltered location and does not experience such strong wind regimes (2). In summer the strong winds usually blow from the south-southeast and are strongest near the Greenland coast. Overall, south easterly winds prevail near Greenland and northwesterly winds over the open sea (see Figure 4.3). North of 65ºN the annual mean wind speed is 5-6 m/s (3).

Wind direction and speed for eight locations within Baffin Bay are presented in Figure 4.3. The most windy locations are Stations 5 and 7, which over the year experience 0.9% of winds as gale force winds (ie >13 m/s) (4). In summer (April – September) gale force winds occur 0.5 and 0.3% of the time at stations 5 and 7 respectively.

Figure 4.3 Wind Direction and Percentage of Time Wind Speeds Occur for Eight Stations in Baffin Bay (1980-1993)

Source: ECMWF data, 1980-93 in Mineral Resources Administration for Greenland, 1998 (5) Note: The dashed line represents the boundary between predominately southeasterly winds and predominately northwesterly winds; this line also represents the typical track of cyclone centres.

(1) Hansen, K.Q., Buch, E. & Gregersen, U. 2004. Weather, Sea and Ice Conditions Offshore West Greenland: Focusing on New License Areas (2004) Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen. 42 pp. (2) NERI (2009) The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assesment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANOMAS West Area: NERI Technical Report no. 720 (3) Danish Meteorological Institute (2004) Weather, sea and ice conditions offshore West Greenland – Focusing on new license areas 2004. (4) Valeur, H.H., Hansen, C., Hansen, K.Q., Rasmussen, L. & Thingvad, N. 1996. Weather, Sea and Ice Conditions in Eastern Baffin Bay, Offshore Northwest Greenland: A Review. Danish Meteorological Institute Technical Report No. 96-12. 39 pp. (5) DMI (1996) Weather, Sea and Ice conditions in East Baffin Bay, Offshore Northwest Greenland - A review.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-4 4.2.3 Bathymetry

The licence block (at its closest point) is located approximately 23 km from the north-west coast of Greenland, within Baffin Bay. The shelf is represented by relatively shallow water depths of usually less than 200 m. The shelf in this area is also relatively narrow and usually less than 50 km, compared to further south in West Greenland where the shelf stretches up to 120 km offshore near 68°N. Beyond the shelf water depths reach more than 2000 m in the central part of the bay. Within the licence block water depth ranges between 200 m and 500 m (1). The regional bathymetry within Baffin Bay is presented in Figure 4.4.

(1) NERI (2009) The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assesment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANOMAS West Area: NERI Technical Report no. 720

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-5 400 200 200 400

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2000 200 Qeqertaq 200 Kilometres 600 200 400 600 KEY: CLIENT:Capricorn Greenland SIZE: TITLE: Pitu A4 Figure 4.4 Exploration-1 Regional Bathymetry for ERM Pitu Eaton House Wallbrook Court North Hinksey Lane Oxford, OX2 0QS DATE: 29/04/2011 CHECKED: VA PROJECT: 0125335 Telephone: 01865 384800 Facsimile: 01865 204982 DRAWN: IG APPROVED: JP SCALE: 1:5,000,000

SOURCE: NERI DRAWING: REV: PROJECTION: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 21N Bathymetry.mxd 0 File: 0125335_Capricorn_JH_RB\Maps\Baseline_Pitu\Bathymetry.mxd 4.2.4 Oceanography

Currents

The surface circulation in the sea off West Greenland is dominated by the northward flowing West Greenland Current (WGC) and westward branches of this current (1) (see Figure 4.5). The relatively warm water of the WGC can be traced all the way along West Greenland from Cape Farewell to Qaanaaq and is formed by the warm Irminger Current (a branch of the Gulf Stream from the Atlantic) mixing with the relatively cold waters of the East Greenland Current (2). Closest to the shore the East Greenland Current brings water of polar origin northward along the West Greenland coast, where it is diluted by run-off water from fjord systems. Figure 4.5 shows the regional currents within Baffin Bay.

A branch of the WGC crosses Baffin Bay at about 75°N and joins waters from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago to form the southward Baffin Island Current (3). The Baffin Island current conveys sea ice and icebergs southward towards the Labrador Sea (4). The WGC and the Baffin Island Current form a great cyclonic gyre in Baffin Bay with northerly flow along the west Greenland coast and southerly flow along the coast of Baffin Island.

Hydrodynamic discontinuities are areas where different water masses meet with sharp boundaries and steep gradients between them (5). They can be upwelling events where nutrient rich water is forced upwards to the upper layer or fronts between different water masses and ice edges, including the marginal ice zone. Upwelling often occurs along the steep sides of the fishing banks driven by the tidal current, and usually alternates with downwelling. Hydrodynamic simulations suggest there is a significant upwelling area around Hareø in the mouth of Vaigat and a prominent upwelling area at the northeast corner of Store Hellefiskebanke, where a deep wedge cuts southwards between the bank and the coast (6). Upwelling also occurs west of the banks and, to a lesser extent, in the deep channels separating the banks.

(1) Danish Meteorological Institute (2004) Weather, sea and ice conditions offshore West Greenland – Focusing on new license areas 2004. (2) Danish Meteorological Institute (2004) Weather, sea and ice conditions offshore West Greenland – Focusing on new license areas 2004. (3) Gyory, J., Mariano, A.J. & Ryan, E.H.. The West Greenland Current. Ocean Surface Currents. http://oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu/atlantic/west-greenland.html. Accessed 17/11/2010. (4) Danish Meteorological Institute (2004) Weather, sea and ice conditions offshore West Greenland – Focusing on new license areas 2004. (5) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) 2009. The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI (6) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. & Jespersen, M. 2007: Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. National Environmental Research Institute, University of Aarhus. 188 pp. - NERI technical resport no. 618.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-7 Figure 4.5 Regional Currents in Baffin Bay

Source: Brian Petrie, Bedford Institute of Oceanography

The current velocities along the west coast of Greenland are generally weak (< 0.10 m/s) (1). The currents in eastern Baffin Bay are so weak they cannot be estimated accurately by traditional hydrographical methods, however, wind and tides have been identified as the main driving forces on Baffin Bay currents. Measurements undertaken during 2009 baseline surveys south of the Pitu block recorded a surface mean of 0.02 – 0.05 m/s towards the northwest to a depth of ~150 m(2).

(1) Valeur, H.H., Hansen, C., Hansen, K.Q., Rasmussen, L. & Thingvad, N. 1996. Weather, Sea and Ice Conditions in Eastern Baffin Bay, Offshore Northwest Greenland: A Review. Danish Meteorological Institute Technical Report No. 96-12. 39 pp. (2) RPS and McGregor (2009) Disko West Block 1 and 3 (Sigguk and Eqqua) Metocean, Geophysical and Benthic Report.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-8 Tides

The most important tidal constituent in the Davis Strait- Baffin Bay area is the principal lunar semidiurnal (M2) tide that has an amphidromic point (1) at about 70°N, almost in the middle of the Baffin Bay to the south of the licence block. Along West Greenland the greatest tidal amplitude (120 cm) is found in the Nuuk area, decreasing to around 40 cm north of Disko Island.

Waves

Wave heights in eastern Baffin Bay are small (2) (3). This is primarily the result of relatively weak winds and a restricted fetch caused by the common presence of sea ice. When larger waves do occur, they are usually of short duration. The maximum average significant wave height in the region occurs from November through January which coincides with peak monthly wind speeds (4).

Waves in Eastern Baffin Bay are characteristically small due to the relatively weak wind system in the region and the restricted fetch due to the common presence of sea ice. The occurrence of the highest waves is limited due to the short duration of the most severe wind systems (5).

4.2.5 Ice Conditions

Sea Ice

There are two forms of sea ice that occur in the region (6):

 fast ice that is anchored to the coast and is very stable; and  drift ice (often referred to as ‘West Ice’) that is considered to be dynamic and usually consists of floes of varying size and density.

The eastern sector of Baffin Bay is influenced by the warm West Greenland Current (WGC) (7). This creates open ice-free water in winter along the southwest Greenland coast, usually to Disko Island. The western side of Baffin Bay is influenced by the cold Labrador Current and due to its colder waters the winter ice is considerably more persistent in the western side of Baffin Bay. Fast ice develops in Melville Bay (approximately 50 km north of

(1) An amphidromic point is a point within a tidal system where the tidal range is almost zero. Tidal range increases with distance from an amphidromic point. (2) DMI, 1998. Physical Environment of Eastern Davis Strait and Northeastern Labrador Sea. Danish Meterological Institute, Technical Report 97-9. 35 pp. (3) Valeur, H.H., Hansen, C., Hansen, K.Q., Rasmussen, L. & Thingvad, N. 1996. Weather, Sea and Ice Conditions in Eastern Baffin Bay, Offshore Northwest Greenland: A Review. Danish Meteorological Institute Technical Report No. 96-12. 39 pp. (4) C-Core. 2009. Iceberg, Sea Ice and Metocean Conditions at Disko West: Draft Report, R-09-026-701. Prepared for: Capricorn Greenland Exploration 1 Ltd. (5) DMI (1996) Weather, Sea and Ice conditions in Eastern Baffin Bay, Offshore North West Greenland - A Review (6) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) 2009. The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI (7) C-Core. 2009. Iceberg, Sea Ice and Metocean Conditions at Disko West: Draft Report, R-09-026-701. Prepared for: Capricorn Greenland Exploration 1 Ltd.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-9 the licence block) in October and becomes well established during the winter months forming an ice sheet 130 – 180 cm thick, which can spread up to 100 km off the Greenland coast, however, the distribution is effected by local weather conditions with storms decreasing the extent of fast ice. Generally freeze-up begins at the inner parts of the fjords in October or November, but very low temperatures can significantly affect the ice formation. Generally, ice cover peaks in March (see Figure 4.6).

Figure 4.6 Monthly Ice Cover in 2004

January February March April May June

July August September October November December

Source: Mosbech et al 2007 (1) Note: Red and magenta in the maps in upper two rows indicate the very dense ice (8-10/10); while yellow indicate looser ice. The loosest ice (1-3/10) is not recorded.

The offshore sea ice remains mobile throughout the winter (2). The dominant size of ice floes ranges from less than 100 m wide to vast floes larger than 50 km (3). These floes are often made up of consolidated lesser floes which continuously break apart and freeze together. The extent and duration of coverage by winter ice has been reduced in recent decades. This is thought to be the result of climate change (4).

(1) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. & Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. National Environmental Research Institute, University of Aarhus. 188 pp. - NERI technical resport no. 618. (2) Valeur, H.H., Hansen, C., Hansen, K.Q., Rasmussen, L. & Thingvad, N. 1996. Weather, Sea and Ice Conditions in Eastern Baffin Bay, Offshore Northwest Greenland: A Review. Danish Meteorological Institute Technical Report No. 96-12. 39 pp. (3) C-Core. 2009. Iceberg, Sea Ice and Metocean Conditions at Disko West: Draft Report, R-09-026-701. Prepared for: Capricorn Greenland Exploration 1 Ltd. (4) Stirling, I. & Parkinson, C.L. 2006. Possible Effects of Climate Warming on Selected Populations of Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Canadian Arctic. Arctic, 59 (3): 261-275.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-10 The currents and prevailing winds in the region mean the spring break-up of the Baffin Bay pack ice commences with the West Greenland coastal ice and moves progressively north along the West Greenland coast and west towards the eastern coast of Baffin Island, where the ice remains longest. For some years fields of pack ice may prevail throughout summer. The thin ice covering the North Water Polynya melts in spring, which creates an area of open water that expands southward in the beginning of June and meets the open water area north of Disko Island in the last week in July. Baffin Bay will, on average, become clear of ice by September with ice flows in the centre of the bay being the most persistent. A nearly ice free route has been known to appear by the first week of July, however, it has also been delayed until the last week of August (1).

The predominant sea-ice type in Baffin Bay is first-year ice (see Box 4.1 for definitions) (2). Small amounts of multi-year ice of Arctic Ocean origin drift to the western parts of the bay from Lancaster Sound or Nares Strait, however, this multi-year ice does not usually reach the West Greenland shores. At the end of the freeze-up season, thin and medium first-year ice dominates in eastern parts (up to about 100 km from the Greenland coast). Western and central parts of Baffin Bay are dominated by medium and thick first-year ice, mixed locally with small amounts (1–3 tenths) of multi-year ice.

Box 4.1 Sea Ice Definitions

New Ice: 0-10 cm Young Ice: 10-30 cm First Year Ice: 30-200 cm Thin First Year Ice: 30-70 cm Medium First Year Ice: 70-120 cm Thick First Year Ice 120-200 cm Multi-Year Ice: >2 m Fast ice: Stationary ice attached to the shore Source: DMI 2004 (3), as defined by World Meteorological Organization

The drift pattern of sea ice off west Greenland is not very well known (4). The local drift is to some extent controlled by the major surface current systems: the West Greenland Current and Baffin Current. However, the strength and direction of the surface winds also affect the local drift of sea ice, especially in southern waters. Nearly all ice drift in the western portion of Davis Strait (along the Baffin Island coast) is in a southerly direction (5) but there is little net

(1) DMI (1996) Weather, Sea and Ice conditions in Eastern Baffin Bay, Offshore North West Greenland - A Review (2) C-Core. 2009. Iceberg, Sea Ice and Metocean Conditions at Disko West: Draft Report, R-09-026-701. Prepared for: Capricorn Greenland Exploration 1 Ltd. (3) Danish Meteorological Institute (2004) Weather, sea and ice conditions offshore West Greenland – Focusing on new license areas 2004. (4) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009) The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI. (5) Jordan, F., & Neu, H. J. A. 1981. Ice floe movement in Baffin Bay and Davis Strait from Satellite pictures. Report Series/BI-R-81-4/March 1981. Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Canada.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-11 transport of sea ice on the Greenland side of the Davis Strait (1). Typical drift velocities observed in southern Baffin Bay during winter and spring were 10 cm/s, increasing to 20-30 cm/s in Davis Strait. Velocities along the southern Baffin Island coast range from 10 to 15 cm/s.

Polynyas

Polynyas are areas of open water that are surrounded by ice. They form important habitats for birds and as a result of oceanographic conditions generally form in the same places every year and are predominantly winter features. The bathymetry of the seabed and other oceanographic conditions contribute to the formation of a polynya.

In the area of Baffin Bay between Greenland, Ellesmere Island and Devon Island is the largest recurring polynya in the northern hemisphere (80,000 km2). The ‘North Water Polynya’ is maintained by northerly winds, water currents and vertical mixing of the water column, and an ice bridge in the northern part of Smith Sound. The North Water Polynya is one of the most biologically productive areas in the Arctic, with primary production reaching 251 g C m2 per year (2). The North Water Polynya evolves seasonally from a relatively small area in winter where the ice is thinner than elsewhere to a large ice free area in June before ceasing to exist as a distinct ice bounded region in the summer months. Varying amounts of new ice are found around its southern margin every year, which briefly cover the polynya during winter months in calm weather.

Smaller polynyas are found at several sites along the Greenland coast (3), including a polynya that often forms west of Disko Island.

Shear zones may also form when drift ice moves away from the land-based fast ice creating open cracks and leads that are important to marine mammals and seabirds, particularly in spring when populations are migrating northwards.

Icebergs

Icebergs are formed throughout the year when ice at the outlets of glaciers calve from the glacier. They are carried by sea currents but are also affected by the wind.

Glaciers are numerous in the coastal parts of the region and the most productive glaciers in West Greenland are concentrated between Nares Strait

(1) Valeur, H.H., Hansen, C., Hansen, K.Q., Rasmussen, L. & Thingvad, N. 1996. Weather, Sea and Ice Conditions in Eastern Baffin Bay, Offshore Northwest Greenland: A Review. Danish Meteorological Institute Technical Report No. 96-12. 39 pp. (2) NERI (2009) The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assesment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANOMAS West Area: NERI Technical Report no. 720 (3) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009) The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-12 and Disko Bay (1). Melville Bay is also a major source of icebergs, with 19 major glaciers that calve off thousands of ice bergs each year. It is estimated that this area produces 60 km3 of glaciers annually. Some of these glaciers are capable of producing icebergs of about 1 km in diameter (2). Another significant source of glaciers in Baffin Bay are the glaciers in Uummannaq Fjord and Disko Bay, which produce 10 – 15,000 icebergs per year (95 km3) (3). Icebergs are carried by sea currents but are also affected by the wind. The rate of iceberg production on a volume basis will vary little year to year as the internal temperature of the glacier will remain very similar. However, the size of individual icebergs will vary greatly year to year as a result of air temperature fluctuations (4). High iceberg densities have been recorded within 50 km of the coast, while more than 150 km from the coast icebergs occurred only occasionally, however, icebergs recorded far from the coast were described as large (5).

Once icebergs calve from their source glacier they are carried by the West Greenland Current along the coast to the north coast of Greenland and southwards down the western Davis Strait in an anticlockwise drift pattern (see Figure 4.10). The majority of icebergs from Disko Bay are carried northward to northeastern Baffin Bay and Melville Bay before heading southward, although some icebergs are diverted into one of the west- branching eddies without passing north of 70° N (6).

Icebergs are often described by their size above the water (height and length) and are given the different size classifications shown below (Table 4.1).

Table 4.1 General Iceberg Size Classifications

Size Height (m) Length (m) Very large >75 >200 Large 46-75 121-200 Medium 16-45 61-120 Small 5-15 15-60 Bergy Bit 1.0-5 5-15 Growler <1.0 <5 Source: Greenland Survey, ASIAQ (7)

(1) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009) The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI. (2) DMI, 1998. Physical Environment of Eastern Davis Strait and Northeastern Labrador Sea. Danish Meterological Institute, Technical Report 97-9. 35 pp. (3) DMI (1996) Weather, Sea and Ice conditions in Eastern Baffin Bay, Offshore North West Greenland - A Review (4) NERI (2009) The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assesment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANOMAS West Area: NERI Technical Report no. 720 (5) DMI (1996) Weather, Sea and Ice conditions in Eastern Baffin Bay, Offshore North West Greenland - A Review (6) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009) The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI. (7) Greenland survey, ASIAQ (2001) Distribution and Variability of Icebergs in the Eastern Davis Strait 63 N to 68 N. BMP, Prepared by Greenland Survey ASIAQ and DMI.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-13 Figure 4.7 Generalised Pattern of Iceberg Drift in West Greenland (National Sea Ice Centre, USA)

Source: Valeur et al., 1996 (1)

In the eastern Davis Strait the largest icebergs have most frequently been found south of 64°N and north of 66°N (2). The largest icebergs north of 66° N occur north and west of Store Hellefiskebanke (3). Many icebergs are deeply drafted but due to the bathymetry in the region large icebergs will not drift into shallow water regions. Measurements of iceberg drafts north of 62°N indicate that an upper limit of 230 m will only be exceeded very rarely, although no systematic ‘maximum draft measurements’ exist and the extremes remain unknown. The large icebergs originating in Baffin Bay are expected to have a maximum draft of about 250– 300 m.

(1) Valeur, H.H., Hansen, C., Hansen, K.Q., Rasmussen, L. & Thingvad, N. (1996) Weather, Sea and Ice Conditions in Eastern Baffin Bay, Offshore Northwest Greenland: A Review. Danish Meteorological Institute Technical Report No. 96-12. 39 pp. (2) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp. (3) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009) The eastern Baffin Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-14 Icing

Icing occurs with air temperatures below 0ºC. Icing can be caused by freezing precipitation, fog or ice spray. When rain freezes it becomes clear ice whereas freezing fog results in either clear ice or rime ice (1). When persistent freezing fog conditions exist there may be a large accumulation of ice. The most dangerous type is freezing sea spray, which freezes onto exposed surfaces as a clear ice and can become opaque at very low temperatures. At -15°C it may freeze in the air and not adhere to surfaces (2). In open waters, icing caused by sea spray will be frequent from November to April and rare in October and May (3).

4.2.6 Coastal Zone

The coastal zone between 72°N and 78°N is dominated by bedrock shorelines with many skerries and archipelagos. There are also areas dominated by basals and sedimentary rocks as well as low shores with loose sediment. In Melville bay glaciers reach the coast over very long stretches (4).

4.3 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

4.3.1 Primary Production

Three sources contribute to total primary production in west Greenland: phytoplankton (5), ice algae embedded in fast or pack ice and benthic algae (6). The relative importance of the three sources is likely to vary geographically with depth and extent of ice cover.

The west Greenland waters are characterised by a brief and intense phytoplankton bloom immediately after ice break-up, with high (transient) biomass and a grazing food web dominated by large copepods, but relatively low total primary production integrated over depth and season (7). However, large polynyas (see Section 4.1.5) have locally very high production due to early ice break-up and availability of nutrients from upwelling, for example the North Water Polynya is one of the most biologically productive marine areas in the Arctic. High levels of primary production also occur at marginal

(1) White or cloudy ice formations. (2) Valeur, H.H., Hansen, C., Hansen, K.Q., Rasmussen, L. & Thingvad, N. (1996) Weather, Sea and Ice Conditions in Eastern Baffin Bay, Offshore Northwest Greenland: A Review. Danish Meteorological Institute Technical Report No. 96-12. 39 pp. (3) Danish Meteorological Institute (2004) Weather, sea and ice conditions offshore West Greenland – Focusing on new license areas 2004. (4) NERI (2009) The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANOMAS West Area: NERI Technical Report no. 720 (5) Planktonic marine algae (6) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009) The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI. (7) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009) The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-15 ice zones and attract species higher in the food web including seabirds and marine mammals.

The development of the phytoplankton spring bloom results in a peak in primary production in the water column and is important in determining the production capacity of the arctic marine food web (1). Primary production in Baffin Bay and Melville Bay is relatively unstudied, however, it is likely to be comparable to primary production further south along the Greenland coast (2).

The spring bloom moves from the south of the Davis Strait into the north as the ice melts and although primary production starts under the ice, the bloom does not occur until the ice has melted. Local conditions, such as the extent of sea ice and the system of currents in this region affect the location of the spring bloom and so the areas of highest importance for primary production will vary within and between seasons. Most primary production occurs close to the coast and in fjords, where both spring and late summer blooms occur.

High levels of primary production occur at marginal ice zones where meltwater stabilises the water column, and also during the summer months when nutrients are brought to the surface by upwelling water or fronts. At the marginal zone of the West Ice, primary production during the spring bloom is very intense and this attracts species higher in the food web including seabirds and marine mammals (3). During the spring bloom diatoms such as species of Nitzchia, Thalassiosira, Navicula, Fragilaria and Coscinodiscus are the most dominant group of marine phytoplankton but after the spring bloom and in the late summer bloom other smaller species dominate, such as those of the genera Phaeocystis and Chaeothocerus as well as some dinoflagellates and flagellates (4).

A band of green algae and a band of brown algae characterises the littoral zone around the coast of Greenland (5). Common species in the intertidal and subtidal zone down to about 50 metres depth include Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus distichus, Ascophyllum nodusum, Agarum cibrosum and several Laminaria species (6). Seaweed forests are important nurseries for several fish larvae and young lumpfish. Ice algae, which grow on the underside of the sea ice, can be extremely productive at the marginal ice zone. First year ice is generally associated with less ice algae than multi year ice. Although often locally

(1) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp. (2) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009) The eastern Baffin Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI. (3) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp. (4) Greenland Institute of Natural Resources (2003) Biodiversity of Greenland - a country study. Technical Report No. 55, Pinngortitaleriffik, Grønlands Naturinstitut, 165 pp. (5) Greenland Institute of Natural Resources (2003) Biodiversity of Greenland - a country study. Technical Report No. 55, Pinngortitaleriffik, Grønlands Naturinstitut, 165 pp. (6) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-16 important, ice algae are expected to be relatively unimportant producers in polynyas.

4.3.2 Zooplankton

The mesoplankton communities in the waters off West Greenland are dominated by copepods, which constitute 86% of the zooplankton biomass in West Greenland waters (1), particularly the large copepods of the genus Calanus (including their larval stages). These are examples of holoplankton which are organisms that are pelagic throughout their life. They are significant grazers of primary production (principally phytoplankton) and constitute an important prey for fish and their larvae, whales (primarily bowhead whales) and seabirds (the little auk is a specialised Calanus feeder).

Information on the regional distribution and population dynamic of important zooplankton taxa and their role in the food web is limited (2). There are three main Calanus species found in northwest Greenland (3): Calanus hyperboreus, C. glacialis and C. finmarchicus. C. hyperboreus and C. glacialis are characterised as Arctic species, while C. finmarchicus is characterised as a North Atlantic species and is imported into the assessment area by the inflow of Atlantic water. Disko Bay is considered the northern border for C. finmarchicus and the southern border for C. glacialis (4), although C. finmarchicus have been recorded in the North Water Polynya (5). However, the most dominant copepod species are known to be Calanus hyperboreus, Calanus glacialis and Calanus finmarchicus. Their vertical distribution has been linked to food availability, salinity and temperature; they were most abundant in water masses with temperatures below 0° C, but at temperatures above 0° C other planktonic species (ie pteropod molluscs) showed highest abundance.

Zooplankton diversity and its functional role have also been studied in the North Water polynya (6). The extensive ice-free periods in polynyas are associated with increased primary production, resulting in a diverse zooplankton community. Within the North Water Polynya copepod species

(1) Greenland Institute of Natural Resources. 2003. Biodiversity of Greenland - a country study. Technical Report No. 55, Pinngortitaleriffik, Grønlands Naturinstitut, 165 pp. (2) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009) The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI. (3) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (eds) (2009) The eastern Baffin Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Technical Report No 720. (4) Söderkvist, J., Nielsen, T.G. & Jespersen, M. (2006) Physical and biological oceanography in West Greenland waters with emphasis on shrimp and fish larvae distribution. National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark. 54 pp. – NERI Technical Report No.581. (5) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (eds) (2009) The eastern Baffin Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Technical Report No 720. (6) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009) The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-17 make up more than 80% of the zooplankton assemblage (1). Distribution is closely linked with hydrographic parameters such as temperature and salinity boundaries. The copepod assemblage was quite diverse, including taxa typically found in Arctic Ocean waters. Dominant diatoms have also been recorded, indicating that the copepod abundance was not sufficient to control phytoplankton biomass.

4.3.3 Invertebrates

Benthic communities are an important ecosystem component in northwest Greenland. Low temperatures decrease the energy requirements of benthic species, allowing high biomass communities to exist despite the relatively low primary production. These communities provide a food source for marine mammals, birds, fish and other invertebrates and in some cases serve as the basis for fisheries for species such as scallops and shrimp (2).

The only commercially important invertebrate species present in the vicinity of the licence block is Pandalus borealis (northern prawn). It occurs on the West Greenland continental shelf more or less continuously distributed from Cape Farewell (60° N) to about 74° N, with the highest densities occurring at depths between 150 and 600 m (3). During the day Pandalus borealis stay at depth but may perform vertical movements up through the water column during the night. The eggs are laid in summer and are carried by the female until the following spring (April–May), when the females seek shallow water and release the larvae. These are planktonic for three or four months, during which time they drift passively with the currents and subsequently settle on the seafloor far from their release site. Three to six years later they become sexually mature first as males and later, when six to eight years old, as females. Females are larger than males and are therefore the main target for the commercial fishery.

In addition, in recent years new invertebrate resources have been exploited (4). The most successful are Chlamys islandica (scallop) and Chionoecetes opilio (snow crab), which occur in coastal areas, inshore and on banks.

4.3.4 Fish

The total number of fish species known to occur in the Greenland exclusive economic zone is 269, of which 79 occur in north west Greenland waters (5).

(1) NERI (2009) The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assesment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANOMAS West Area: NERI Technical Report no. 720 (2) NERI (2009) The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assesment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANOMAS West Area: NERI Technical Report no. 720 (3) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009) The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI. (4) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009) The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI. (5) P.R. Møller, J.G. Nielsen, S.W. Knudsen, J.Y. Poulsen, K. Sünksen & O.A. Jørgensen (2010) A checklist of the fish fauna of Greenland waters. (Zootaxa 2378), Magnolia Press, Auckland, New Zealand.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-18 Approximately 80 fish species are known to spawn in Greenland waters, however, it is not known whether other poorly studied fish species spawn in Greenland or not. Fishbase lists information on 256 of the species found in Greenland waters (1) and this information can be found in Annex A.

The offshore fish fauna in the vicinity of the licence block is dominated by bottom fish (2). Seven bottom fish assemblages that differ in relation to species composition and depth distribution have been found within Baffin Bay, with four of these assemblages thought to be unique to the area. Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Greenland halibut) was found to be the dominant species, however, Boreogadus saida (polar cod) and Actogadus glacialis (Arctic cod) were also found in significant numbers. Selected fish species occurring in the vicinity of the licence block are listed in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2 Common Fish Species Occurring in the Vicinity of the Licence Block

Species Common name Main habitat Spawning area / period

Reinhardtius Greenland Deep water, pelagic and Deep water, pelagic eggs hippoglossoides halibut offshore and larvae, winter Salvelinus alpinus Arctic Char Coastal waters, fjords Freshwater rivers, in autumn Actogadus Arctic Cod Deep offshore waters, Open water, early winter glacialis associated with ice Boreogadus saida Polar cod Pelagic, near coasts or in Mainly north of 68°N association with ice edge Leptagonus Atlantic Demersal, deep cold waters of Coastal waters, May - June decagonus Seapoacher northern seas Amblyraja radiata Thorny Skate Benthic species found on all Eggs are deposited in sediment types, 20-1000 m. sandy or muddy flats Amblyraja Arctic Skate Demersal, sandy and muddy Eggs are deposited in hyperborea sediments on lower sandy or muddy flats continental slope, 140-2500 m. Anarhichadidae Wolffish Inshore and offshore Hard bottom, one area known outside Maniitsoq, demersal eggs Hippoglossoides Sanddab East Greenland fjords Soft seabed, 90 – 250m platessoides Source: NERI (2009) (3) Fishbase (2010) (4)

Pictures and descriptions of important fish species are provided in Annex B. For further information also see “Boertmann et al., (2009) The eastern Baffin Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute”.

(1) Table information source: Fishbase. Available from http://fishbase.org/Country/CountryChecklist.php?c_code=304&vhabitat=saltwater&csub_code=. Accessed 24/11/2010. (2) Mosbech, A. et al. (2000) Environmental Oil Spill Sensitivity Atlas for the West Greenland Coastal Zone. Internet- version. The Danish Energy Agency, Ministry of Environment and Energy. 341 pp. + appendix 155 pp. (3) NERI (2009) The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANOMAS West Area: NERI Technical Report no. 720 (4) Table information source: Fishbase. Available from http://fishbase.org/Country/CountryChecklist.php?c_code=304&vhabitat=saltwater&csub_code=. Accessed 23/03/2011.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-19 Hearing in Fish

Fish have differing sensitivities to noise depending on various anatomical and physiological structures. Two sound detection mechanisms are present in those marine fish species that have the ability to hear: the inner ear system of otolithic bones and a lateral line system.

Bony fish (teleosts) have inner ears which can detect particle displacement created by sound vibrations in the water when the source of the sound is close. Cartilaginous fish (elasmobranchs including sharks and rays) are able to detect these near-source vibrations through their lateral line (1). The lateral line comprises a series of scales and pores containing sensory neuromast cells that run from the gills to the tail fin. The neuromast cells communicate vibrations and pressure differentials from the water column to nerve fibres, allowing the fish to detect relative motion and sound in the aquatic environment.

Many species also use the gas-filled swim bladder in the abdominal cavity for detecting sound. Underwater noise causes the swim bladder gas to vibrate and links between the swim bladder and the ear allow the sound wave energy to be re-directed to the ear. The gas bubble within the swim bladder is more compressible than water and pulsates when exposed to sound thereby creating particle movement that stimulates the auditory nerves and otoliths of the inner ear. The use of the swim bladder allows fish to detect sounds with hearing sensitivity increased in species where the ear and swim bladder are more closely connected.

Coupling between the fish’s swimbladder and the inner ear can be accomplished by a chain of bones, known as Weberian ossicles. Species possessing this feature are known as ‘otophysans’. These specialisations have evolved to enhance the hearing capability. Non-otophysan hearing specialists also occur and have a variety of hearing adaptations, for example anterior processes on the swimbladder, which bring it into close contact with the inner ear as in the Clupeidae (herring family).

Some species have extensions of the swim bladder which allows them to discriminate between high and low repetition rates of ultrasonic pulses (2). Gadidae (cod family) are also able to distinguish between sounds that are separated by space or distance (3). Their most sensitive hearing is at 75 dB re 1 μPa at 160 Hz (4).

There has been only limited research conducted on hearing in fish and only a few species have been extensively studied. Fish that are likely to be sensitive

(1) The lateral line is a sense organ that can detect movement and vibration in the water column. (2) Moyle, P.B. & Cech, J.J. (2000) Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology. 4th Ed. Prentice-Hall, USA. 612 pp. (3) Thomsen, F., Lüdemann, K., Kafemann, R. & Piper, W. 2006. Effects of Offshore Wind Farm Noise on Marine Mammals and Fish. Biola, Hambury, Germany on behalf of COWRIE Ltd. (4) Thomsen, F., Lüdemann, K., Kafemann, R. & Piper, W. (2006) Effects of Offshore Wind Farm Noise on Marine Mammals and Fish. Biola, Hambury, Germany on behalf of COWRIE Ltd.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-20 to noise are often described as hearing specialists and can hear a wide frequency range such as Gadidae. Hearing generalists such as Salmonidae (salmon family) are thought to be able to hear only a narrow frequency range and are not expected to be sensitive to most noise sources.

4.3.5 Seabirds

Twenty four seabird species can be found along the coast in the vicinity of the licence area, of these 16 species are known to breed in the area (1). These species include:

 Seabirds breeding during the summer months (Rissa tridactyla, kittiwake and Fractercula arctica, Atlantic puffin).

 Seaducks assembling to moult in summer.

 Other species occurring only as migrant visitors during spring and autumn (2).

An estimated 100 million sea birds migrate south through Baffin Bay between September and October each year. The region is particularly important to Uria lomvia during their autumn migration as they often flock to the north east of Baffin Bay before moving South.

Northwest Greenland attracts a wide range of seabird species with diverse ecological niches. Some species are primarily fish consumers such as Uria lomvia and Phalacrocorax carbo, whilst others are surface plankton feeders like Rissa tridactyla or bottom feeders like Somateria mollissima (hard bottom) and Somateria spectabilis (soft bottom) (3).

Seabirds tend to aggregate at breeding or foraging sites and extremely high concentrations may occur. The largest seabird populations are present during summer, however, recurrent open waters in winter such as polynyas and fjords are of extreme importance to seabirds. Breeding seabirds generally feed in the waters near the breeding site, although Uria lomvia may fly more than 100 km to find their food. Seabirds also utilise the waters much further away from the coasts such as Rissa tridactyla, Fulmarus glacialis and Puffinus gravis, which spend the summer in the food rich waters off West Greenland.

Information on the distribution of seabird species on the west coast of Greenland is generally good, however, some data are in need of updating as

(1) NERI (2009) The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANOMAS West Area: NERI Technical Report no. 720 (2) Mosbech, A., Anthonsen, A., Blyth, A., Boertman, D., Buch, E., Cake, D., Grondahl, L., Hansen, K. Q., Kapel, H., Nielsen, S., Von Platen, F., Potter, S., Rasch, M. (2000) Environmental Oil Spill Sensitivity Atlas for the West Greenland Coastal Zone, National Environmental Research Institute. (3) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D., Olsen, B. Ø., Olsvig, S., von Platen, F., Buch, E., Hansen, K.Q., Rasch, M., Nielsen, N., Møller, H. S., Potter, S., Andreasen, C., Berglund, J. & Myrup, M. (2004) Environmental Oil Spill Sensitivity Atlas for the West Greenland (68º-72º N) Coastal Zone. National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark. 442 pp. – NERI Technical Report no. 494.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-21 they are from the 1920s onwards and changes in colony size, location and diversity have been observed in some areas.

Table 4.3 provides a summary of selected seabird species found near the licence block and indicates the importance of the licence block to the population. Please note that a description of “not ecologically important” does not refer to the ecological importance of the species to northwest Greenland. It refers instead to the ecological importance of the licence block alone to the species. For example, a description of “not ecologically important” may be due to the wide availability of similar habitat in the greater area to the species.

Figure 4.8 shows the distribution and size of seabird colonies in the vicinity of the licence block.

Further descriptions of relevant seabird species are provided in Annex B. For further information also see “Boertmann et al., (2009) The eastern Baffin Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute”.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-22 Table 4.3 Summary Table of Seabirds in Northwest Greenland

Species Common Name Seasonal Occurrence Concentration Areas IUCN Red List Greenland Red Licence Block Status List Status Importance Fulmarus glacialis Fulmar Breeding, summering, Widespread distribution; near Least Concern Least Concern Not ecologically wintering colonies of feeding areas important

Somateria Common eider Breeding, summering, Nearshore waters in winter; fjords Least Concern Vulnerable Not ecologically mollissima moulting, wintering for moulting important

Somateria King eider Summering, moulting, Shallow water and fishing banks, Least Concern Not evaluated Not ecologically spectabilis migration especially Store Hellefiskebanke important

Rissa tridactyla Black-legged Breeding, summering, Feeding areas and breeding colonies Least Concern Vulnerable Marginal ice zone kittiwake migration may be used in spring

Larus hyperboreus Glaucous gull Breeding, summering, Widespread in low numbers Least Concern Least Concern Not ecologically wintering important

Sterna paradisaea Arctic tern Breeding, migration Coastal habitats and inshore waters, Least Concern Near threatened Not ecologically feeding sites important Uria lomvia Thick-billed Breeding, summering, Offshore during autumn swimming Least Concern Vulnerable Baffin Bay is used murre wintering, migration migration; fishing banks and inshore during the autumn waters in winter migration

Cepphus grylle Black Guillemot Breeding, wintering, No known offshore concentrations Least Concern Least Concern Not ecologically migration important

Alle alle Little auk Breeding, wintering Central Davis Strait in autumn; Least Concern Least Concern May be important and migration feeding areas; coastal areas for during spring/ moulting; near breeding colonies autumn migration

Phalacrocorax Great cormorant Breeding, summering, Unknown but coastal (mainly Least Concern Least Concern Not ecologically carbo wintering northern in summer) important

Fratercula arctica Atlantic puffin Breeding and No regularly occurring offshore Least Concern Near Not ecologically migration summer concentrations Threatened important Larus glaucoides Iceland gull Breeding, summering, No known offshore summer Least Concern Least Concern Not ecologically

Species Common Name Seasonal Occurrence Concentration Areas IUCN Red List Greenland Red Licence Block Status List Status Importance wintering concentrations important

Alca torda Razorbill Breeding, wintering Unknown but can occur both in Least Concern Least Concern Not ecologically coastal and offshore areas important

Larus marinus Greater black- Breeding, summering, Unknown but likely low summer Least Concern Least Concern Not ecologically backed gull wintering offshore numbers only important

Larus sabini Sabine’s gull Breeding, migration Unknown but migrant visitor Least Concern Near Not ecologically Threatened important Pagophila eburnea Ivory gull Migration, wintering Associated with the ice edge Near threatened Vulnerable Not ecologically important Anser albifrons White-fronted Breeding Coastal species Least Concern Endangered Not ecologically flavirostris goose important

Anser caerulescens Snow goose Breeding Coastal species Least Concern Least Concern Not ecologically important Branta bernicla Brent goose Migration, breeding Coastal species Least Concern Least Concern Not ecologically important Clangula hyemalis Long-tailed duck Breeding, moulting, Near shore waters in winter Least Concern Least Concern Not ecologically wintering important

Mergus serrator Red-breasted Breeding, moulting, Coastal Species Least Concern Least Concern Not ecologically merganser wintering important

Phalaropus lobatus Red-necked Migrant visitor (for Unknown but migrant visitor Least Concern Least Concern Not ecologically phalarope breeding) important

Phalaropus Grey phalarope Migrant visitor (for Unknown but migrant visitor Least Concern Least Concern Not ecologically fulicarius breeding) important

Stercorarius Arctic skua Breeding Coastal species Least Concern Least Concern Not ecologically parasiticus important

Source: Adapted from Boertmann et al., 2009; Mosbech et al., 2007 and IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Figure 4.8 Distribution and Size of Seabird Colonies

Source: Mosbech et al., 2007 (1); NERI, 2011 (2). Note: Disko West data shows mixed colonies of more than 200 individuals. Eastern Baffin Bay data shows seabird colonies of 200 or more individuals of separate species. Mixed colony data were not available in this dataset; mixed colonies of more than 200 individuals containing small numbers of any one species (less than 200 individuals) are not represented.

4.3.6 Marine Mammals

There are at least 20 species of marine mammal that regularly occur in the waters and along the coast of northwest Greenland in the vicinity of the

(1) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. National Environmental Research Institute, University of Aarhus. 188 pp. - NERI technical resport no. 618. (2) NERI (2011) Figures for preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment (SEIA) of expected activities in the KANUMAS West area. Update to Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-25 licence block, including 14 species of whale, 4 species of seal, walrus and polar bear (1). Table 4.4 presents a summary of the marine mammal species found in the vicinity of the licence block, together with their occurrence in the region and the relative importance of the licence block to the population (2). Please note that within the table a description of “not ecologically important” does not refer to the ecological importance of the species to northwest Greenland. It refers instead to the ecological importance of the licence block alone to the species. For example, a description of “not ecologically important” may be due to the wide availability of similar habitat in the greater area to the species.

Period of occurrence gives an indication of the main season the species may occur in the region, however, some species may occur in the region outside of the predicted period of occurrence.

All species of seal have been hunted for centuries and are of great importance to Inuit hunters and their families. Harp seals and ringed seals are the two most important species in relation to income and food supply and they comprise about 95% of the total catch in 2004 (3) (refer to Section 4.5 for further details).

Further detailed descriptions of relevant marine mammal species are provided in Annex B. Details for those species which the licence area is considered most relevant (listed as used for migration or may be important in Table 4.4) are provided below.

For further information also see “Boertmann et al., (2009) The eastern Baffin Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute”.

(1) NERI (2004) The 2004 Licence Area 4 (Paamiut Basin): A summary of the environment and a preliminary assessment of environmental impacts from exploration and development of hydrocarbon resources. Note prepared for the Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum, Government of Greenland. (2) Please note, these population estimates are based on the most reliable, up-to-date information available at the time this report was prepared. (3) The Greenland Home Rule (2006) Management and utilization of seals in Greenland, The Greenland Home Rule, Department of Fisheries, Hunting and Agriculture, 20pp. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-26 Table 4.4 Marine Mammals Found in the Waters around and along the West Coast of Greenland in the Vicinity of the Licence Block

Species Common name Period of Main habitat Stock size or IUCN Red Greenland red- Importance of Licence Block occurrence occurrence List Status list status to population Balaena Bowhead whale February-June Pack ice/marginal ice 1,230* Least concern Near threatened Used for migration in June mysticetus zone

Balaenoptera Minke whale April- Coastal waters and banks 10,800* Least concern Least concern Not ecologically important acutorostrata November

Balaenoptera Sei whale June-October Offshore Occasional Endangered Data deficient Not ecologically important borealis

Megaptera Humpback whale June-November Edge of banks, coastal 1,000 Least concern Least concern Not ecologically important novaeangliae waters

Balaenoptera Fin Whale June-October Edge of banks, coastal 3,200* Endangered Least concern Not ecologically important physalus waters

Balaenoptera Blue whale July-October Edge of banks Few Endangered Data deficient Not ecologically important musculus

Phocoena Harbour April- Whole area Common Least concern Data deficient Not ecologically important phocoena porpoise November

Hyperoodon Bottlenose whale Summer Deep water Infrequent Data Not applicable Not ecologically important ampullatus deficient

Globicephala Pilot whale June-October Deep water Occasional Data Least concern Not ecologically important melas deficient

Orcinus orca Killer whale June-August Whole area Rare but Data Not applicable Not ecologically important regular deficient

Delphinapterus Beluga whale November-May Banks 10,595 Near Critical Used for migration in spring leucas threatened endangered and autumn

Monodon Narwhal November-May, Winter – edge of banks, 50,000 Near Critical May be part of their migration monoceros whole year in deep water. Summer – threatened endangered corridor, Melville bay is used northern part fjords, coastal water as a summer aggregation area

Species Common name Period of Main habitat Stock size or IUCN Red Greenland red- Importance of Licence Block occurrence occurrence List Status list status to population

Physeter Sperm whale May-November Deep water Unknown Vulnerable Not applicable Not ecologically important macrocephalus

Lagenorhynchus White beaked Summer Shelf waters Occasional Least Not applicable Not ecologically important albirostris dolphin Concern

Phoca Harp seal June-October Whole area 5.4 million Least concern Least concern Not ecologically important groenlandica

Cystophora Hooded seal March-October Whole area, mainly deep Unknown Vulnerable Least concern Not ecologically important cristata water but many

Phoca hispida Ringed seal Whole year Whole area, usually in ice Common Least concern Least concern Not ecologically important

Erignathus Bearded seal Mainly winter Drift ice on the banks, Common Least concern Data deficient Not ecologically important barbatus waters with ice

Odobenus Walrus Mainly winter Polynyas, MIZ, shallow 3,000 Data Endangered Not ecologically important rosmarus water, drift ice on the deficient banks

Ursus maritimus Polar bear Mainly winter Drift ice and ice edges 4,000 Vulnerable Vulnerable Not ecologically important, although ice edge is important Source: NERI’s Technical Report No. 618 (1) and NERI’s Technical Report No. 720 (2) *International Whaling Commission (3)

(1) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp. (2) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) The Eastern Baffin Bay A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (3) International Whaling commision Website http://iwcoffice.org/conservation/estimate.htm. Accessed May 2010.

Balaena mysticetus (Bowhead whale)

Balaena mysticetus is an Arctic and near-Arctic species which, unlike many of the other large baleen whales, does not migrate to warmer waters to calve (1). B. mysticetus winter along the Greenland coast south of Disko Island, where they start their spring migration north and north-west across Baffin Bay to the waters of the high Arctic Canadian archipelago. Figure 4.9 presents B. mysticetus locations in 2009 and demonstrates their migration from south of Disko Island into Canadian waters. Migration may occur through the licence block during June. A few B. mysticetus winter in the North Water Polynya and depending of the ice conditions, occur within the northern part of the region until at least June when they probably move westwards (2). The population in Greenland’s waters is believed to be about 1,230 individuals (3).

B. mysticetus are specialised copepod feeders that exploit the high concentrations of Calanus sp. in the west coast waters. It is suspected that Greenland’s west coast waters are an important foraging ground for pregnant or resting female B. mysticetus from the whole Canada - Greenland population (4). They are listed within CITES Appendix I (5).

(1) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) The Eastern Baffin Bay A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (2) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (3) International Whaling commision Website http://iwcoffice.org/conservation/estimate.htm. Accessed January 2011. (4) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp. (5) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1973) Full text and appendices available from http://www.cites.org/.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-29 Figure 4.9 Bowhead Whale Movements in 2009

Source: GINR and NERI

Delphinapterus leucas (Beluga whale)

Delphinapterus leucas migrate through the licence block during their spring and autumn migrations (October–November and May–June). They may also occur in the region in winter as one population spends the winter in the North Water Polynya and the central West Greenland wintering grounds occasionally range as far north as the south of the region (1). In 2006 the population in western Greenland was estimated at 10,595 individuals (2). They can be found along the ice edge in western Greenland in spring and in the open water until autumn, when they arrive in Canada. During the winter they can be found in shallow water and coastal areas around Disko Bay and

(1)Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) ( 2009) The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI Technical report no. 720. (2) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-30 the northern part of the Davis Strait (see Figure 4.10). The summer grounds of D. leucas are in the Canadian Arctic archipelago, where they often occur in extensive estuaries (1). D. leucas are expected to obtain the major part of their annual food intake in West Greenland in winter, feeding on fish, such as Boreogadus saida, squid and shrimp (2). They are listed on CITES Appendix II.

Figure 4.10 Beluga Wintering Ground and Migration Routes

Source: NERI, 2011 (3)

(1) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (2) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (3) NERI (2011) Figures for preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment (SEIA) of expected activities in the KANUMAS West area. Update to Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-31 Monodon monoceros (Narwhal)

Monodon monoceros are high-Arctic mammals that number at least 50,000 individuals in the Baffin Bay region (1). M. monoceros are site faithful to summering and wintering grounds, although many of the stock movements in Baffin Bay are complex and still not fully understood (2). M. monoceros are known to conduct yearly migrations and in winter can be found under dense pack ice in Baffin Bay and Davis Strait (3). Large numbers of M. monoceros arrive in Disko Bay from Melville Bay and other populations from November onwards (4). They are considered abundant in the deeper basins of the region from November through to May. During the spring they occur along the coast of West Greenland and can be found in the shallow coastal waters around Inglefield, breeding in Avanersuaq and Melville Bay in the summer (5). Summer aggregation areas and general range are presented in Figure 4.11. M. monoceros are protected in the inner part of the Melville Bay nature protection area. The licence block falls within Narwhal Protection Area number 2, which is their migration corridor where seismic operations should be minimised from the 15th October to 1st December (6). In the autumn M. monoceros can be found around Upernavik and Uummannaq. They are toothed whales that feed primarily on Reinhardtius hippoglossoides and occasionally on other fish, shrimp and squid (7). The majority of young appear to be born in July in deep bays and inlets. M. monoceros is listed in CITES Appendix II.

(1) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (2) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (3)Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) The Eastern Baffin Bay A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (4) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp. (5) COSEWIC (2004), COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the narwhal Monodon monoceros in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vii + 50 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm) (6) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (7) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-32 Figure 4.11 Narwhal Range and Summer Aggregation Areas

Ursus maritimus (Polar bear)

There are three Ursus maritimus populations located in western Greenland, but only the range of the Baffin Bay population is within the vicinity of the licence block. The distribution of U. maritimus is determined by the presence of pack ice and they are therefore mainly observed in northwest Greenland in winter, although bears that follow the movement of the ice may be present in the region during winter, spring and summer; polar bears in this area follow the receding sea ice westward towards Baffin Island during early summer (1). Bears have a tendency to show fidelity to the ice edge and are often associated with drift ice (2). Polar bears are attracted to a shear zone that regularly occurs between the Melville Bay fast ice and the Baffin Bay pack as it is used by ringed seals and as a migration route for other marine mammals during spring. The Baffin Bay population is estimated to comprise approximately

(1) NERI (2011) Figures for preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment (SEIA) of expected activities in the KANUMAS West area. Update to Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (2) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-33 2,000 bears (1). Figure 4.12 shows the home range of U. maritimus as they follow the movement of ice.

In April and May U. maritimus congregate on pack ice in order to mate. The fertilised egg in the pregnant female then remains dormant for four months while the female gains a large volume of weight, often doubling in size. In autumn and early winter the pregnant female digs a breeding den and cubs are born in the winter, usually between November and February. The mother and cubs remain in the den until mid-February to mid-April. In the summer U. maritimus moult their fur, which can take several weeks.

U. maritimus feed primarily on Phoca hispida and Erignathus barbatus but will occasionally hunt Phoca groenlandica, Cystophora cristata, Odobenus rosmarus pups, Monodon monoceros and Delphinapterus leucas (2). They also take marine birds and scavenge on the occasional whale carcass (3). U. maritimus are listed on CITES Appendix II.

Figure 4.12 Polar Bear Home Range Percent

Source: NERI, 2011 (4)

(1) Hjarsen, T. (2005) The Big Four - a WWF update on Greenland’s efforts with regard to species conservation and nature protection, Published by WWF Denmark. (2) IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group. Accessed 2009. Available from http://pbsg.npolar.no/ (3) Hjarsen, T. (2005) The Big Four - a WWF update on Greenland’s efforts with regard to species conservation and nature protection, Published by WWF Denmark. (4) NERI (2011) Figures for preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment (SEIA) of expected activities in the KANUMAS West area. Update to Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-34 4.3.7 Important Habitats

Important Habitats for Birds

Important habitats for seabirds include areas surrounding breeding colonies, where large concentrations of seabirds can occur on the water.

Polynyas are important during the breeding season as they are able to support some of the first birds returning to breeding areas, providing valuable foraging areas. Leads that form as the ice breaks up provide valuable foraging habitat, enabling birds to forage nearer to breeding colonies. There is a strong link between the polynyas and where the major seabird breeding colonies are situated, ie the North Water and the little auk colonies on the Qaanaaq shores. Other areas with early ice break-up, such as the coastal shear zone, may also create open waters to the benefit of breeding seabirds. The marginal ice zone where the leads form is likely to be an important habitat for migrating seabirds in the spring.

Migration routes between Canada and Greenland where large numbers of birds (estimated 100 million birds) migrate southwards through Baffin Bay towards winter quarters off southwest Greenland and Newfoundland / Labrador are also considered important areas for birds (1). Exact migration routes and critical areas such as staging areas or important feeding areas for these migrating seabirds are largely unknown.

Birds at nesting colonies can be extremely sensitive to disturbance by humans. Birds within cliff colonies usually respond by deserting their eggs, even if only slightly agitated (2). It is illegal to shoot or disturb bird colonies (3) between the 15th of April and the 15th of September within 1 km of the colony if it includes thick-billed murres, Atlantic guillemots, razorbills, king eider, northern fulmar or great cormorants, or to operate fixed wing aircrafts and helicopters within 3 km of colonies of these bird species (4). In addition, within the same time period it is also illegal to shoot or disturb colonies within 200 m if the colony is an island or peninsular inhabited by eider, black guillemot, Arctic tern or gulls.

Some birds are vulnerable for 3-4 weeks during the moulting season when they are unable to fly (5). Fjords and bays give the birds some protection from predators and provide good foraging areas. Little auks migrate southwards

strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (1) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (2) Greenland Institute of Natural Resources (2003) Biodiversity of Greenland - a country study. Technical Report No. 55, Pinngortitaleriffik, Grønlands Naturinstitut, 165 pp. (3) In this case a colony refers to more than 10 pairs of breeding birds. (4) Home Rule Order No. 8 of the second March 2009 Concerning the Protection and Hunting of Birds. Available from http://dk.nanoq.g. Accessed 02/06/2010. (5) Greenland Institute of Natural Resources (2003) Biodiversity of Greenland - a country study. Technical Report No. 55, Pinngortitaleriffik, Grønlands Naturinstitut, 165 pp.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-35 through Baffin Bay towards wintering grounds off Newfoundland and south west Greenland from the end of August (1). During their migration adult birds perform their moult and become flightless for several weeks.

The coastal habitats utilised by geese for feeding, such as salt marshes and other nearshore habitats. Significant concentrations of moulting snow geese occur at the coasts of the former Qaanaaq municipality and internationally important concentrations of brent geese may occur during migration periods in May / June and again in August / September as the entire flyway population moves through the region.

There are also a number of important bird areas (IBAs) (see Figure 4.13) in northwest Greenland, which have been assessed as being important habitats for birds.

Important Habitats for Fish

The marine environment near the coast is an important habitat for fish. Coastal area and fjords provide shelter for spawning and maturation for species such as Mallotus villosus and Cyclopterus lumpus. Salvelinus alpinus also stay close to the coast during their migration out to sea.

Important Habitats for Mammals

The main habitats for marine mammals in northwest Greenland are listed in Table 4.4. Areas where the region is of high importance to a marine mammal could be considered an important habitat, especially if the species is threatened, endangered or protected. For example, the marginal ice zone is an important habitat for the Balaena mysticetus (bowhead whale) (2). Migration routes are also important areas for marine mammals.

4.3.8 Valued Ecosystem Components

A valued ecosystem component (VEC) can be a species, population, biological event or other environmental feature that is important to a local human population both economically and scientifically, has a national or international profile or is important for the evaluation of environmental impacts. Northwest Greenland has several valued ecosystem components, which have been covered within this EIA. A summary table of VECs in northwest Greenland together with where they have been described in this chapter can be found in Table 4.5.

(1) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (2) Greenland Institute of Natural Resources (2003) Biodiversity of Greenland - a country study. Technical Report No. 55, Pinngortitaleriffik, Grønlands Naturinstitut, 165 pp.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-36 Table 4.5 Valued Ecosystem Components Summary Table

Valued Ecosystem Component

Physical Biological Social

EIA Baseline Section Climate Wind Noise Quality Air Seabed Integrity Oceanography and Currents Tides Waves and Salinity Temperature Ice Sea Polynyas Ice Bergs Zone Coastal Quality Water Quality Sediment andSpecies) Macrophyte (Plankton Production Primary Species Zooplankton Species Invertebrate Benthic Species Fish Species Seabird Species Mammal Marine Habitats Areas and Designated Sensitive Environmentally and Hunting Fisheries Traditional Activities Infrastructure Users Sea Other Communities 4.1.1 Climate  4.1.2 Wind  4.1.3 Bathymetry  4.1.4 Oceanography  4.1.5 Ice Conditions  4.1.6 Coastal Zone  4.2.1 Primary Production  4.2.2 Zooplankton  4.2.3 Invertebrates  4.2.4 Fish  4.2.5 Seabirds  4.2.6 Mammals  4.2.7 Important Habitats  4.2.8 VECs 4.3.1 Threatened Species / Species of Concern  4.3.2 NGO Designated Areas  4.4.1 Commercial Fisheries  4.4.2 Subsidence and Recreational Fisheries and Hunting  4.4.3 Sustainability of Renewable Resources  4.5.1 Shipping  4.5.2 Cruises  4.6.1 Administrative Structure  4.6.2 MunicipalGovernment  4.6.3 Human Communities  4.6.4 Other Human Activities 

4.4 PROTECTED AREAS AND THREATENED SPECIES

4.4.1 Threatened Species and Species of Concern

Threatened Species

There is one species of fish that occurs in northwest Greenland and appears as ‘Vulnerable’ on the IUCN Red List ie Thorny skate (Amblyraja radiata). A number of other species are placed in the category of ’Least Concern’, including Arctic char (Salvenius alpinus).

All bird species discussed in Section 4.2.5 are listed as of Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, except for Pagophila eburnea (Ivory Gull), which is listed as Near Threatened. However, Greenland’s Red List places a number of these species in a higher category. On Greenland’s Red List, Somateria mollissima, Uria lomvia, Rissa tridactyla, Haliaeetus albicilla and Pagophila eburnea are listed as Vulnerable; Sterna paradisaea, Fractercula arctica and Histronicus histronicus are listed as Near Threatened.

Some of northwest Greenland’s marine mammals appear on the IUCN Red List, Greenland’s Red List and on the CITES Appendices. A summary of this can be found in Table 4.6. CITES Appendix I lists species that are the most

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-37 endangered among CITES-listed animals (1). Appendix II lists species that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled. Appendix III is a list of species included at the request of a Party that already regulates trade in the species and that needs the cooperation of other countries to prevent unsustainable or illegal exploitation.

Table 4.6 Protected Species of Species of Conservation Concern in Northwest Greenland

Species Common name CITES IUCN Red List Greenland Red List Appendix I II III Balaena mysticetus Bowhead whale  Least Concern Near threatened Balaenoptera Minke whale  Least Concern Least concern acutorostrata Megaptera Humpback whale  Least Concern Least concern novaeangliae Balaenoptera Fin Whale  Endangered Least concern physalus Balaenoptera Blue whale  Endangered Data deficient musculus Balaenoptera Sei whale  Endangered Data deficient borealis Phocoena phocoena Harbour porpoise Least Concern Data deficient Hyperoodon Bottlenose whale Data deficient Not evaluated ampullatus Globicephala melas Long-finned pilot Data deficient Least concern whale Orcinus orca Killer whale Data deficient Not evaluated Delphinapterus Beluga whale  Near Threatened Critical endangered leucas Monodon Narwhal  Near Threatened Critical endangered monoceros Physeter Sperm whale  Vulnerable Not evaluated macrocephalus Lagenorhynchus White beaked  Least Concern Not evaluated albirostris dolphin Pagophilus Harp seal Least Concern Not evaluated groenlandicus Cystophora cristata Hooded seal Vulnerable Least concern Pusa hispida Ringed seal Least Concern Not evaluated Erignathus Bearded seal Least Concern Data deficient barbatus Odobenus rosmarus Walrus  Data deficient Endangered Ursus maritimus Polar bear  Vulnerable Vulnerable

Protected Areas

Figure 4.13 shows the legally protected areas in northwest Greenland. Greenland has included 11 sites in the Ramsar list of Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar sites) since 1988 (2). There are no Ramsar sites in the vicinity of the licence block.

(1) Accessed 22/01/2010. (2) Accessed 06/12/2010.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-38 The Melville Bay Nature Protection Area is situated to the north of the licence block and was designated primarily to protect polar bears (1). Although a nature protection area, traditional hunting is allowed in an outer part and exploration for petroleum and minerals is allowed throughout.

According to the Greenland Nature Protection Law several areas along the coastline to the south of the licence block are nature reserves (2). The Bird Protection Law also designates Bird Protection Areas, where breeding colonies are protected and access is prohibited in the breeding season.

According to the Mineral Extraction Law, a number of ‘areas important to wildlife’ are designated. Mineral exploration activities within these areas are therefore regulated in order to protect wildlife. There are several of these areas along the coastline in the vicinity of the licence block. These include important seabird breeding colonies and breeding areas for narwhals. In addition four specific sites protected as seabird breeding sanctuaries occur along the coast to the east of the licence block.

4.4.2 NGO Designated Areas

BirdLife International, an international bird protection organisation, has designated a number of Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in northwest Greenland, some of which lie along the coast within the vicinity of the licence area (see Figure 4.13). They have been designated where a significant proportion of the Greenland bird populations may occur during the year or where species in need of protection occur (3). Some of Greenland’s designated IBAs are included in or protected by the national regulations. Designated Nature and Bird Protection Areas can be seen in Figure 4.13.

(1) NERI (2009) The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANOMAS West Area: NERI Technical Report no. 720 (2) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp. (3) Accessed 06/12/2010.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-39 Figure 4.13 Nature Protection Areas and Important Bird Areas

Source: NERI, 2011 (1). Note: Nature protection areas designated according to international agreements (Ramsar areas and World Heritage Site), national legislation (Nature protection areas and bird protection areas) and Important Bird Areas designated by BirdLife International.

4.5 RESOURCE USE

4.5.1 Commercial Fisheries

Commercial fishing is the primary industry in Greenland, accounting for 88% of all exports and roughly 1,450 officially registered jobs (2). The fish processing and export industry also generates additional employment. The most significant fisheries at the national level are Pandalus borealis (northern prawn) and Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Greenland halibut). In 2009, P. borealis exports generated 1,000 million DKK, and R. hippoglossoides exports earned approximately 400 million DKK, or roughly 54% and 21% of total export

(1) NERI (2011) Figures for preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment (SEIA) of expected activities in the KANUMAS West area. Update to Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (2) Statistics Greenland, Greenland in Figures 2010.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-40 revenues, respectively (1). Other secondary commercial species include Chlamys islandica, Chionoecetes opilio and Gadus morhua (2).

The fishing banks off West Greenland are considered to be among the most productive regions in Greenland waters due to upwellings of nutrient rich waters along the western slopes of the banks, sustaining high primary production throughout the summer. The offshore fishery takes place from mid-July until mid-November on the slopes of the continental shelf using trawlers at depths of 750-1,450 m deep (3). The fishing fleet in 2007 was comprised of 757 active vessels of which the majority were located in the west of the country (4).

Apart from the Greenlandic fishing fleet, Greenland’s offshore fisheries are exploited by a number of other nations, mainly the EU, Norway, Russia and Iceland. A fisheries partnership agreement exists with these countries and allows their vessels access to Greenland’s marine fisheries resources. Agreements also exist with Norway and Russia, which operate through quota exchanges and a framework agreement to negotiate the quantities of fish exploited on an annual basis (5).

Fish processing and exports are a source of additional employment and economic activity associated with Greenland’s fisheries. Most of the industrial fish processing infrastructure in Greenland was established by the Danish Government during the 1960s, and taken over by the Home Rule Government in 1984. The factories were then mainly equipped for cod filleting and shrimp peeling. A major re-structuring has since taken place, reflecting the changing resources and landing patterns as a much wider variety of species are targeted and landed (6). Fish processing plants are susceptible to the demands of the international market and are not stable. In the past few years, several fishing plants have closed along the coast, putting many hundreds of people out of work (7).

Fisheries Regulations

The Government of Greenland’s Fisheries Act is the legislation which constitutes Greenland’s legal framework through which the Executive Branch manages fisheries policies. The Fisheries Act specifies that utilisation of fish stocks and resources must be carried out in a biologically acceptable manner, which the Government has clearly delineated (8). The Ministry of Fisheries,

(1) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009). The eastern Baffin Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI Technical report no. 720. http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/FR720.pdf (2) Statistics Greenland, Greenland in Figures 2010. (3) Fishing seasons for small-scale fishermen are longer. Department of Fishing, Hunting and Land Use (Nuuk) 2 February 2010. (4) Statistics Greenland, Greenland in Figures 2010. (5) FAO Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profile, Greenland. ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_GL.pdf (6) FAO Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profile, Greenland. ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_GL.pdf (7) Stakeholder interviews conducted under Capricorn Greenland Exploration-1 (2010) Social Impact Assessment, Exploration Drilling Programme, Sigguk Block, Disko West, Greenland, Wells 3 and 4, Version 2. (8) OECD (2005) Country Note on National Fisheries Management System – Greenland. 17 pp.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-41 Hunting and Agriculture carries out its administrative responsibilities through conveyance of quotas, licences, and other rights and restrictions.

Landings

The main target species of Greenland fisheries have changed dramatically over the past century. During the 1950s and 1960s large catches of cod (reaching a high of 450,000 tonnes in 1962) were exploited by a large international fleet. However in the following decades the stock collapsed due to over exploitation and, potentially, changes in environmental conditions.

Salmon fishing reached a peak of over 2,500 tonnes at the beginning of the 1970s but levels in 2001 were less than 50 tonnes and in more recent years statistics have not been recorded for Atlantic salmon by the FAO.

Mallotus villosus (capelin) catches increased from 2,500 tonnes in 1995 to just under 30,000 tonnes in 2003, then declined to almost half the 2003 figure in 2004. More recently, the fishery has been managed to avoid overexploitation (1). Catches of Gadus ogac (Greenland cod) have decreased from 2,500 to around 600 tonnes in 2008. Chlamys islandica (Iceland scallop) catches have been variable over the years but have shown a decreasing trend overall, from 5,287 tonnes in 1995 to 700 tonnes in 2008. Sebastes spp. (redfishes) catches have been similarly variable over the last ten years. The highest catches were seen in 1995 at just below 6,000 tonnes before decreasing to just over 1,100 tonnes in both 1996 and 1997. Catches then increased to 8,300 tonnes in 2005, then decreased over the next three years to reach 2,200 tonnes in 2008 (2).

Other fisheries have increased in importance to replace the fisheries that have shown significant declines. As Figure 4.14 demonstrates, catches reported by Greenland over the last ten years have shown an overall increase over time. Catches from the offshore shrimp fishery (including Pandalus borealis) have been reported since 1969 and have since been increasing year on year to a high of 136,000 tonnes in 2005. However, recent trends suggest this stock may be close to maximum sustainable levels and catches have shown some declines.

(1) http://www.ices.dk/committe/acom/comwork/report/2010/2010/cap-icel.pdf (2)Statistics Greenland, Greenland in Figures 2010.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-42 Figure 4.14 Greenland Commercial Catches Reported to FAO, 1995 to 2004

250,000 Others Wolffishes(=Catfishes) nei

200,000 Saithe(=Pollock) Redfishes Queen crab Northern prawn 150,000 Lumpfish(=Lumpsucker) Iceland scallop Haddock 100,000 Catch (tonnes) Catch Greenland halibut Greenland cod Capelin 50,000 Atlantic herring Atlantic cod Aesop shrimp 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: FAO Capture Production 1950 - 2006 database on catch statistics - FAO 2006 Rome, (formatted in FishStat Plus http://www.fao.org/fi)

Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Greenland halibut) was originally a subsistence catch but has since grown in importance to be the second most economically important species (1). R. hippoglossoides catches have shown a relatively stable increase between 1995 and 2004 from 18,000 tonnes to 30,000 tonnes. However, in 1999 a peak of almost 40,000 tonnes of fish was caught.

Other species that have shown increases between 1995 and 2004 include Cyclopterus lumpus (lumpfish) (448 to 8,116 tonnes), Clupea harengus (Atlantic herring) (50 to 4,050 tonnes), Chionoecetes opilio (snow crab) (1,043 to 6,381 tonnes peaking at 14,247 tonnes in 2000) and Anarhichadidae (wolffishes) (50 to 320 tonnes).

Commercial Fishing near the Licence Block

There is an active Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Greenland halibut) fishery in the eastern Baffin Bay area, with both inshore and offshore components. The inshore fishery is conducted in the former municipalities of Uummannaq and Upernavik, where landings in 2006 amounted to 5,500 tonnes (approximately 18% of total R. hippoglossoides landings). The fishery is active year round in fjords with deep water, with fish caught on long-lines either from small vessels or from the winter ice (2).

The offshore fishery in the eastern Baffin Bay takes place in summer and autumn on the shelf slope. Offshore catches of Reinhardtius hippoglossoides north of 68° 50’ N increased from 575 tonnes in 2001 to approximately 6,200- 6,300 tonnes in 2006 and 2007. In 2006 about three percent (~200 tonnes) of the

(1) Jensen, D.B., and Christensen, K.D., (Eds.), (2003) The Biodiversity of Greenland – a country study. Technical Report No. 55, December 2003 Pinngortitalerifi k, Grønlands Naturinstitut. 165 p. (2) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) 2009. The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area.. Online at http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/FR720.pdf

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-43 offshore catch north of 68° 50’ was taken within the eastern Baffin Bay area (1). Fishing is performed by trawlers primarily at depths between 750 and 1450 m. Figure 4.15 shows the location of the R. hippoglossoides fishery in relation to the licence block.

The fishery for Pandalus borealis (northern prawn) primarily occurs to the south of the licence block. In 2004–2006 less than one percent of the total P. borealis catch in Greenland was taken north of 71°N. However, in previous years (1985–1988) the area north of 71° N was very important and accounted for up to 30% of the total catch. It is surmised that this area could regain importance in the future if the stock moves northwards in response to climate change (2).

A number of other important commercial species, including Chionoecetes opilio (snow crab), Pecten islandica (Iceland scallop) and Cyclopterus lumpus (lumpsucker) are no longer fished commercially in the eastern Baffin Bay area (3).

Figure 4.15 Location of the R. hippoglossoides Fishery in Relation to the Licence Block

Source:NERI

(1) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009). The eastern Baffin Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI Technical report no. 720. (2) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009). The eastern Baffin Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI Technical report no. 720. (3) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009). The eastern Baffin Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI Technical report no. 720.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-44 4.5.2 Subsistence and Recreational Fisheries and Hunting

In addition to commercial operations, hunting and fishing are practiced privately for local sale or subsistence use and can provide households with a significant portion of their income. Small-scale practices are important in rural areas, where alternative employment is less available. In addition to the income generated from commercial hunting from the sale of meat and skins, this activity is an important source of livelihood, as it supplements the food supply of both the hunters and those who may receive gifts of meat (often friends and relatives of the hunter). Fishing and hunting are also considered to be a critical element of Greenlandic culture, and by-products of hunting are used extensively in clothing, jewellery and other decorative items.

Subsistence Fisheries

A proportion of the catch presented under the commercial fisheries section includes subsistence and recreational fisheries. This information is not separated from the commercial data, making it impossible to determine the current level of subsistence and recreational fisheries in Greenland. Nevertheless, it is thought that the majority of the population participate in subsistence or recreational fisheries to some extent (1).

Many species of fish are utilised on a subsistence basis in Greenland, including: spotted wolfish (Anarchichas minor), Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) redfish (Sebastes spp.), Atlantic cod (Gadus morrhua), polar cod (Boreogadus saida), Greenland cod (Gadus ogac) and Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus).

Bird Hunting

Historically, birds were an important source of food for Inuit people who hunted Uria lomvia (thick-billed murre / Brünnich’s guillemot), Cepphus grylle (black guillemot), Alle alle (little auk) and Somateria mollissima (common eider). In recent years the hunting of many of these species has been greatly reduced. Since the year 2000 landings of A. alle have constituted more than 95% of the total catch of birds in Greenland. However, this species is not commonly caught near the licence block.

Bird hunting is commonly practiced in coastal areas in the vicinity of the licence block. As noted in Section 4.3.5, many species of seabirds are locally abundant in the Baffin Bay region in summer and spring. A significant part of the hunt takes place along the spring ice edge. In 2006 about 2,688 Uria lomvia and 2,211 Somateria mollissima were reported to the official bag record system from north of Disko Bay. Reported bird catches have been considerably reduced since hunting legislation came in force in 2001 (2) (1).

(1) FAO Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profile, Greenland. ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_GL.pdf (2) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009). The eastern Baffin Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI Technical report no. 720.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-45

Marine Mammal Hunting

Under current International Whaling Commission (IWC) regulations, aboriginal subsistence hunting is permitted in Greenland for Balaenoptera acutorostrata (minke), Balaena mysticetus (bowhead), Balaenoptera physalus (fin) and Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whales). The catch is regulated by quotas that are considered sustainable (2). Quotas are set at 178 B. acutorostrata and 16 B. physalus (with a voluntary reduction to 10 whales for 2010-2012), nine M. novaeangliae and two B. mysticetus each year (3). The harvest of other whale species are limited by quota set by the Greenland Government. Table 4.7 shows national recorded whale harvests, including Monodon monoceros (narwhal) and porpoises, for the years 2004-2007.

Table 4.7 Greenland Whaling Figures 2004-2007

Species 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Delphinapterus leucas 186 184 137 120 279 228 Beluga Balaenoptera physalus 13 14 10 12 14 10 Fin whale Orcinus orca 14 2 - 3 23 6 Killer whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata 190 180 182 167 152 165 Minke whale Monodon monoceros 509 520 411 331 377 371 Narwhal Globicephala melas 265 345 46 287 182 172 Pilot whale Porpoises 2,963 3,195 2.923 2,901 1,765 1,642

Total 4,140 4,440 3,709 3,821 2,792 2,594 Source: Statistics Greenland. Greenland in Figures, 2011

Balaenoptera acutorostrata have been hunted in West Greenland for a number of years and it is recognised the whale hunting has a high cultural significance to the Greenlandic people. In the vicinity of the licence block hunts are conducted using several dinghies with outboard motors working as a unit to capture B. acutorostrata with hand harpoons and high-powered rifles. B. acutorostrata are hunted during the ice-free season.

Balaenoptera physalus have been hunted in West Greenland since 1922. The total quota is seldom used and an average of ten whales is usually caught each year. B. physalus are hunted using boats equipped with harpoon cannons.

(1) Greenland Home Rule unpublished in Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009). The eastern Baffin Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI Technical report no. 720.. (2) Heide-Jorgensen, M. P. and F. Ugarte (2009). Standing Non-Detriment Findings for Exports from Greenland of Products derived from Narwhal (Monodon monoceros), Greenland Institute of Natural Resources. (3) International Whaling Commission: http://iwcoffice.org/conservation/catches.htm#aborig

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-46 Globicephala melas are not targeted in West Greenland but up to 300 are caught opportunistically each year usually between July and October.

Hunting for Monodon monoceros (narwhal) is significant in the northern regions of west Greenland. Hunting quotas for Monodon monoceros have been in effect since 2004 after a noticeable decline in the population. The 2008-2009 M. monoceros quota for Qaanaaq north of Savisivik was 65, Melville Bay 93 and Uummannaq 79 (55 for the rest of West Greenland) To the south of Melville Bay, M. monoceros are caught when they migrate in spring and/or autumn; in Qaanaaq and Melville Bay narwhals are caught in summer (1).

The population of Delphinapterus leucas has decreased over the past 90 years as a result of hunting. In 2004 the quota for D. leucas was 320 for West Greenland but the quotas have been gradually decreasing over the years as the population continues to decline. By 2008/2009 the quota was 20 for Qaanaaq, 44 for Upernavik and 10 for Uummannaq (the rest of West Greenland 83). M. monoceros and D. leucas are hunted during the spring and autumn migrations (2).

Seals are caught throughout the year, with Pusa hispida (ringed seal) caught mainly when ice is present and Pagophilus groenlandicus (harp seal) and Cystophora cristata (hooded seal) hunted in the open water season.

Between 2000 and 2008, 522,161 seal skins were landed and recorded in Greenland (Figure 4.16). The vast majority of these are hunted off the west coast of Greenland.

Figure 4.16 Seal Skins Recorded in Greenland from 2000 to 2008

80,000

70,000

60,000 Common seal (Harbour) Bearded seal 50,000 Ringed seal Hooded/Bearded seal 40,000 Hooded seal Harp seal 30,000 Harp seal (Saddleback) Number of Skins of Number Beater 20,000 Young hooded seal

10,000

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Source: StatBank from Statistics Greenland (3)

(1) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009). The eastern Baffin Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI Technical report no. 720. (2)Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009). The eastern Baffin Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI Technical report no. 720. (3) Statistics Greenland.Available from: Downloaded: 06 December 2010.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-47 There is no restriction on the number of hooded seals that may be hunted each year although the catch in Greenland is thought to be sustainable. Erignathus barbatus (bearded seal) is primarily caught in Northwest and East Greenland and may not be relevant in the Project area. They are caught throughout the year although hunting is rare during the winter except in mild years when the ice edge is within reach of hunters. The catch of Pagophilus groenlandicus has been steadily increasing from the early 1970s. Hunting begins in June as the sea ice disappears and peaks during October before the start of ice formation. Pusa hispida are hunted during ice-cover periods between December and June. More than 90% of the catch is of juveniles.

Ursus maritimus (Polar bear) is hunted by local communities in western Greenland. The 2008 U. maritimus quota for the Kane Basin (Qaanaaq north of Savisivik) was 8 and 73 for the Baffin Bay population (Savisivik 18, Upernavik 45, Uummannaq and south 10).

4.6 OTHER SEA USERS

4.6.1 Shipping

The North West Passage (NWP – see Figure 4.17) is the name given to the various marine routes between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans along the northern coast of North America (1). Warm ocean currents that flow northwards along the west coast of Greenland delay ice formation and cause an earlier break up of ice in spring. Due to the North Water Polynya vessels enter the Northwest passage along the west coast of Greenland and travel up the coast until they reach 74°N where they turn west across Baffin Bay towards Lancaster Sound.

Ports are an important gateway for marine traffic in Greenland, and receive passenger vessels, cargo vessels, trawlers, cruise vessels, fishing boats, foreign vessels and vessels that need to tank water and fuel. Ports are also an important location for the sale and trade of fish and meat for small scale hunters and fishermen, both at the local trading posts and fish factories, which are located within the ports.

Because of the importance of the ocean as a transport route, and the location of towns and settlements along the coastline, each town and settlement has at least one port. There are several ports located along the West Greenland coast in the vicinity of the licence block, including Upernavik and Uummannaq Harbour (2). Many of the harbour entrances are restricted due to the tide and ice during much of the year..

(1) Pharand, D. (1984). International Straights of the World - The Northwest Passage: Arctic Straights. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster. (2) Port arrivals., Greenland. Available at http://www.portarrivals.com/ports.asp?sec=Country&c=GL. Accessed on 04/01/2011.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-48 Figure 4.17 North West Passage (NWP)

Source: AMSA 2009 (1)

4.6.2 Cruises

Cruise ship tourism in Greenland is still in its infancy but has been growing in recent years. According to the Danish Naval Authorities in Greenland, the number of visitors from cruise ships increased from 23,000 in 2006 to 55,000 in 2007 (2). Popular stop off points along the coastline include Uummannaq south of the licence block and Qaanaaq to the north.

4.7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

4.7.1 Administrative Structure

The National Government and regulatory structure of Greenland is discussed in Chapter 2 of this report. On 21 June 2009, Self Governance was introduced

(1) Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment (AMSA) (2009) Arctic Marine Geography, Climate And Sea Ice. Available at http://www.arctic.gov/publications/AMSA/arctic_marine_geography.pdf. Accessed 06/12/2010. (2)Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009). The eastern Baffin Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI Technical report no. 720.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-49 to Greenland through the Act on Greenland Self-Government (1). This Act recognises the people of Greenland as distinct under International Law, and increases Greenland’s jurisdiction over territorial affairs (2). Until recently, the Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum operated under joint direction of the Danish and Greenland governments. As such, it developed a distinct set of procedures for the administration and execution of mining licences in Greenland. Since the Act on Self-Rule (June 2009), however, the Bureau has moved under the full jurisdiction of the Greenland government, specifically the Minister of Industry and Mineral Resources.

4.7.2 Municipal Government

The municipalities are organized within an umbrella association, KANUKOKA (Kalaallit Nunaanni Kommuneqarfiit Kattuffiat), which represents the shared interests of the municipalities at the national level within the Greenland Government.

Each of the four municipalities in Greenland is run by a municipal council, headed by a mayor. The municipalities are responsible for the welfare of the local communities, including childcare, elementary school, culture and leisure as well as various social services (3).

4.7.3 Human Communities

Population

Statistics for 2009 report that the current population of Greenland is 56,194 (4). The overall population density of Greenland is very low, at 0.14 people per km2 of ice-free area, compared to 127.9 per km2 for Denmark (5).

Almost 60% of the total population live in the six largest towns (Nuuk, Sisimiut, Ilulissat, Qaqortoq, Aasiaat and Maniitsoq) (6). The remainder of the population live in approximately 60 settlements. The capital city Nuuk contains approximately 27% of the population (15,105 residents) (7). Sisimiut, the second largest populated town in Greenland, has only 11% of the population (6,239 residents). As a consequence of government centralisation schemes and natural migration to improved services, infrastructure and employment opportunities, there is an ongoing trend toward increasing urbanisation (8).

(1) Greenland-Danish Self-Government Commission, Report on Self-Government in Greenland, Executive Summary, April 2008. (2) Denmark retains control over some aspects, such as military and consular affairs, airspace use and far-coastal search and rescue. (3) Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, Factsheet Denmark – Greenland (June 2008). (4) Statistics Greenland, Greenland in Figures 2009, June 2009 (5) Statistics Greenland, Greenland in Figures 2009, June 2009 (6) Nanoq, Population, http://uk.nanoq.gl/Emner/About/Population.aspx (accessed 9 February 2010) (7) Source: stat.gl (22 February 2010). (8) Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, Factsheet Denmark – Greenland (June 2008)

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-50 The age distribution of the population of Greenland is illustrated below, in Figure 4.18.

Figure 4.18 National Population by Age and Gender (2007)

67+

60-66

25-59

18-24

15-17 Age Group

7-14

0-6

60 40 20 0 20 40 Male 60 Percentage in Age Group Female

Source: www.stat.gl (accessed 18 February 2010)

Ethnicity

The indigenous Inuit are estimated to constitute approximately 85% of the population of Greenland, and are culturally similar to Inuit peoples in the Arctic regions of Canada, Alaska and Russia. The remainder of the population is primarily of Danish descent (1).

4.7.4 Other Human Activities

Employment and Economy

Employment in Greenland is characterised by a relatively low skilled labour force, which results in low levels of registered unemployment by creating an ’employers’ market’, in which there are more jobs than there are people qualified for them. This is illustrated by official statistics, which reveal that approximately 93.2% of the total available labour force (32,437 persons aged between 15 and 62 living in towns) is employed (2).

Tourism

The role of tourism is modest, measured in relation to the total economy. However, it is important locally. A study carried out by Statistics Greenland shows that 49% of visitors in 2007 stayed in the mid region of Greenland, 17% stayed in the Disko Region and 1% stayed in the Northern Region (see Figure 4.19) (3). An estimated 82,000 tourists in total visited

(1) Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, Factsheet Denmark – Greenland (June 2008) (2) Greenland in Figures 2009, page 16. (3) Statistics Greenland Market Analysis of Tourism 2006-07, July 2008

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-51 Greenland in 2006, with an additional 23,000 cruise tourists in the same year. The high season for tourism occurs in the months of July and August (1).

Figure 4.19 Breakdown of Tourism by Region

Region Mid (Nuuk, Maniitsoq, 2% 4%1% Sisimiut and Kangerlussuaq)

Region East (Illoqqortoormiut, 17% Tasiilaq and settlement at Kulusuk)

Region Disko (Kagaatsiaq, Qasigiannguit, Aasiaat, Ilulissat, 49% Qeqertarsuaq) Region South (Nanortalik, Qaqortoq, Narsarsuaq, Ivittuut, Paamiut)

Region North (Uumannaq, Upernavik, Qaanaaq) 27% Not specified

Source: Statistics Greenland Market Analysis of Tourism 2006-07, July 2008. Note: This pre-dates the re-division of municipalities in January 2009.

In the Baffin Bay area, the main tourist attractions include dog sledding in the early spring and sailing along the coastline during the summer months to visit archaeological sites, bird cliffs, whale habitats, glaciers, small settlements, hiking areas and areas with scenic views. Uummanaq, Upernavik and Qaanaaq are the primary tourist centres in the region (2).

(1)Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009). The eastern Baffin Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI Technical report no. 720. (2)Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009). The eastern Baffin Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI Technical report no. 720.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 4-52 5 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

5.1 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE

Capricorn Greenland Exploration 1 Limited (“Capricorn”) proposes to undertake a 3D seismic survey covering approximately 1,500 square kilometres in the Pitu Licence Block as defined in Chapter 1 of this report. The survey will use the 3D seismic vessel MV Ramform Challenger and the survey duration in Pitu is estimated to be approximately 5 weeks. The MV Ramform Challenger is operated by Petroleum Geo-Services (PGS), a well established seismic company with a 20 year history, headquartered in Oslo, Norway.

The main objective of the proposed survey is to obtain a 3D seismic image of the geology in the proposed survey area. Interpretation of the processed seismic data will facilitate identification of areas where hydrocarbons could be trapped in oil or gas-filled geological structures.

This Chapter provides a description of the proposed Project activities. The Chapter also provides a brief account of general considerations relating to 3D seismic surveys, including a discussion of the purpose, components and potential impacts. This Chapter therefore encompasses the following:

 survey area and duration;  survey scope;  survey vessels;  acquisition parameters;  emissions to air and water;  waste generation and management;  resource and energy use; and  logistics.

5.1.1 Survey Schedules and Timing Considerations

The 3D seismic survey is planned to start in August 2011. The exact start date will be determined by local conditions in the Pitu Licence Block. Survey operations will normally continue 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and in total the survey is expected to last for a period of approximately 35 days, assuming no downtime. The speed and progress of the survey programme will be heavily influenced by the meteorological and oceanographic (metocean) conditions and the presence of ice in the survey area.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 5-1 5.2 PITU 3D SEISMIC SURVEY

5.2.1 Overview

The 3D seismic survey will provide Capricorn with an image of the sub- seabed geology in the proposed survey area within the Pitu Block. The location of the Pitu 3D seismic survey is shown in Figure 5.1.

Figure 5.1 Pitu 3D Seismic Survey

5.2.2 Survey Methodology

Marine seismic acquisition is based on the principle of ‘seismic reflection’. The method involves releasing pulses of acoustic energy at regular intervals along designated lines. The energy penetrates sub-surface formations and is reflected back to the surface where it can be detected by acoustic transducers (hydrophones) (Figure 5.2). Analysis of the reflected signal provides a profile of the underlying rock strata and identification of any configurations that are

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 5-2 favourable to hydrocarbon accumulations. In some cases, it is possible to record anomalies that may correspond to actual hydrocarbon deposits.

Figure 5.2 Seismic Acquisition using ‘Seismic-Reflection’ Method

Source: Cairn Energy Note: For illustration purposes only.

Marine seismic surveys are typically conducted using airguns towed behind the seismic vessel as the acoustic energy source. One or more streamers of hydrophones are also towed behind the vessel to pick up the reflected signal, extending for several kilometres. A survey is usually based on a grid pattern of lines, along each of those there are regular ‘shot points’, where the airguns are fired.

The two main types of seismic surveys are 2D and 3D. Whereas 2D surveys use a single streamer and a single energy source towed behind a survey vessel, modern 3D surveys use multiple streamers deployed in parallel and often multiple energy sources (commonly two), operating alternately to record a large amount of data suitable for three-dimensional modelling.

5.2.3 Seismic Survey Components

This section provides summary information on the following principal components of seismic survey operations:

 the source equipment; and  the receiving equipment.

The Source – Air Guns

Air guns are the most common type of source used to generate the acoustic energy required for seismic surveying. An air gun array is made up of sub- arrays or ‘strings’ that are suspended from floatation devices to maintain the required operating depth.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 5-3 Air guns work by expelling a controlled volume of high-pressure air into the water. This produces an air-filled cavity that rapidly expands and oscillates producing energy.

Receiving Equipment - Streamer

The seismic streamer detects the very low level of reflection energy that has travelled from the seismic source, through the water column into subsurface formations and back again, using pressure sensitive devices called hydrophones. The hydrophones convert the reflected pressure signals into electrical energy that is digitised and transmitted along the seismic streamer to the recording system on board the seismic vessel, where the data is recorded on a suitable medium.

The streamer is towed behind the survey vessel at a fixed depth. The depth is a compromise between the requirement to operate these sensitive devices away from surface weather and wave noise but keeping them shallow enough to receive the required bandwidth of the data.

The streamer is divided into sections to allow modular replacement of damaged components. Recent advances have moved away from traditional fluid filled cables to solid cables, which provide superior performance, greater stability and higher resistance to physical damage compared to fluid-filled streamers. Use of solid streamers provides greater capability of operating in poor weather and allows towing at shallower depths where required. Solid streamers are also more environmentally friendly and are the streamer of choice in environmentally sensitive areas.

In addition to the internal components of the streamer, there are three types of external device, which are attached to the streamer: depth control units or birds, magnetic compasses and acoustic positioning units. A tailbuoy is connected to the far end of each streamer to provide both hazard warning of the submerged towed streamer, especially important at night, and positional information.

5.2.4 The Pitu 3D Survey

Figure 5.3 presents the 3D method that will be employed for data acquisition in the Pitu Block. The survey lines will be oriented in direction 160/340 (ie along the A-D axis in Figure 5.1). Vessel lines will be spaced at 500 m to provide a sub surface line spacing of 25 m. The total sail line length will be approximately 3,178 km. For reasons of efficiency, it is usual to divide the survey into uni-directional swathes with an equal number of sail lines in each of the two directions, which will be determined when on location.

The survey will utilise two airgun arrays as a seismic energy source, firing alternatively rather than simultaneously. The two airgun arrays will each have a pressure level of >2000 psi and a peak output of 259 dB re 1 μPa @ 1m (peak). The required size and power of the airgun array is determined by

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 5-4 geophysicists with consideration of geological conditions and the depth below the sea floor to which the seismic energy must penetrate. Further air gun specifications are presented in Table 5.1.

Figure 5.3 The 3D Survey Method - Towing Configuration Ramform Challenger

Source: PGS

Table 5.1 Energy Source Specifications

Array parameter Array value No. of sources 2 Type / Manufacturer Airgun Volume (in.3) 4,135 Operating pressure (psi) >2,000 Sound output bar-m 90 bar-m (peak)

~ 259 dB re 1 uPa @ 1m (peak) Primary Bubble ratio (3-128 Hz) 19.2 No. of strings per array 3 Separation between strings (m) 8 Array geometry: Depth (m) 8 Length (m) 14 Width (m) 16.8

Ten solid (foam filled) streamers will be towed behind the seismic vessel, each 7 km in length and spaced 100 m apart. Further streamer specifications for the proposed survey are summarised in Table 5.2.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 5-5 Table 5.2 Streamer Specifications

Array parameter Array value Active length (m) 7,000 No. of streamers @ 100 m separation 10 Type / Manufacturer Solid – dual sensor No. of seismic groups 560 per streamer Group spacing (m) 12.5 Streamer depth (m) ~15 Nominal source / near trace offset (m) ~150 Shot interval (m) 25 Record length (s) 10

5.3 SURVEY VESSELS

5.3.1 Overview

In addition to the seismic survey vessel the Project will use up to three other vessels. The characteristics of these vessels are discussed below.

5.3.2 The Survey Vessel

The survey vessel is the main vessel that tows the streamer and records the data. Survey vessels are often purpose built with many special features, including state-of-the-art navigation, communications, safety equipment, and accommodation for seismic crew. Sophisticated positioning systems are used to accurately navigate along the predetermined seismic lines and determine the location of each component of the equipment at any point in time during the survey.

The 3D Seismic survey of the Pitu licence block will be undertaken by PGS, using the Ramform Challenger 3D seismic vessel (Figure 5.4). Technical specifications for this vessel are provided in Annex C.

Figure 5.4 3D Seismic Vessel - M/V Ramform Challenger

Source: M/V Ramform Challenger technical specifications (see Annex C), Cairn Energy

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 5-6 5.3.3 Chase Vessels

Chase boats will be used to enforce the exclusion zone and protect the streamer cable from other shipping traffic, to act as safety vessels, to generally ensure the smooth passage of the survey vessel and to assist in emergency situations as required (including oil spills). Seismic vessels are recognised as having a restricted ability to manoeuvre and in this respect, under marine sailing directions, they have priority over vessels that are not similarly restricted. In areas where poor charting or the presence of other vessels may pose a potential problem to the survey operation, chase boats will ensure that other vessels do not cross over or otherwise interfere with the towed equipment. The chase boats will also check that the way ahead of the survey vessel is clear of obstructions such as icebergs (although the vessel is capable of taking avoiding action should this be necessary), uncharted shallow water and fishing equipment, which may need to be removed from the path of the vessel.

The MV Vesturland (Figure 5.5) and the MV Valberg (Figure 5.7) will be used as chase vessels during the 3D seismic survey. Technical specifications of both vessels are provided in Annex C.

Figure 5.5 Chase Vessel Versturland

Source: Cairn Energy, Vesturland technical specifications (see Annex C)

Figure 5.6 Chase Vessel Valberg

Source: Cairn Energy, Valberg technical specifications (see Annex C)

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 5-7 5.3.4 Support Vessel

Operations will also be supported by a support vessel to provide refuelling, storing, crew change, spares and other operational and logistical support including assisting in emergency situations (including oil spills).

The Ocean Explorer (Figure 5.7) will be used as the support vessel during the 3D seismic survey. Technical specifications are provided in Annex C.

Figure 5.7 Support Vessel Ocean Explorer

Source: Cairn Energy, Ocean Explorer technical specifications (see Annex C)

5.4 LOGISTICS

5.4.1 Workforce

As described above the MV Ramform Challenger survey vessel will be supported by two chase boats and one support vessel. Typically 52 personnel are expected to be permanently stationed on the 3D seismic vessel, operating in 12 hour shifts. In addition, 18 persons are expected to be present on the support vessel and 6 persons on each of the chase vessels. Two Marine Mammal and Seabird Observers (MMSOs) will also be present onboard the seismic vessel.

Crew changes throughout the overall survey programme are expected to occur every 3-4 weeks.

5.4.2 Supplies Provisioning and Re-Fuelling

It is intended that crew-changes and re-supply will be carried out primarily via Aasiaat Port, with Upernavik as the secondary port/supply base. Resupply will be undertaken as required.

Given the fuel endurance of the Ramform Challenger and a potential 2011 programme (including other surveys in addition to this one) totalling 90+ days, refuelling at some stage during the course of the 2011 surveys is likely. In the event the Pitu survey is the first of the 3D surveys programmed by Capricorn in 2011, refuelling during the survey is unlikely. Refuelling, where required, may be undertaken offshore and will be dictated by operational

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 5-8 considerations and prevailing weather conditions. Any transfer of fuel oil offshore will be undertaken in accordance with industry best practice including guidelines issued by PAME (Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment) (1) and the contractors standing procedures for bunkering at sea.

5.5 EMISSIONS AND RELEASES

5.5.1 Emissions to the Atmosphere

The main sources of emissions to atmosphere will be from the engines on board the vessels.

It is not possible to precisely determine the actual vessel emissions since this varies considerably from vessel to vessel (according to rated power and design), as well as varying according to the speed and operating state of individual vessels, weather conditions etc. Standard industry emission factors are therefore used to calculate the estimated combustion emissions based on fuel type and estimated total usage.

Marine Gas Oil (MGO) will be used to power the vessel’s engines. The composition of MGO used by the survey vessel is in accordance with International standards and it has been assumed that the average sulphur content of a distillate fuel such as MGO is 0.5% by weight (2).

Based on estimated survey duration of 35 days the MV Ramform Challenger, chase vessels and support vessel are expected to consume the following quantities of fuel (Table 5.3). This is for illustrative purposes only and as an indication of the scale of potential impact. Further data on emissions are provided in Chapter 7.

Table 5.3 Estimated Fuel Consumption

Vessel Daily Fuel Use Est No. Operating Est. Total Fuel Use (Tonnes) Days (Tonnes) Ramform Challenger 37 35 1,300 Vesturland 2.5 35 88 Valberg 2.5 35 88 Ocean Explorer 12 35 420 Estimated Max. Total 54 140 1,790

In addition to emissions of gaseous pollutants, there will also be minor emission of unburned hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds and particulates.

(1) Arctic Council Guidelines for Transfer of Refined Oil and Oil Products in Arctic Waters (TROOP) November 2004, PAME (Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment) (2) Lloyds Register Engineering Services (1995) Marine Exhaust Emissions Research Programme. Lloyds Register Engineering Services, London UK.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 5-9 5.5.2 Vessel Liquid Discharges

The principal effluents generated by the vessel will comprise:

 greywater (1) from sanitary effluent eg wash water and laundry discharges;  treated blackwater eg sewage effluents;  drainage water eg bilge water (2) and machinery spaces drainage; and  service water / vessel engine cooling water.

Further details of each liquid waste stream are provided below:

Greywater and Blackwater

In accordance with the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78) Annex 1 the discharge of sewage and bilge water to sea will be prohibited, except when the ship has in operation an approved sewage treatment plant and is discharging comminuted and disinfected sewage at a distance of more than three nautical miles from the nearest land; or is discharging sewage which is not comminuted or disinfected at a distance of more than 12 nautical miles from the nearest land.

The survey vessels will be equipped with a sewage treatment system designed to treat wastewater streams before discharge.

Drainage and Bilge Water

Bilge water will pass through an oily water separator before being discharged. In order to ensure compliance with MAPROL, discharges of bilge water or drainage from machinery spaces will be treated to the specification of 15 parts per million (ppm) maximum oil content prior to overboard discharge.

Oil /water sensors and an alarm will ensure that the discharge limit is not exceeded. Volumes and rates of bilge water discharge cannot be predicted, however, due to the duration of the survey any bilge water discharge will be highly dispersed.

Service Water

Cooling water and surplus service water (eg from the drinking water generation systems) may contain residual chlorine (typically less than 1 part per million for potable water generation systems). Waste service water will be discharged to sea in compliance with MARPOL requirements.

(1) Greywater is water from culinary activities, bathing and laundry facilities, deck drains and other non- oily waste water drains (excluding sewage). (2) Bilge water is water generated in the bilge of the ship's machinery spaces and therefore may be contaminated with oil and other substances, some of which may be harmful if discharged directly to the marine environment.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 5-10 Other Effluents

Other effluents discharged during survey operations (eg deck drainage due to rainfall or spray run-off, and effluents from deck cleaning operations) may contain traces of oil and cleaning agents.

A number of tanks will be on board the survey vessel, which are likely to include:

 sludge settling tank;  sludge tank;  oily water tank;  bilge water tank;  black water tank;  grey water tank; and  used lube oil tank.

The survey vessel will comply with the requirements of MARPOL(1). A summary of potential liquid discharges, constituents, and comments on disposal routes is presented in Table 5.4.

Table 5.4 Inventory of Potential Liquid Discharges

Waste Stream Main Sources Possible Significant Comments / Volumes Constituents Drainage Rainwater run- Possible hydrocarbons Oily water treatment prior to off discharge. Rainwater run-off Bilge water volumes will depend on the Wash water severity of rainstorm and wind direction relative to the vessel movement. Domestic Vessel Biological oxygen Treatment and discharge on the sewage and demand (BOD), solids, vessel according to MARPOL grey water detergent, coliform specifications. bacteria

5.5.3 Vessel Solid Wastes

Survey vessels generally produce a relatively small range of waste streams. All solid wastes will be sorted, compacted where practicable and stored on board the vessel for final disposal onshore. Food waste will be macerated and disposed at sea. Larger food waste that cannot be macerated and discharged will be stored in bags for disposal as garbage. Hazardous or special waste will be stored in appropriate containers separately from non-hazardous wastes and disposed of at an appropriate certified reception facility during port calls.

Vessels are required by MARPOL 73/78 Annex V regulations to have a garbage management plan and a garbage record book where garbage

(1) References 36 and 37 of MARPOL 73/78 Annex 1, 1973 as amended by the 1978 Protocol.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 5-11 volumes, types and disposal routes are recorded. It is proposed that the survey vessel will use the port at Aasiaat for re-supply and crew-change. The port at Aasiaat will also provide waste handling / disposal facilities.

A summary of the types of wastes envisaged, with comments on their constituents and disposal routes, is outlined in Table 5.5 below.

Table 5.5 Inventory of Potential Solid and Scheduled Waste Streams

Waste Stream Main Sources Possible Comments Significant Constituents Garbage Miscellaneous Packaging A compactor will be onboard the materials, paper, vessel. cans etc It is estimated based on previous experience that approximately 15 m3 waste per month will be generated and stored on board for disposal to suitable facilities on shore (mainly compacted waste). Food waste Galleys Nutrients Macerated and discharged overboard in accordance with MARPOL 73/78 Annex V requirements Medical waste Dressings, Pathogenic Sharps box for all medical equipment clinical organisms, plastic, to be disposed of as required to a materials and glass, medicines, designated onshore location (medical out-of-date needles facility). medication Potentially Batteries, paint Hydrocarbons, Disposed of to suitable facility hazardous cans etc metals, acids etc onshore. waste Waste Lube oil Hydrocarbons, Minor quantities transferred to shore lubricants (1) heavy metals for supervised disposal.

All wastes generated during the survey will be managed in accordance with MARPOL requirements, relevant National legislation and best practice principles.

5.5.4 Other Hazardous Materials

Other hazardous materials involved in the survey include fuel, hydraulic oil and batteries. Handling procedures will be in place for all of the hazardous materials on board the vessel as appropriate.

5.5.5 Lights

The survey vessels will carry appropriate navigation lights for night-time and periods of poor visibility.

(1) Waste containing a chemical, or mixture of chemicals exceeding threshold concentrations and/or organic in nature, resistant to degradation by chemical, physical or biological means, toxic to humans, animals, vegetation or aquatic life and bioaccumulative in nature.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 5-12 5.5.6 Noise

The 3D seismic survey array will produce short, sharp sound pulses with very high peak levels of short duration and sound pressure levels estimated to be 259 dB re 1 μPa @ 1 m (peak) from the source. Noise will also be produced by the support vessel and chasing boats. The noise characteristics and level of various vessels that will be present in the field over time can vary between 130 and 182 dB re 1μPa at 1 m (rms). The particular activity being conducted by the vessel also greatly influences the noise characteristics, for example, if it is at idle, holding position using bow thrusters or accelerating.

5.6 DEMOBILISATION FROM THE STUDY AREA

On completion of the Project the survey vessel will demobilise from the survey area either directly to the next survey location or to port. There will effectively be no visible trace remaining within the survey area from the survey activities following demobilisation.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 5-13 6 ALTERNATIVES

6.1 INTRODUCTION

This Chapter describes the project alternatives available, including the no survey option, and how the options have been assessed by Capricorn.

Seismic surveying is a specialised discipline and the potential alternatives are defined by available technology and the specifications required as a result of the anticipated geology of the survey area. Capricorn’s objectives are primarily to better understand the hydrocarbon-bearing potential of sub- seabed geology and to identify areas of interest (‘prospects’) for possible exploration drilling.

Conducting a seismic survey is the only viable means of realising these objectives and is considered to be a necessary precursor to exploration drilling and any eventual exploitation of hydrocarbon resources. Other types of geophysical survey such as gravity and magnetic surveys may be carried out in addition to seismic surveys, however neither of these methods can provide the detailed subsurface mapping which is possible through interpretation of seismic data. Without seismic surveying, neither of these methods is able to provide the level of confidence required for identifying suitable prospects for drilling.

Without seismic data it is therefore considered impractical to investigate an area for future hydrocarbon development and the only alternative option is the no survey option. In this case the seismic survey will not take place and the potential impacts of seismic as assessed within Chapter 7 will also not occur. Any potential positive environmental or socio-economic impacts of any potential future development will also not be realised. The environmental baseline will not remain static should the project not go ahead, but will continue to be impacted by existing factors such as human exploitation of resources, global climatic changes and general degradation in air and water quality.

The alternative methods and technologies available for carrying out seismic surveys are discussed below, together with the reasons for the selected options.

6.2 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES

6.2.1 Type of Survey

There are two types of seismic survey that can be conducted: 2D and 3D. Capricorn proposes to carry out a 3D survey as described in more detail in Chapter 5. 3D seismic surveys record data over a closely spaced grid to produce three dimensional maps of the sub-surface geology with a high level

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 6-1 of accuracy. They have a high shot density and it therefore takes longer to acquire data over a given area than for a 2D survey which utilises widely spaced survey lines. 3D surveys also use multiple streamers to acquire data over a wide swathe, rather than the single streamer employed by 2D surveys. Normal practice is to initially acquire 2D data over a wide area, then to focus in on areas of interest and map them in more detail using 3D seismic. The different types of survey fulfil different purposes and the survey type is therefore selected based on the size of the area to be investigated, the level of existing subsurface data available and the objectives of the project team.

6.2.2 Vessel

The 3D survey vessel MV Ramform Challenger and its’ support vessels have been selected based on specification, availability and cost factors, as well as the track record of the seismic contractor on previous operations in this type of environment and the suitability of the vessel to operating in Arctic waters. The Ramform Challenger has basic ice strengthening and is classified as DNV Class ICE-C. There are not considered to be other available vessels suitable for this survey which meet with the clients’ requirements (including schedule and cost) that provide any environmental benefit over the selected option.

6.2.3 Sound Source

Historically a number of sound sources have been used during seismic surveying including dynamite and other explosives, water guns, vapour guns and air guns. The air gun is the most commonly used as it is the most reliable and is considered to be the least harmful to marine life. Other technologies such as marine vibrating sources are currently under development but are not available commercially and can only be used in stationary mode.

6.2.4 Detectors

When using Ocean Bottom Sensors, cables are placed on the seabed with hydrophones (1) and geophones (2) to detect the reflected waves from the sound source. This technique is normally limited to a maximum depth of 200 m and is therefore not suitable for this area where water depths are generally between 200m and 500m.

The Project will use towed streamers which are considered to be a relatively simple, cost effective and safe method of seismic acquisition. This is a rapid method of conducting surveys in deep open water. Traditionally towed streamers have been filled with an oil based liquid to keep them buoyant, however the streamers to be used in this 3D survey are filled with solid foam and therefore cannot leak into the marine environment. Solid streamers are considered to be the Best Available Technique (BAT) for seismic acquisition in this area.

(1) Detects energy changes in water. (2) Detects energy changes through the seabed.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 6-2 Capricorn also proposes to use a new type of solid streamer (GeoStreamer) which is equipped with dual sensors rather than a traditional single sensor and is intended to provide better resolution imagery, as well as being less susceptible to poor weather. By minimising periods of down-time, the overall length of time required to acquire the survey lines will be minimised and unnecessary fuel use due to periods of standby will be avoided. In all other ways the environmental impacts of using the GeoStreamer will be the same as for a conventional streamer.

6.3 TIMING

The survey schedule is determined by a combination of vessel availability, the time required to acquire the necessary data and environmental restrictions such as the need for ice-free waters.

6.4 CONCLUSIONS

Seismic surveys are a specialised technical activity, and alternative methods and technologies are limited. The survey technique and equipment specifications described in Chapter 5 are considered necessary for the safe and efficient operation of the Project.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 6-3 7 DISCUSSION OF IMPACTS

7.1 INTRODUCTION

This Chapter reports the findings of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the proposed 3D seismic survey. The assessment focuses on evaluating how the proposed 3D seismic survey and its associated activities could affect the physical, biological and human environment.

The discussion of 3D seismic survey impacts, their mitigation and significance is a key factor in producing an assessment of impacts that is both usable in the ongoing environmental management of the project and meaningful to stakeholders.

7.2 POTENTIAL IMPACTS

As outlined in Chapter 3, the assessment methodology follows a process through the identification of potential impacts and the determination of the significance of residual impacts taking into account mitigation measures. This section describes the approach used to identify the types of potential impact that may arise from the 3D seismic survey.

7.2.1 Identification of Potential Impacts

Environmental impacts arise as a result of interactions between operational aspects and environmental receptors. A typical impact assessment approach is to generate a list of potential sources of impact, which is broadly based on how the intended activities and the existing environmental features and other human activities may interact.

The various types of impact that may arise and definition of terms are described previously in Chapter 3. The types of impact are applicable to both the initial identification of impacts and subsequent assessment of residual impacts following the application of mitigation measures.

In addition to impacts predicted from routine operations, those impacts that would result in the event of an accident or unplanned event within the 3D seismic survey scope (eg a fuel spill) are taken into account. In these cases the probability of the event occurring is also considered.

The identification of potential impacts is carried out prior to any detailed assessment of the relative importance of each issue, the sensitivity of baseline resources or the magnitude of the potential impact, and does not take account of potential mitigation measures. At this stage of the assessment, it was judged that some issues could be scoped out because their impact on the environment would be so small as to be considered ‘not significant’. Other

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 7-1 issues are subsequently carried forward to the next stage of the EIA and assessed accordingly taking into account the proposed mitigation measures.

Table 7.1 summarises scoping by identifying the main interactions between 3D seismic survey activities and environmental resources and receptors. At a high level, the main sources of impact of the 3D seismic survey can be divided into planned events and unplanned events, which are further subdivided into individual impacts, as presented in Table 7.1.

Key interactions and issues have been determined through ongoing scoping according to one or more of the following considerations:

 past experience in the context of offshore 3D seismic survey;  regulator and stakeholder concern;  legislative requirement;  professional judgment in regards to resources / receptors deemed as sensitive to effects of the 3D seismic survey; and  being exposed to impacts from large scale or multiple activities (cumulative impacts).

Table 7.1 Potential Impacts

Impact Source Receptor Impacts from Planned Events Noise Fish Marine mammals Birds Emissions to air Air quality Discharges to sea Water quality Plankton Fish Marine mammals Birds Physical presence Other sea users Birds Marine mammals Spill (fuel, oil or chemical) Water quality Fish Marine mammals Birds Coastal environment

7.3 IMPACTS FROM PLANNED EVENTS

7.3.1 Noise

Marine Populations Present

As discussed in Chapter 4, there are a number of marine species that may be present within the licence block during the Pitu Block 3D seismic survey. Some of these species including cetaceans, pinnipeds, polar bears and fish may be sensitive to noise and have the potential to be impacted by the noise

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 7-2 produced during survey activities. Seabirds may also be present within the area during survey activities but they are not thought to be at significant risk of disturbance from seismic surveys (1) and are therefore unlikely to be impacted by noise from the Pitu Block 3D survey.

Potential Sources of Significant Noise

The potential sources of noise during Pitu Block 3D seismic survey activities will be:

 operation of the airgun array aboard the Ramform Challenger 3D seismic survey vessel; and  the engines of the seismic vessel, the two chase boats and the support vessel.

The airgun(s) that will be used as part of the Pitu Block 3D seismic survey will have a maximum volume of 4135 in3.

Noise Assessment Criteria for Marine Mammals

A review of published studies of the effect of seismic survey noise on fauna that are found in the study area has been undertaken to establish suitable numerical assessment criteria. These criteria have been used to compare with typical source terms of seismic surveys in order to establish if effects in terms of damage or behavioural disturbance are likely to occur. Approximate distances have been calculated to estimate distances over which noise might cause disturbance.

Since there is a range of ways in which underwater noise can be quantified, a variety of noise metrics are often referred to in literature. Underwater noise levels are commonly referred to in terms of decibels (dB). The decibels are based on a ratio of the underwater sound pressure to a common reference of 1 micropascal (dB re μPa).

The acoustic pressure referred to above can be expressed as either the peak to peak (p-p), peak (peak) or root mean square (rms). The type of pressure measurement used is an important consideration when comparing noise levels and criteria and the type of pressure measurement should be stated when quoting noise levels. The peak pressure is the maximum absolute pressure for an instantaneous signal. However, acoustic pressure varies from positive to negative to form the pressure fluctuations that can be heard by fauna. Therefore, it is also possible to refer to the peak to peak value (p-p), which is the algebraic difference between the highest (positive) point to the lowest (negative) point of a sound pressure signal. The peak to peak value is higher for a given signal than the peak value.

(1) Mosbech, A., Dietz, R. & Nymand, J. (2000). Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment of Regional Offshore Seismic Surveys in Greenland. Arctic Environment. 2nd Ed. National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark. 25 pp.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 7-3 These measures do not reflect average values of sound and an additional quantity is used to reflect this, which is referred to as the root mean squared (or rms) value. This quantity is the square root of the mean of the instantaneous pressures squared. The units of measurement have been considered when comparing data from different studies in this assessment.

The work of Southall et al (2007) (1) of the Marine Mammal Criteria Group sets out criteria for damage and behavioural reactions of marine mammals to noise and has been used to derive criteria for the assessment of potential noise impacts from the proposed seismic survey on marine mammals. The study reviews data for activities involving multiple noise pulses (such as seismic survey noise sources) separately from more continuous, non-pulsed, noise (such as from vessel engine noise).

The criteria in Southall et al (2007) (2) suggest that in order to cause instantaneous injury to cetaceans (whales and dolphins) resulting in a permanent loss in hearing ability that is referred to as permanent threshold shift (PTS), the sound level must exceed 230 decibels (dB) re 1 micropascal (μPa) (peak). For pinnipeds, Southall et al (2007) suggest a level of 218 dB re 1 μPa (peak). Based on established research into underwater sound emissions, the airgun used in this seismic survey is expected to have a source sound level of no greater than approximately 265 dB re μPa at 1 m (p-p). This data has been provided by Capricorn and is compatible with other sources of information for air guns of a similar size (3). Typically, the peak level from a seismic survey source would be expected to be approximately 6 dB lower than the peak to peak value (4)), giving a source level of 259 dB re μPa at 1 m (peak) Most energy is produced in the 10-200 Hz frequency bandwidth. The airgun is unlikely to cause received levels such as this, even at very short ranges from the airgun due to near-field effects. The airgun source will also not be started on full power, but gradually ‘ramped-up’ from a far lower source level. Therefore the likelihood of instantaneous injury (PTS) to marine mammals is considered to be low and the potential major effect of the seismic survey is likely to be behavioural disturbance, which is likely to have the most widespread effect on marine mammals. Consideration of potential behavioural changes is made in the following section.

The US Marine Mammal Criteria Group (MMCG) has attempted to develop criteria (published as Southall et al (5)) that would help to document the level of

(1) Southall, B.L., A.E. Bowles, W.T. Ellison, J.J. Finneran, R.L. Gentry, C.R. Greene Jr., D. Kastak, D.R. Ketten, J.H. Miller, P.E. Nachtigall, W.J. Richardson, J.A. Thomas and P.L. Tyack. (2007). Marine mammal noise exposure criteria: initial scientific recommendations. Aquatic Mammals 33(4):411-522. (2) Southall, B.L., A.E. Bowles, W.T. Ellison, J.J. Finneran, R.L. Gentry, C.R. Greene Jr., D. Kastak, D.R. Ketten, J.H. Miller, P.E. Nachtigall, W.J. Richardson, J.A. Thomas and P.L. Tyack. (2007). Marine mammal noise exposure criteria: initial scientific recommendations. Aquatic Mammals 33(4):411-522. (3) R Wyatt. (2008). Joint Industry Programme on Sound and Marine Life Review of Existing Data on Underwater Sounds Produced by the Oil and Gas Industry Issue 1 (4) Richardson, W.J., Greene, C.R., Malme, C.I. & Thomson, D.H. 1995. Marine Mammals and Noise, Academic Press, San Diego. (5) Southall, B.L., A.E. Bowles, W.T. Ellison, J.J. Finneran, R.L. Gentry, C.R. Greene Jr., D. Kastak, D.R. Ketten, J.H. Miller, P.E. Nachtigall, W.J. Richardson, J.A. Thomas and P.L. Tyack. (2007). Marine mammal noise exposure criteria: initial scientific recommendations. Aquatic Mammals 33(4):411-522.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 7-4 behavioural response one could expect from marine mammals if subjected to a certain sound level which coincides with their frequency sensitivity. MMCG attempted to do this by compiling a database of studies on behavioural responses to sounds, for five different functional categories of cetaceans (low/mid/high frequency cetaceans, and pinnipeds in air/water). The documented responses to certain types of sound have been logged using a unique severity scoring system which ranks the sound level at which behavioural responses start from a zero for ‘no response’ to a 9 for ‘outright panic, flight, stampede, attack of conspecifics or stranding events’ . However, it is recognised that there is not enough data to be able to specify sound levels corresponding to all of the severity rating levels.

A severity rating level of ‘6’ has been taken as the point at which impacts become ‘significant’ in this study; this is defined as:

 minor or moderate individual and/or group avoidance of sound source;  brief or minor separation of females and dependent offspring;  aggressive behaviour related to noise exposure (e.g. tail/flipper slapping, fluke display, jaw clapping/gnashing of teeth, abrupt directed movement, bubble clouds);  extended cessation or modification of vocal behaviour;  visible startle response; and  brief cessation of reproductive behaviour.

Since there is not always evidence as to the sound level at which this specific level of behavioural effect is seen, it has been necessary to take a precautionary approach by adopting lower severity scores in this assessment due to such data gaps. For example, due to limited response data it has been necessary to conduct an extremely precautionary assessment of the potential for behavioural response in mid frequency cetaceans (eg sperm whales) since evidence of MMCG behaviour level 6 data is lacking. As such it was necessary to conduct the assessment on the precautionary basis of using level 3 (‘minor changes in response to trained behaviour’) as this was the only response level where documented responses to certain sound levels exists. The adopted severity scores are summarised in Table 7.2.

Table 7.2 Summary of Behavioural Criteria Identified based on the Marine Mammal Noise Exposure Criteria Severity Score

Species (1) Source type On-set of behavioural change Severity score receive level – SPL (dB re 1 μPa rms) Mid-frequency multiple pulses 120 – 140 No appropriate data available Mid-frequency non-pulse 110 – 120 3 Low-frequency multiple pulses 140 – 180 6 Low-frequency non-pulse 110 – 130 6

(1) It was noted in Southall et al that further empirical behavioural research was required to establish criteria for the effects of pulsed sounds such as airguns on high-frequency cetaceans. Therefore, no criteria are included in Table 7.2.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 7-5 Low frequency cetaceans that might be within the licence block during the seismic survey period include Balaena mysticetus (bowhead whales) and Balaenoptera acutorostrata (minke whales). Mid frequency cetaceans include Delphinapterus leucas (beluga whales), Monodon monoceros (narwhals) and possibly Physeter macrocephalus (sperm whales). The only high frequency cetacean in the study area is likely to be Phocoena phocoena (the harbour porpoise).

Monodon monoceros (narwhals) form summer agglomerations in the Melville Bay Reserve, which is 75 km to the north of the Pitu Block 3D survey area. There is a broader area that is described as being “important for Narwhal” (see Figure 4.13), which is a minimum of 50 km from the seismic survey area. It is also understood that they migrate to wintering grounds, but that this route is only used from late October, which will be after the seismic survey has finished (1).

Balaena mysticetus and Delphinapterus leucas (Bowhead and Beluga Whales) migrate through the area in May and June. However, the survey is planned to start in August and so noise from the seismic survey will not occur during the migration period.

Given the Pitu Block 3D seismic survey is expected to be completed within 35 days, the potential effects are not likely to be long-term. The magnitude of impact of noise generated by the Pitu Block 3D seismic survey activities on mid and low frequency cetaceans is considered moderate.

Some species of pinnipeds that may occur in the licence block during the survey include Phoca vitulina (harbour seals), Phoca groenlandica (harp seals), Cystophora cristata (hooded seals) and Phoca hispida (ringed seals). However, the evidence for responses to non-pulsed sounds is insufficient to derive specific behavioural criteria for these particular species. Data in Southall et al (2) have therefore been used for studies involving Phoca vitulina. There have been few observations with a behavioural severity of 6. Even at a behavioural severity of 4 which was based on a study in which a higher number of individuals were observed to react to noise, a criterion of 130 dB to 140 dB re 1 μPa (rms) for non-pulse sounds would result, which suggests that pinnipeds are likely to be less sensitive than the mid or low frequency species listed above. Any reactions from pinnipeds are expected to be confined to relatively small distances and durations, with no long-term effects on individual animals or populations. The magnitude of impact of noise generated by the Pitu Block 3D seismic survey activities on pinnipeds is considered negligible.

A thorough review of data specifically relating to seismic studies was undertaken to support the successful application for a recent (2010) seismic

(1) NERI. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. (2) Southall, B.L., A.E. Bowles, W.T. Ellison, J.J. Finneran, R.L. Gentry, C.R. Greene Jr., D. Kastak, D.R. Ketten, J.H. Miller, P.E. Nachtigall, W.J. Richardson, J.A. Thomas and P.L. Tyack. (2007). Marine mammal noise exposure criteria: initial scientific recommendations. Aquatic Mammals 33(4):411-522.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 7-6 survey project by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) (1). The details of the review are contained in Annex G of the USGS study.

The review noted that in the US National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) guidance for cetaceans that they should not be exposed to pulsed underwater noise at received levels >180 dB re 1 μPa (rms). The corresponding limit for pinnipeds was 190 dB re 1 μPa (rms), although a 180 dB re 1 μPa (rms) limit has been recommended for pinnipeds in California. The 180 and 190 dB re 1 μPa (rms) levels have not been considered to be the levels above which Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS) might occur, but rather that it could not be ruled out. Lucke et al (2009) (2) have suggested a level of 200 dB re 1 μPa (p-p) at which TTS may occur based on a study of a single captive harbour porpoise. This would equate to a level of 184 dB re 1 μPa (rms). In order to be conservative, a cautious assessment criterion of 180 dB re 1 μPa (rms) has been assumed for all species in this assessment.

The USGS review of literature also concluded that the many studies of criterion for Level B Harassment (ie behavioural responses that are significant enough to result in a change in the animal’s repertoire of actions rather than purely short term reactions to noise) support the NMFS view that disturbance is generally likely to occur at 160 dB re 1 μPa (rms). Based on this review, and taking account of the fact that the duration of the Pitu Block 3D seismic is expected to be only 35 days in total it is likely that adopting the standards suggested by the data in Southall et al (3) would result in an unnecessarily onerous assessment of the likely effects of the operations.

As noted in Table 7.2 there was no data on the behavioural response of high- frequency cetaceans to noise from seismic surveys when the work by Southall et al. (2007) was published. Subsequently, research by Lucke et al (2009) has suggested a threshold level for behavioural response of 174 dB re 1 μPa (p-p), (equivalent to a level of 158 dB re 1 μPa (rms)) for Phocoena phocoena, however there is considerable uncertainty in this level as the study involved a single captive individual.

Based on the above sources a behavioural criterion of 160 dB re 1 μPa (rms) has been adopted for this assessment for the most stringent behavioural guidance levels set by the NMFS.

Although it is a secondary source compared to the seismic noise source, the effect of the vessels in the area has been considered relative to the criteria derived for non-pulse sounds in Table 7.2. A value of 120 dB re 1 μPa (rms) has been adopted for this assessment.

(1) Haley, B., Ireland, D., and Childs, J.R., 2010. Environmental Assessment for a Marine Geophysical Survey of Parts of the Arctic Ocean, August – September 2010, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1117, version 2.0. (2) Temporary shift in masked hearing Thresholds in a Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) After Exposure to Seismic Airgun Stimuli. Lucke, Siebert, Lepper, Blanchet. Acoustical Society of America, 2009. (3) Southall, B.L., A.E. Bowles, W.T. Ellison, J.J. Finneran, R.L. Gentry, C.R. Greene Jr., D. Kastak, D.R. Ketten, J.H. Miller, P.E. Nachtigall, W.J. Richardson, J.A. Thomas and P.L. Tyack. (2007). Marine mammal noise exposure criteria: initial scientific recommendations. Aquatic Mammals 33(4):411-522.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 7-7 The effect on other animals in the region eg Ursus maritimus (polar bears) and Odobenus rosmarus (walrus) is not expected to be higher than those listed above. If Ursus maritimus are present in the survey area (which is considered unlikely given the necessary ice conditions required for the survey ie open water and time of year) they are expected to be able to leave the water should the sound become too high and so no significant effects are expected as a result of the temporary disturbance caused to these species.

A summary of the criteria outlined above in presented in Table 7.3 below.

Table 7.3 Summary of Adopted Criteria

Species Effect Adopted Criteria, dB re 1 μPa (rms) Pinnipeds and cetaceans TTS from seismic activity 180 Pinnipeds and cetaceans Significant behavioural effects from seismic 160 activity Pinnipeds and cetaceans Significant behavioural effects from support 120 vessels

Noise Assessment Criteria for Fish

The potentially lethal effects on fish have been considered rather than the effects of threshold shift in this assessment. Work has been done by the Fisheries Hydroacoustic Working Group (1) (FHWG) to try to address this knowledge gap. Interim criteria of 206 dB re 1 μPa (peak) have been set with accumulated sound exposure level (SEL) of 187 dB and 183 dB re 1 μPa2. The SEL criteria are intended to take into account the likely noise exposure over time, which would require more detailed knowledge of likely timings of activities than is available at this stage of the project. The latter of the exposure criteria is intended to apply to fish weighing less than 2 g.

There are insufficient peer reviewed reliable data available for the onset of behavioural disturbance in fish as noted by the Fisheries Hydro Acoustic Working Group (FHWG).

Potential Impacts to Marine Mammals

Since it is difficult to accurately predict the noise levels from air gun arrays at long distances from the source, the approach adopted here is to estimate the likely ranges of impact using a previous measurement study (2). The distances at which noise levels would decay to 180 dB and 160 dB re 1 μPa (rms) were measured during this study. This study was undertaken using an airgun array with a maximum volume of 3147 in3, which is smaller than the volume of the array to be used in this project (4135 in3). An adjustment has been made to account for the expected difference in noise levels (2.2 dB) which indicates

(1) ICF Jones and Stokes, 2009. Technical Guidance for Assessment and Mitigation of the Hydroacoustic Effects of Pile Driving on Fish, ICF Jones and Stokes for the California Department of Transportation, February 2009, 298 pp. (2) Marine Mammal Monitoring and Mitigation during Open Water Seismic Exploration by Shell Offshore Inc. in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, July-September 2006: 90-day Report: H.Patterson and SB Blackwell, et al 2007, LGL.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 7-8 that the zones from the larger air gun array would be a factor of 1.66 larger than the measured distances.

Based on these assumptions zones were found to exist where noise would reach levels of 180 dB re 1 μPa (rms) at about 3 km, and 160 dB re 1 μPa (rms) at 16 km. Given that the nearest edge of the sensitive areas for narwhal are approximately 50 km from the seismic survey, significant behavioural reactions are not expected. No significant effects are likely within the Melville Bay Reserve.

Studies have shown that airguns can be audible over wide ranges, and on the same basis as discussed above, the measured levels suggest that the 4135 in3 air gun array would be expected to give a noise level of 120 dB re 1 μPa (rms) at approximately 150 km from the source. However, based on the review of criteria, this level is not expected to result in a significant change in behaviour for most mammals. Some studies have shown that migratory whales may be more sensitive to noise, and may react to lower levels (as low as 120 dB re 1 μPa (rms) for Bowhead whales) (1).

The migratory routes of whales through the area in June will not be affected as the estimated start time for the survey is mid August. No changes to known migratory routes during the survey period are therefore expected to occur.

The effects of noise from the seismic vessel and chase and support vessels (engines and propellers) are not expected to have significant behavioural effects beyond approximately 3 to 4 km, and are therefore not expected to be significant. This analysis is based on the criterion for non-pulsed sounds in Table 7.2.

Potential Impacts to Fish

As discussed above, to avoid damage to fish an interim criterion of 206 dB re 1 μPa (peak) has been set. The source level from the seismic source will have decayed to 190 dB re 1 μPa (rms) at approximately 1 km, and the equivalent peak level would be approximately 10 dB higher than this (ie 200 dB re 1 μPa (peak)). Therefore, it is considered unlikely that significant damage will occur to fish, beyond about 1 km of the survey area.

Whilst fish with more sensitive hearing mechanisms may move away from the source, the effect is not considered to be significant given the transient nature of the impact at various locations, and the Pitu Block 3D seismic survey programme of 35 days. The magnitude of impact from noise on fish is assessed as negligible.

(1) Southall, B.L., A.E. Bowles, W.T. Ellison, J.J. Finneran, R.L. Gentry, C.R. Greene Jr., D. Kastak, D.R. Ketten, J.H. Miller, P.E. Nachtigall, W.J. Richardson, J.A. Thomas and P.L. Tyack. (2007). Marine mammal noise exposure criteria: initial scientific recommendations. Aquatic Mammals 33(4):411-522.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 7-9 Mitigation Measures

The following mitigation measures will be adopted in order to reduce the potential impacts from underwater noise. Mitigation measures have been adapted from NERI’s Guidelines to Environmental Impact Assessment of Seismic Activities in Greenland Waters, 2010 (1).

The main concern about operating airguns surrounds the start up procedure (2). Less concern should be given to animals approached by the survey ship while in full operation and animals who themselves actively approach the vessel. In those cases, the animals have the possibility to move away from the noise source before they reach potentially dangerous levels.

 The airgun will not be larger than needed for the survey.

 A safety zone of 500 m from the airgun shall be applied.

 A pre-shooting search shall be conducted before commencement of any use of the airguns. Given that the waters of the Pitu Block 3D seismic survey area are more that 200 m deep, the search shall last for 60 minutes. If marine mammals are spotted within the safety zone, the ramp-up procedure shall be delayed 20 minutes, from the time when the animal has left the safety zone (or the ship has moved so far that the animal is outside). The pre-shooting search can be initiated before the end of a survey line, while the airguns are still firing.

 The airgun shall not be started at full power, but the output of the airgun slowly increased by manipulation of pressure (ramp-up procedure).

 The ramp-up procedure shall occur over a period of about 20 minutes and can occur while the survey ship is en route to the starting point of the transect line.

 Ramp-up should not be initiated if marine mammals are inside the safety zone (500 m). If marine mammals are discovered within this safety zone during the ramp-up procedure, the airguns shall be turned off, and a new ramp-up procedure initiated when the mammal has left the safety zone - ie at least 20 minutes after the last sighting.

 If proper ramp-up cannot be performed for technical or other reasons, other measures should be taken to assure that no animals are within the safety zone at start up.

(1) Boertmann, D., Tougaard, J., Johansen, K. & Mosbech, A. 2010. Guidelines to environmental impact assessment of seismic activities in Greenland waters. 2nd edition. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 42 pp. – NERI Technical Report no. 785. http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/FR785.pdf.. (2) Boertmann, D., Tougaard, J., Johansen, K. & Mosbech, A. 2010. Guidelines to environmental impact assessment of seismic activities in Greenland waters. 2nd edition. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 42 pp. – NERI Technical Report no. 785. http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/FR785.pdf..

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 7-10  If the airgun is shut down for any reason while on the transect line it can be re-initiated at full power given that the silent break is not longer than five minutes. Otherwise a full ramp-up procedure should be followed.

 The airgun should be shut down completely between lines, if the transit time is longer than the time it takes to conduct a ramp-up then a full ramp- up should be initiated prior to arrival at the next line. If transit time is less than 20 minutes the airgun can be operated during transit, preferably at reduced power output.

 Two Marine Mammal and Seabird Observers (MMSOs) shall be posted on the source vessel (where the airguns are deployed from) and be continuously on the look out particularly for whales during the preshooting search and when airguns are operated.

 A log of marine mammal observations should be kept on the ship and reported as part of the cruise report.

 Airguns should not be used outside the transect lines, except in the cases mentioned above (ramp-up prior to arrival and on short transit lines) and for strictly necessary testing purposes. Testing the airgun at full power should be initiated with a ramp-up procedure as above.

Residual Impacts

Data gaps on occurrence, distribution and abundance of marine mammals exist making it hard to assess the effects of seismic activities, however, given the available data and the method of assessment above, the significance of impacts to marine mammals from underwater noise has been evaluated. This assessment is valid for this Project only based on the available data and may require updating for future projects in light of new data. All cetaceans and pinnipeds are considered to be of high value given their protection status, international iconic reputation and their value to subsistence hunting. Taking the mitigation measures into account, the overall impact of Pitu Block 3D seismic survey noise on pinnipeds is assessed as being of minor significance. The overall impact of Pitu Block 3D seismic survey generated noise on cetaceans is assessed as being of moderate significance.

Fish are considered to be of low value, except for Reinhardtius hippoglossoides which are considered to be medium value given their fisheries value. Taking the mitigation measures into account, the overall impact of Pitu Block 3D seismic survey noise on all fish species is assessed as being not significant.

7.3.2 Emissions to Air

Potential Sources of Impacts

The Project vessels will release emissions to air from their engines. Release of gaseous pollutant emissions to the atmosphere will adversely affect local air

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 7-11 quality. In addition there will be a release of greenhouse gases. Pollutant emissions will be released at each of the 3D seismic survey locations and along the route between the licence blocks and onshore bases.

Four vessels will be required during the Project: a survey vessel, two chase boats and a support vessel. The estimated total survey time for the Pitu licence block is 35 days and operations will be conducted 24 hours a day for seven days a week, based on this the expected fuel consumptions of the vessels are presented in Table 7.4.

Table 7.4 Project Vessel Fuel Consumption

Vessel Daily Fuel Total Fuel Consumption Consumption (tonnes) (tonnes) Ramform Challenger 37 1,300 Vesturland 2.5 88 Valberg 2.5 88 Ocean Explorer 12 420 Total 42 1,475 Daily fuel consumptions have been estimated based on figures for a typical vessel where actual figures are not available. Fuel use and emission figures for the Ocean Explorer represent worst case as the Ocean Explorer will not be in permanent attendance throughout the survey period.

The Project vessels will use low sulphur content marine gas oil (MGO). Pollutant emission figures for the Project vessels have been calculated based on estimated tonnes of fuel usage and emission factors for combustion (1) (see Table 7.5). Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are estimated in the equivalent

tonnes of CO2 (CO2E).

Table 7.5 Greenhouse Gas Emissions – Project Vessels

Description Fuel GHG Emissions (GHG)

Consumption (t) CH4 (t) CO2 (t) (t CO2E) NOX (t) VOCs (t) SOx (t) N2O (t) CO (t) Ramform 1,300 0.18 4,119.9 4134.7 77.22 2.60 5.20 0.04 20.4 Challenger Vesturland 88 0.01 278.9 279.9 5.23 0.18 0.35 0.00 1.38 Valberg 88 0.01 278.9 279.9 5.23 0.18 0.35 0.00 1.38 Ocean 420 0.06 1331.1 1335.8 24.95 0.84 1.68 0.01 6.59 Explorer Total 1,896 0.26 6008.8 6030.3 112.63 3.8 7.58 0.05 29.75 Notes: The emissions to air above are estimated figures based on predicted operations. They have been calculated using estimated fuel consumption and standard industry air emission conversion factors consistent with the reporting format for the Project (UK Environmental Emissions Monitoring System and American Petroleum Institute (2009)).

The total GHG emissions outlined in Table 7.5 are low due to the duration of the survey and the low overall fuel consumption of the vessels. The potential

(1) Methods for estimating atmospheric emissions from E&P Operations, Report No 2.59 /197 September 1994, The oil Industry International Exploration and Production Forum.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 7-12 impacts that may arise are considered to be a short-term reduction in local air quality and increase in atmospheric pollutants due to the offshore location of the survey and the quick dispersion of emissions. Therefore, the magnitude of impact to air quality is expected to be negligible.

Mitigation Measures

The following mitigation measures will be adopted in order to reduce the potential impacts on air quality:

 All vessel propulsion systems, exhaust systems and power generation equipment will be well maintained and operated efficiently.

 Fuel consumption of all vessels will be monitored regularly.

 All vessels will be refuelled in Greenland using low sulphur fuel.

Residual Impacts

Taking the mitigation measures into account the impact on air quality is assessed as not significant.

7.3.3 Discharges to Sea

Potential Sources of Impacts

During the survey period various types of waste and discharge will be produced, each requiring appropriate handling and disposal. Water quality in the Pitu block is expected to be good with low pollution levels as the licence block is some distance offshore and there is relatively little offshore activity in the region; therefore any waste that is discharged to sea has the potential to effect local water quality, which could have an impact on the marine ecology. The effluent generated as a result of 3D seismic survey activities are:  greywater from sanitary effluent (eg wash water and laundry discharges);  treated blackwater (eg sewage effluents);  drainage water (eg bilge water and machinery spaces drainage); and  service water / vessel engine cooling water.

All waste will be handled and disposed in full compliance with relevant legislation eg MARPOL (1) requirements. Waste materials will be separated offshore into controlled (non-hazardous) and hazardous wastes, solids and liquids. Clinical waste will also be stored separately. Solid waste will be stored for transfer to shore for disposal/recycling and will therefore not impact the marine environment. All waste transferred to shore will be disposed of at a facility that is appropriately licensed and accredited under the relevant national regulatory framework. As solid waste will be transferred to

(1) The Relevant provisions are in Annex IV (Sewage) and Annex V (Garbage) to MARPOL 73/78.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 7-13 appropriate onshore receiving facilities, the impacts of solid waste disposal by the Project have been scoped out as not directly applicable.

Any discharges of controlled (non-hazardous) waste and liquid from the washing or rinsing of containers or equipment will meet applicable standards before discharge. Sewage and organic kitchen material will be treated prior to discharge to meet the applicable standards (ie MARPOL).

Grey water, Black water and Kitchen waste

Vessel specific figures for estimated black and grey water discharge can be found in Table 7.6. Estimates have been calculated based on the expected persons on board (POB). All figures given are predicted averages and actual figures may vary. Black water will be produced at the rate of up to 50 litres per person each day (1) giving a total estimated volume of 4.200 litres each day. Assuming a further 150 litres of grey water discharge per person an estimate of the total discharge is 12,600 litres each day. Small variations in personnel numbers and discharge figures are not expected to affect the significance of impact.

Table 7.6 Estimated Daily Grey and Black Water Discharges

Description Est No. POB Daily Max. Daily Max. operating Black water Grey water Days on discharge discharge Project (litres) (litres) Ramform Challenger 35 52 2,600 7,800 Vesturland 35 6 300 900 Valberg 35 6 300 900 Ocean Explorer 35 20 1,000 3,000 Total 4,200 12,600 Note: POB is based on expected persons on board, not the maximum accommodation capacity of each vessel.

Grey water discharge includes drainage from baths, showers, laundry, wash basins and dishwater. Grey water is not required to be treated prior to discharge into the sea under MARPOL 73/78 as it is not classified as sewage or garbage (provided it does not contain a pollutant prescribed in the Regulations or MARPOL). Grey water will be discharged directly to sea over the 35 day period of the survey. The total volume produced is estimated to be low given the duration of the survey and the number of vessels involved. Greywater discharge is not expected to reduce water quality in the Pitu block except very locally to the discharge point. The magnitude of impact from this discharge is considered negligible. Harm to populations of marine organisms due to grey water discharge is therefore not predicted.

Black water can contain harmful microorganisms, nutrients, suspended solids, organic material with a chemical and biological oxygen demand (BOD) and

(1) Based on UK domestic water use data from Water Wise http://www.waterwise.org.uk/reducing_water_wastage_in_the_uk/

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 7-14 residual chlorine from the sewage treatment disinfection. Onboard treatment in a certificated IMO compliant sewage treatment facility will treat sewage to IMO standards as set out in Annex IV of MARPOL. The treatment standard is no more than 250 faecal coliforms per 100 ml, the total suspended solids must be less than 50 mg/l and the BOD less than 50 mg/l. Increased BOD directly impacts water quality as it is a measure of the increased uptake of dissolved oxygen concentration by microorganisms that decompose organic material in the sewage, which in turn reduces the dissolved oxygen content of the water. The widespread survey area and its 35 day duration mean that the treated black water discharge will be spread over a large offshore area in small volumes, which is expected to disperse and dilute quickly due to tidal currents. The magnitude of impact of the water quality due to sewage discharge is negligible. Adverse effects to the marine environment are not anticipated.

Organic waste discharge from galleys will introduce nutrients and organic material to the water column, which may cause a local increase in BOD. Prior to discharge this waste will be macerated, and once discharged will disperse and dilute quickly. Only small quantities of organic matter are expected to be discharged during the 35 day survey, therefore the magnitude of impact is expected to be negligible.

Drainage and Bilge Water

Drainage and bilge water may contain traces of oil, which would reduce water quality if discharged to the marine environment, however, no planned discharges are anticipated due to the relatively short survey duration. In the case of an unplanned discharge, drainage and bilge water would be directed to the holding tank (bilges) then routed through an oil/water separator and monitored for oil concentration before discharge. In order to ensure compliance with MARPOL, discharges of drainage and bilge water would be treated to an oil in water content of 15 parts per million (ppm) or lower. This will localise any impact to the vicinity of the discharge point and at this concentration there will be no visible sheen and dispersion will be rapid. As stated above, there are no planned discharges of drainage and bilge water, however, should an unplanned discharge occur the impact on the marine environment and local water quality is expected to be negligible.

Service Water

Service waters discharged into the sea during the 3D seismic survey may contain residual concentrations of chlorine. The maximum concentration of chlorine is expected to be less than 1 ppm. Chlorine is harmful to marine organisms even at low concentrations, with toxic thresholds for fish species being in the range of 0.1 to 0.4 ppm (1). However, the total volume of these discharges is expected to be small, with rapid dispersion in the marine

(1) International Hydrological Programme, 1979

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 7-15 environment, therefore impacts on water quality and marine ecology from chlorinated water discharge are considered to be negligible.

Other Effluents

There is potential for a number of other effluents to be released during the 3D seismic survey as a result of rainwater run off from the deck and effluents from deck cleaning. These effluents may contain traces of oil which will be diluted rapidly by tidal currents. Therefore the impacts on water quality and marine organisms from other effluents are expected to be negligible.

Mitigation Measures

The following mitigation measures will be adopted to address the potential impacts of vessel discharges on water quality:

 All discharges of sewage will be carried out in compliance with MARPOL 73/78 Annex IV such that sewage discharges will either be comminuted and disinfected to required standards in an approved treatment plant and discharged more than 12 nautical miles from shore, or contained and discharged at appropriate onshore facilities.

 No unmacerated food wastes will be discharged to sea. Given the unpolluted and sensitive nature of this region, it is recommended that the west Greenland area is treated as a ‘Special Area’ for the purposes of garbage disposal under Annex V of Marpol (although it is not listed as such), meaning that macerated or ground food waste may be discharged to sea, but only at distances of at least 12 nautical miles from the coastline.

Residual Impacts

The sensitivity of the water column has been categorised as low. Taking the mitigation measures into account, the small volume of discharges and negligible magnitude of impact expected from each of the discharges the impact of routine vessel discharges to sea on water quality and marine ecology is assessed as being not significant.

7.3.4 Physical Presence

Potential Source of Impact

The physical presence of the Project vessels in the survey area creates a collision risk with marine mammals, birds, other sea users and icebergs. Potential spills of hydrocarbons from collisions are assessed in Section 7.4.1.

Marine mammals are generally sufficiently mobile to avoid direct physical harm through collision, therefore no impacts are predicted. Some spring migrating bird species or breeding birds may occur, however, given the time of the survey they are likely to be mobile enough to avoid the Project vessels and will therefore not be impacted through collision with the Project vessels.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 7-16 Icebergs and sea ice also present a collision risk, however, considering the time of the survey and that the 3D seismic survey cannot be undertaken in ice covered waters, collisions are highly unlikely. Also, the seismic vessel is able to take avoiding action should this be necessary. The Northern Sea Route is generally navigable in the summer months, however, ice conditions during the rest of the year usually prevent commercial shipping vessels from attempting the route. It is therefore unlikely that any commercial shipping vessels will attempt the Northern Sea Route during the survey window and so there will be very few, if any, commercial shipping vessels in the vicinity of the licence block. Therefore, no impacts from collision between the survey vessel and commercial shipping vessels or sea ice are expected.

Commercial fishing vessels are not expected to occur within the licence block as fishing generally occurs near the coast or south of the licence block. Collisions with fishing vessels are therefore not expected.

The support vessel is expected to use Aasiaat Port as its primary supply base, with Upernavik as the secondary port/supply base. Resupply will be undertaken as and when necessary. Given that only a single vessel will make trips to port during the survey and the limited number of trips expected collisions are unlikely.

Mitigation Measures

The following mitigation measures will be adopted as commitments in order to reduce the potential for collisions between the Project vessels and commercial fishing vessels, shipping vessels and icebergs / sea ice:

 The Project vessels will comply with the relevant IMO Maritime Codes with regard to the appropriate radar, radio, lights, flags and other visible signals, and good navigational practices and seamanship.

 Use of high definition “Seahawk” radar on the Ramform Challenger and Ocean Explorer.

 Notifications will be sent to the Greenland fishing and navigational authorities prior to the survey commencing to alert fishing and shipping vessels to avoid the survey location, where possible, during the survey.

 Satellite ice tracking and monitoring of the movement of ice ahead of the survey vessel will be employed to minimise the risk of collisions.

 Appropriate radio broadcasts will be made on the relevant shipping channels to make other marine users in the area aware of the survey location.

 Chase boats will be used to prevent interference with other sea users and physical obstructions (ie icebergs).

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 7-17  Two Marine Mammal and Seabird Observers (MMSOs) will be on board the seismic survey vessel to watch for marine mammals.

Residual Impacts

Given the above mitigation and general shipping navigation procedures collisions with other sea users are unlikely and this impact is considered not significant. Collisions with marine mammals, birds and icebergs are also considered not significant, as described above.

7.4 IMPACTS FROM UNPLANNED EVENTS

7.4.1 Spills

Potential Source of Impact

During the 3D seismic survey there is the potential for accidental spills of oil or chemicals from the Project vessels to impact on the water quality, marine biodiversity and coastal resources in the vicinity. The potential sources of oil spills are:

 Accidental spillage of fuel during any at-sea refuelling operations undertaken.

 Accidental fuel, oil or chemical spills from vessels, eg in the event of vessel collision.

Accidental Spillage of Fuel Oil during at-sea Refuelling

The highest likelihood of potential unplanned fuel spills and release during the Project would be expected from the accidental spillage of fuel oil during any at-sea refuelling operations. The size of spills for this kind of unforeseen event is typically small, ranging from a few tens of litres to the unlikely event of a major spillage with a maximum size possible of around 3,300 m3 (the maximum fuel capacity of the MV Ramform Challenger). Accidental Fuel, Oil or Chemical Spills from the Project Vessels

Accidental spillage may also occur as a result of a leaking hydraulic hose, leaking oil drums, etc. Such spills are either entirely contained on the vessel, or if they do reach the sea, are typically less than 50 litres in volume. The largest possible spill would be as a consequence of an unforeseen loss of either part or all of a vessel’s fuel inventory following rupture of the vessel’s tanks in a collision, for example with another vessel or iceberg.

The maximum possible spill size based on maximum fuel holding capacity of the survey vessel would be 3,300 m3 in the highly unlikely event of complete rupture of the vessel fuel tanks. The maximum possible spill from a chase vessel would be approximately 1,451 m3, based on the fuel capacity for the Ocean Explorer. Spills from these sources are extremely rare due to the

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 7-18 navigational systems and procedures in use and the environmental procedures in place on each of the Project vessels. In addition, valves connecting the fuel tanks would minimise the amount of material lost if one of the tanks was ruptured. Further, leakages into the storage tank bunds would be directed to the oily bilge water tanks, and any contaminated deck drainage would be drained into a closed separation system.

As well as fuels and oils, other chemicals are occasionally used on survey vessels. These are generally small quantities of cleaning and maintenance chemicals. It is anticipated that chemical spills would be rare due to onboard containment and procedures in place on the vessel, together with the small amounts under consideration.

Spill Assessment

In the unlikely event of accidental release to sea, the fate of spilt oil will depend mainly on weather conditions and on the oil type. Light oil such as fuel oil evaporates and disperses into the water column and disappears usually from the sea surface within 24 hours (in average weather conditions), however, natural dispersion will be slower in cold environments such as at the licence block. The drift on the sea surface depends on winds and currents and given previous simulations (1), oil from the Pitu block will most likely drift to the north and northwest, following the line of the Greenland coast, although not necessarily beaching. Therefore given likely volume of release, evaporation and weathering and drift of any light oil spilled in the licence block, it is considered unlikely to reach the shore. No impacts to the coast from a relatively small light oil spill in the licence block are expected. However, a spill close to shore may impact the coastal environment and communities. The impact of a potential spill near the coast is assessed as being of small to medium magnitude given the small volume of potentially spilt fuel oil and the rapid dispersion and weathering of fuel oil.

Oil is toxic to nearly all organisms, however, the toxic effect depends on the composition and concentration of the oil and the sensitivity of the species affected. Given the volume of any potential spill and the following points (2), the magnitude of effect on offshore marine organisms is negligible:

 The typically wide horizontal and vertical distribution of plankton.

 In open sea an oil slick will not usually cause oil concentrations in the water column that are lethal to adult fish, due to dispersion and dilution.

(1) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009) The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI. (2) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009) The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 7-19  The ability of fish to avoid oil, including some species that can detect oil and will attempt to avoid it.

 Marine mammals are generally less sensitive to oiling than many other organisms, as individuals (except polar bears) are considered to be robust in response to fouling and contact with oil. Also some toothed whales can avoid oil in open waters.

 No important wintering seabird areas located in the vicinity of the licence block.

Although the magnitude of a small offshore oil spill on marine organisms is considered negligible, there are some species for which even a small spill may have an increased magnitude. This may be due to their population status or use of the area in summer and in ice free waters, when the survey is planned. These species include Balaena mysticetus (bowhead whale), Monodon monoceros (narwhal), Delphinapterus leucas (beluga whale) and Uria lomvia (thick-billed murre).

Balaena mysticetus migrate through the region in June, before the expected start of the survey in August. Delphinapterus leucas are present in the region from November to May and are vulnerable due to their declining population numbers. Monodon monoceros are found in aggregation areas in Melville Bay in summer. The area is particularly important to Uria lomvia during their autumn migration as they often flock to the north east of Baffin Bay before moving South. Such concentrations are particularly vulnerable to oil spills because they will rest and stage in the restricted (by ice) open-water areas. Given the volume of any potential spill and the dispersion / weathering of the oil the magnitude of effect of an offshore oil spill on Balaena mysticetus, Monodon monoceros, Delphinapterus leucas and Uria lomvia is considered small.

Spills and Ice

Low temperatures and presence of ice affects the behaviour of oil that has been released. Oil may be deposited on top of the ice, encapsulated within it or it may collect in pools underneath the ice surface. As the condition of the ice changes so the fate of oil which has been spilt will also change. It has been reported that oil trapped under ice weathers at 10-20% of the rate it would at the open sea surface, and whilst encapsulated oil hardly weathers at all. Oil trapped within or underneath ice can travel much further than in ice free waters and may migrate to the surface of the ice or open leads as they form. More detail of the processes which affect the behaviour of oil spills in ice affected waters are given in Box 7.1 below. The magnitude of impact of oil interaction with ice is rated as moderate.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 7-20 Box 7.1 Behaviour of Oil Spilt in Sea Ice

 When an oil spill comes into contact with ice there are a number of processes which may occur, affecting the rate of weathering and spread of the oil.

 Oil spilt under conditions where sea ice is forming may remain on top of the ice as it forms beneath it but generally under these circumstances it will become encapsulated within the ice.

 Oil at the ice/water interface can migrate to the underside of the ice where, given sufficient current velocity (eg 0.04 m s-1 for diesel) it can travel with the current collecting in pockets or behind ridges on the underside of the ice. Here its fate will be affected by the shape and characteristic of the ice. Trapped oil may reach the surface in leads or holes in the ice surface or it may become encapsulated in the ice.

 New ice is formed at the ice/seawater boundary and so oil on the underside of an ice flow can become trapped within the body of the ice and travel vertically as the surface is eroded by melting and new ice forms below it. By this mechanism oil can be deposited on the surface of the ice or it can be released later when the ice melts. Ice, particularly old or melting ice, is porous and so can absorb oil.

 Unless the ice is shore-fast it will move with water and wind currents. As it does so irregularities such as pressure ridges and rouble fields will form and oil will tend to concentrate in void spaces created by the structure of the ice.

Mitigation Measures

The Ramform Challenger will be equipped with containment boom and absorbent pads. The most likely spill scenarios will involve small spills during fuel handling and storage. Key factors in reducing the likelihood and severity of small spills during fuel handling and storage are listed below:

 equipment standards;  operational control, procedures and training;  planning of critical activities;  navigational risk control; and  meteorological risk control.

Equipment standards will be maintained through the enforcement of requirements for specific design criteria. Preventive maintenance on critical fuel handling and storage components will be undertaken. Oil spill prevention measures will be incorporated in audit and inspection routines for the vessel.

Where necessary, oil spill prevention measures will be incorporated into operational procedures. Specific controls will be adopted for vessel offloading, bunkering and refuelling. The procedures will include specific controls on the supervision and competence of critical roles. Training standards and requirements will also be specified. Specific controls will be adopted in response to circumstances which increase oil spill risk for example, low temperatures or high winds affecting vessel operations at the jetty and non routine events such as heavy lifting operations near oil storage and

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 7-21 delivery systems. Specific procedures will be adopted to reduce risk due to operators being unfit to work.

Operations which are subject to a high risk of oil spill will be planned. If necessary specific oil spill risk will be incorporated into job hazard analysis and into management of change procedures. Local conditions and escalation of bad weather will be closely monitored.

Navigational risks will be mitigated by requirements for the vessel to be equipped to international standards eg IMO (International Maritime Organisation) and SOLAS (International Convention on Safety of Life at Sea). Crews will be appropriately qualified and subject to fitness for work assessments. Working procedures and manning levels will be specified, particularly for high risk operations and poor weather.

Weather and ice conditions will be taken into account for high risk activities such as any operations which involve close quarters operations between vessels. Measures will be put in place to provide accurate weather and ice forecasts for the licence block.

Stringent fuel bunkering procedures will be implemented to minimise the risk of any fuel spill at sea (see Box 7.2). In addition, any transfer of fuel oil must be undertaken in accordance with industry best practice including guidelines issued by PAME (Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment) (1). Where at- sea refuelling cannot be avoided, it should not be undertaken within 100 km of the Greenland coast or any National Park boundary.

Box 7.2 Typical Fuel Bunkering Safety Procedures

Fuel Bunkering Procedures:  Pumping of fuel will begin at a reduced rate, stop and report immediately if any leak is found.

 A deck party will stand-by during fuel loading to maintain a look-out and report any leak, abnormal wear or stress on the gears, etc.

 Monitoring of the bunkering progress will be ensured at all time.

 During the fuel loading operation, the ship will be steered on a constant heading as far as practicable.

 On completion of fuel loading the bunker line will be cleared of fuel into a suitable tank with sufficient capacity to allow a safe blow-through of the bunker hose. Only upon completion will the vessel initiate disconnecting operations.

 At any stage during fuel loading if an emergency situation occurs the support vessel will stop pumping fuel and the deck party will release connecting lines.

In addition, offshore fuel bunkering should not be allowed in the following circumstances:

(1) Arctic Council Guidelines for Transfer of Refined Oil and Oil Products in Arctic Waters (TROOP) November 2004, PAME (Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment)

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 7-22  significant wind force or sea state conditions ie bad weather;  during hours of darkness;  during any workboat or mobilisation boat operations;  during the transfer of in-sea equipment and / or personnel; and  during helicopter operations.

A detailed oil spill response and mitigation plan will be produced prior to mobilisation and periodically updated as the survey progresses. The level of response will depend on the circumstances of the spill and nature of the resources which are threatened. The seismic vessel will be equipped with appropriate ‘Tier 1’ oil spill containment and clean-up equipment eg booms, dispersants, absorbent materials; in addition all relevant seismic vessel crew will be trained in oil spill clean-up equipment use and routine spill clean-up exercises.

The approach to tactical oil spill response will be to contain the spill, remove where possible any free oil and clean where appropriate. Clean up techniques will be managed to avoid additional impacts to sensitive environments.

Residual Impacts

The coastal environment is assessed as having a high sensitivity and value as it provides important habitats for many species. However, given the very low probability of a leak or spill and the mitigation measures in place to prevent accidental spills and ensure that the likelihood of a fuel or oil spill from a survey vessel is reduced to as low as is reasonably practicable, the overall impact of a relatively small fuel oil spill on the coastline is assessed as being of potentially minor significance. Marine mammals and some seabirds have a moderate value due to their protection status; seabirds are also highly sensitive to oiling. Considering the low probability of a leak or spill and the mitigation measures in place to prevent accidental spills and ensure that the likelihood of a fuel or oil spill from the survey vessel is reduced to as low as is reasonably practicable, the overall impact of a relatively small fuel oil spill on marine organisms (including Balaena mysticetus, Monodon monoceros, Delphinapterus leucas and Uria lomvia) is assessed as being of potentially minor significance.

The ice edge is a valuable ecosystem and therefore rated as of medium sensitivity and value. However, given the relatively small volumes and type of fuel oil that could potentially be spilt together with the requirement for ice free waters for the survey to take place and the mitigation in place to avoid a spill, the impact is considered to be of potentially minor significance.

7.5 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS

The potential for cumulative impacts is small and mainly limited to long range effects on marine mammal populations. Since the 3D seismic survey will contribute to marine noise that some species of marine mammal can detect at

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 7-23 considerable distances (potentially hundreds of kilometres) it is possible that at times some populations, groups or individuals could be exposed to noise from the 3D seismic survey and a concurrent noise source in an adjacent or nearby area. The overall impact of this would be to create a larger zone where low level behavioural changes may occur in some marine species.

Other projects that may occur in western Greenland at the same time as the 3D seismic survey are other operations by Capricorn, namely high resolution seismic survey and exploratory drilling, both of which will occur a minimum of approximately 200 km south of the Pitu licence block. Other sources of marine noise (eg vessel traffic, fishing activity) are likely to be limited in nature and highly dispersed. This is not considered to raise the potential significance of impacts to marine mammals from the rating assigned to Capricorn activity alone. The main reason for this is the temporary nature of the activity combined with the mobile natures of both the sources and receptors.

7.6 IMPACT SUMMARY

The impact assessment has identified sources of potential impacts and associated activities alongside the receptors that could be impacted. It has also predicted and evaluated the impacts, taking into account mitigation. Table 7.7 summarises the evaluated significance of each of the activities involved in the 3D seismic survey and identifies the environmental impact.

Table 7.7 Significance Evaluation Assessment Results

Environmental Impact Major Moderate Minor Not Significant Planned Events Noise Cetaceans Pinnipeds Fish Air Emissions Air quality Discharges to Sea Water column quality Marine ecology Physical Presence Fishing Unplanned Events Spills Marine ecology Potentially Ice edge ecosystem Potentially The coastal environment Potentially

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 7-24 8 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PLAN

8.1 INTRODUCTION

The aim of the Environmental Protection Plan (EPP) is to set out the steps which will be employed to implement and monitor the mitigation measures proposed for the 3D seismic survey and manage and assess the environmental performance of the operations. This is done by identifying areas of potential impact, proposing measures which aim to avoid or mitigate the potential for impact, and outlining the monitoring or record keeping that will be implemented to ensure the effectiveness of the mitigation measures implemented. In this way the EPP effectively serves as a conduit between the EIA and the execution of the 3D seismic survey.

Mitigation measures are outlined below, broken down into those required for the pre-survey phase, operational phase and post survey phase. All crew members, including support crew, will be made aware of the standards and controls applicable to the conduct of this survey before surveying commences.

8.2 PRE-SURVEY MEASURES

8.2.1 Consultation and Notification

It is important that Capricorn and the survey contractor maintain regular communication with the relevant authorities and consultees, as well as with local interest groups such as fishermen and hunters.

Prior to the survey commencing, notification of survey details will be sent to the Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum, Royal Greenland A/S (the principal fisheries group in Greenland) and appropriate shipping and harbour authorities. These organisations will inform the relevant regional agencies and sub-departments concerned.

All appropriate environmental permits and any attached conditions will be obtained from the authorities. Capricorn will provide the survey contractor with details of the environmental sensitivities of the survey area and the procedures and mitigation measures to be used while operating in these waters.

8.2.2 Pre Survey Measures - Key Responsibilities

Capricorn

 Capricorn will receive authorisation and any associated conditions from the Greenland Government and the BMP.

 Capricorn will provide notification of the survey to the authorities.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 8-1  Capricorn will provide the survey contractor with copies of the UK ‘Guidelines for Minimising Acoustic Disturbance to Marine Mammals from Seismic Surveys’ and NERI’s Guidelines to Environmental Impact Assessment of Seismic Activities in Greenland Waters, 2010 (1) to ensure that they understand the role of the Environmental Observer and the operational measures they will be required to follow in accordance with the guidelines.

 Capricorn will brief the survey contractor on aspects of the Project’s environment which may affect the conduct of survey operations eg potential navigation hazards, shipping routes, marine wildlife etc.

 Capricorn will provide the survey contractor with details of its commitments to the Greenland Government regarding conduct of the survey, including this EPP.

 Capricorn will provide the survey contractor with details of any conditions attached to the environmental authorisation which are relevant to and/or require action by the survey contractor.

 Capricorn will procure the services of two Marine Mammal and Seabird Observers (MMSOs) and obtain the necessary approval for the candidate. The MMSOs will fulfil the following criteria: o Meet NERI/JNCC (2010) standards of training and qualifications, including attendance on a recognised MMO course. o Meet any additional requirements from NERI on training, qualification or previous experience with relevant target species. o Hold suitable and up-to-date offshore medical and survival certification. o Be familiar with and utilise the NERI MMSO recording forms.

The Survey Contractor

 The survey contractor will include the relevant findings and mitigation measures presented in this EIA into their operational management.

 The survey contractor will incorporate the EPP, emergency response plan and operational management procedures into the Project Plan for submission to the Greenland authorities.

 The survey contractor will ensure that copies of NERI and JNCC (2010) guidelines are available on the vessel and that there is sufficient space available on-board for the MMSOs to be accommodated.

(1) Boertmann, D., Tougaard, J., Johansen, K. & Mosbech, A. 2010. Guidelines to environmental impact assessment of seismic activities in Greenland waters. 2nd edition. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 42 pp. – NERI Technical Report no. 785. http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/FR785.pdf..

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 8-2  The survey contractor will ensure that copies of the EIA and EPP are made available on board the 3D seismic survey vessel and that relevant personnel are aware of their responsibilities under the EPP.

8.3 OPERATIONAL PHASE MEASURES

8.3.1 Standards and Controls

The contractor and vessel will operate in accordance with all applicable laws, standards and conditions while in Greenland waters, including:

 MARPOL 73/78 (the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships) standards for waste management and discharges to the marine environment.

 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974 requirements for maritime safety.

 Any requirements attached to the authorisation from the Greenland Government or any associated conditions required by the authorities.

 ‘E&P Forum Health, Safety and Environmental Schedules for Marine Geophysical Operations’ (Report No. 6.34/206).

 IAGC ‘Marine Geophysical Operations Safety Manual’ published by the International Association of Geophysical Contractors (most recent edition).

 IAGC ‘Environmental Guidelines for Worldwide Geophysical Operations’ (most recent edition).

 UK JNCC ‘Guidelines for the Minimisation of Acoustic Disturbance to Marine Mammals from Seismic Surveys’, 2010.

 NERI ‘Guidelines to Environmental Impact Assessment of Seismic Activities in Greenland Waters’.

 OGP Guideline: Managing HSE in a geophysical contract (report No. 432).

All equipment on board (including engines, compressors, generators, sewage treatment plant, oily water separators and incinerator) will be regularly checked and maintained in accordance with manufacturer’s guidelines in order to maximise efficiency and minimise discharges to the environment.

The capabilities of the survey contractor were evaluated as part of Capricorn’s tender evaluation process and company’s standard procedures to ensure that contracts are only awarded to competent contractors. In addition, previous vessel safety and technical audits will be evaluated and, if deemed necessary, Capricorn will undertake additional independent safety and technical audits prior to mobilisation of the vessel.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 8-3 Wastes will be appropriately segregated and stored onboard prior to disposal at properly equipped and licensed port reception facilities. Should such facilities not exist in Greenland, wastes will be kept onboard until the vessel next visits a suitable port. Different waste types will be segregated, treated, stored and disposed of according to type and Marpol grouping:

Waste Type Marpol Group Waste generated and stored on-board 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 Waste incinerated 1, 3, 4, 5 Waste macerated and disposed of to sea 5

Where Marpol waste groupings are classified as follows:

1. Plastic; 2. Dunnage, lining or packing material; 3. Ground paper, rags, glass, metal, bottles, crockery etc; 4. Paper, rags, glass, metal, bottles, crockery etc; 5. Food waste; 6. Incinerator ash; 7. Oil products, chemicals, batteries etc. and 8. Other.

8.3.2 Acoustic Disturbance

One of the main mitigation measures for reducing the impacts of any survey which includes a seismic source, is to reduce the amount of noise entering the marine environment. Seismic operations should aim to use the lowest practicable power levels throughout the survey and also to minimise unnecessary shooting, for example through extended gun tests or repeated acquisition during periods of high background noise.

As described in the NERI and the JNCC guidelines (2010), a ‘soft start’ procedure should be employed whereby airgun arrays are brought on-line gradually in order to steadily increase the power output of the seismic source, allowing mobile species in the vicinity of the airguns time to move away before full power is achieved. Employing a soft start minimises the likelihood of damaging mobile species close to the airguns at the start of a survey. If marine mammals are sighted within 500 m of the airguns the soft start is delayed. The power in the airgun arrays should be built up slowly over at least 20 minutes (but no longer than 40 minutes). This ‘soft’ start should be adopted every time airguns are used, even if no marine mammals are seen, and if airguns have stopped and not restarted after five minutes.

The NERI Guidelines require a watch for marine mammals within 500 m of the seismic source prior to commencement of operations. As the waters of the survey area are more that 200 m deep, the search shall last for 60 minutes. If marine mammals are present, seismic operations should be delayed until the animals move out of range (at least 20 minutes since the last sighting).

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 8-4 8.3.3 Support Vessels

Two chase vessels, the MV Vesturland and the MV Velberg, will take part in the 3D seismic survey of the Pitu licence block. A dedicated support vessel (Ocean Explorer) will also accompany the Project vessels and make supply runs to either Aasiaat Port or Upernarvik as and when they required.

8.3.4 Operational Measures – Key Responsibilities

MMSOs

 The MMSOs will be based on the 3D seismic survey vessel carrying out observations in accordance with the NERI ‘Guidelines to Environmental Impact Assessment of Seismic Activities in Greenland Waters’ and the JNCC UK ‘Guidelines for Minimising Acoustic Disturbance to Marine Mammals from Seismic Surveys’, 2010.

 Observations will include all marine wildlife, including pinnipeds and birds, in addition to cetaceans which are the main subject of the guidelines. They will keep a daily log of sightings, observation locations and data, and a record of operations using the forms associated with the guidelines.

 The MMSOs will provide environmental advice to the survey contractor including the vessel crews.

The Survey Contractor

 The contractor will ensure that for the conduct of the survey the survey vessel will comply with the requirements of this EIA and that of any national or international legislation.

 The previously referenced standards and guidelines (IMO, MARPOL etc) will be complied with throughout the survey and records for oil and garbage will be maintained as per normal operating practices.

 Any spills or abnormal releases will be recorded and reported to the appropriate authorities (for oil, chemicals, waste or process materials, released to air or water).

 Soft start procedures will be employed in accordance with NERI and JNCC (2010) Guidelines.

 Delays to start-up due to marine mammal sightings will be performed on the advice of the MMSOs on board in accordance with the NERI and JNCC (2010) Guidelines.

 Daily contact with the relevant authorities to update on survey progress and vessel position.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 8-5  Logging of all sightings of and contacts with other vessels (eg fishing or cargo vessels).

 Logging of all health, safety and environmental accidents and incidents, including any incidents involving cargo or fishing vessels in Greenland waters.

 Logging of any fishing or other equipment removed from the sea for the purpose of clearing a path for the survey vessel. Details to include: location, date, type of equipment and any identifying marks.

 Logging of all resources used – fuel logs, water received and consumed.

 Discharges - records of estimated grey and black water discharge, dirty oil, bilge and ballast water discharges or quantities held in tanks for onshore disposal.

 Waste – quantities of waste disposed of by incineration or segregated and stored for onshore disposal (by type).

8.4 POST SURVEY PHASE

8.4.1 Post Survey Phase Measures

After the completion of the operational phase of the survey, there will still be a number of outstanding measures to be addressed. Post survey phase measures will include ensuring that all reporting requirements have been fulfilled, that waste segregation and management has been completed for suitable transfer onshore to a registered waste carrier, that any outstanding conditions of the environmental authorisation have been satisfied and any complaints by local people or outstanding issues with other sea users in this area have been addressed and resolved.

8.4.2 Post Survey Phase - Key Responsibilities

Capricorn

 Capricorn will ensure that any conditions of the survey authorisation, such as reporting requirements or follow-up activities, are satisfied.

 Capricorn will resolve any complaints, claims or disputes arising from survey operations with the Greenland authorities using testimony provided by the independent observers, as necessary and appropriate.

MMSOs

 The MMSOs will complete a report summarising their observations and will include all the log forms in appendices.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 8-6  A draft copy of the report will be provided to Capricorn for their comments.

 A final copy of the report will be submitted to the Greenland authorities.

The Survey Contractor

 The Survey Contractor shall ensure that any reporting or follow up activities required by Capricorn are completed to Capricorn’s satisfaction including an end of survey report to include details of HSE accidents and incidents, and fishing equipment removed as described above.

 The survey contractor shall report consumption and emission figures to Capricorn according to the requirements of the Project Plan and including waste figures, fuel consumption, personnel on board and estimated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

 The survey contractor shall appropriately store all segregated waste materials and ensure onshore transfer of waste to an appropriate and registered waste management company at the next suitable port call.

8.5 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROCEDURES

An Emergency Response Plan (ERP) will be developed by the survey contractor in conjunction with Capricorn. This will set out a range of potential emergency situations from man-over-board to the release of hazardous substances to the environment, including the responsibilities and lines of communication for any accidents and incidents on board the Project vessels. The ERP will be submitted to the Greenland authorities separately to the EIA. Capricorn and the Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum (BMP) shall be notified immediately of any significant situation or significant event to include the loss of life, a missing person, serious injury to a person, fire onboard, oil spill, and any threat to personnel or to the safety of the survey vessel.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 8-7 9 CONCLUSION

The main objective of the proposed survey is to obtain a 3D seismic image of the geology in the proposed survey area. Interpretation of the processed seismic data will facilitate identification of areas where hydrocarbons could be trapped in oil or gas-filled geological structures.

In addition to the seismic survey vessel the Project will use up to three other vessels (two chase vessels and a support vessel) working over an estimated 35 day period expected to start in August 2011. The specific Project start date will depend on weather and ice conditions.

The Pitu licence block encompasses water depths from approximately 100 to 900 m. The proposed 3D survey location lies in waters depths of between 600 to 800 m and approximately 75 km from the shoreline of northwest Greenland. The key sensitivities and constraints identified for the survey, including unplanned events and vessel movement between the survey area and shore (for refuelling, resupply and crew changes), marine mammals, seabirds, other sea users and marine and coastal habitats.

The aspects of the survey that will interact with the environment are routine emissions to air (from engines on board the vessel), routine discharges to sea (grey water, treated sewage and macerated food waste), underwater sound (from survey equipment such as the airgun arrays plus propeller noise), physical interaction of the survey (with shipping) and the risk of an abnormal situation (spillage or emergency such as vessel or iceberg collision) leading to an environmental release. Of these, the impacts assessed to be significant were the impact of noise on high frequency cetaceans (minor significance), mid/low frequency cetaceans (moderate significance) and the impact of unplanned spills on marine ecology, the ice edge ecosystem and the coastal environment (potentially minor significance).

Mitigation measures will be implemented by the survey including implementation of robust operating procedures for key tasks such as waste management and refuelling, notification to other sea users, on-board effluent treatment, compliance with applicable legislation and good industry standards, use of Marine Mammal and Seabird Observers and implementation of an Emergency Response Plan. The capabilities of the survey contractor were evaluated as part of Capricorn’s tender evaluation process and company’s standard procedures to ensure that contracts are only awarded to competent contractors with relevant experience of operating in this environment.

Following mitigation and coupled with the short duration of this survey and the relatively low-impact nature of the survey operations, it is concluded that the 3D seismic survey will have no residual impacts of major significance.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN 9-1 Annex A

Fish Species List

A FISH SPECIES LIST

Table A.1contains a list of all 256 species fish found offshore and around the coast of Greenland (1).

Table A.1 Fish Species in Greenland

Family Species Status Common name Alepisauridae Alepisaurus brevirostris native Short snouted lancetfish Alepisauridae Alepisaurus ferox native Long snouted lancetfish Alepocephalidae Alepocephalus agassizii native Agassiz' slickhead Alepocephalidae Alepocephalus bairdii native Baird's slickhead Rajidae Amblyraja hyperborea native Arctic skate Rajidae Amblyraja radiata native Starry ray Ammodytidae Ammodytes dubius native Northern sand lance Ammodytidae Ammodytes marinus native Lesser sand-eel Anarhichadidae Anarhichas denticulatus native Northern wolffish Anarhichadidae Anarhichas lupus native Atlantic wolffish Anarhichadidae Anarhichas minor native Spotted wolffish Anguillidae Anguilla rostrata native American eel Stichaeidae Anisarchus medius native Stout eelblenny Anoplogastridae Anoplogaster cornuta native Common fangtooth Anotopteridae Anotopterus pharao native Daggertooth Moridae Antimora rostrata native Blue antimora Trichiuridae Aphanopus carbo native Black scabbardfish Scyliorhinidae Apristurus laurussonii native Iceland catshark Gadidae Arctogadus borisovi native East Siberian cod Gadidae Arctogadus glacialis native Arctic cod Paralepididae Arctozenus risso native Spotted barracudina Argentinidae Argentina silus native Greater argentine Sternoptychidae Argyropelecus gigas native Hatchetfish Sternoptychidae Argyropelecus hemigymnus native Half-naked hatchetfish Sternoptychidae Argyropelecus olfersii native Cottidae Artediellus atlanticus native Atlantic hookear sculpin Cottidae Artediellus uncinatus native Arctic hookear sculpin Agonidae Aspidophoroides monopterygius native Alligatorfish Nemichthyidae Avocettina infans native Avocet snipe eel Alepocephalidae Bajacalifornia megalops native Bigeye smooth- head Platytroctidae Barbantus curvifrons native Palebelly searsid Barbourisiidae Barbourisia rufa native Velvet whalefish Bathylagidae Bathylagus euryops native Goiter blacksmelt Rajidae Bathyraja spinicauda native Spinetail ray Bathysauridae Bathysaurus ferox native Deep-sea lizardfish Alepocephalidae Bathytroctes microlepis native Smallscale smooth- head

(1) Table information source: Fishbase. Available from http://fishbase.org/Country/CountryChecklist.php?c_code=304&vhabitat=saltwater&csub_code=. Accessed 24/11/2010.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN A-1

Family Species Status Common name Scopelarchidae Benthalbella infans native Zugmayer's pearleye Myctophidae Benthosema glaciale native Glacier lantern fish Berycidae Beryx decadactylus native Alfonsino Gadidae Boreogadus saida native Polar cod Stomiidae Borostomias antarcticus native Snaggletooth Lotidae Brosme brosme native Tusk Bythitidae Bythites fuscus native Arctic brotula Liparidae Careproctus kidoi native Kido's snailfish Liparidae Careproctus micropus native Liparidae Careproctus reinhardti native Sea tadpole Caristiidae Caristius groenlandicus native Caulophrynidae Caulophryne jordani native Fanfin angler Labridae Centrolabrus exoletus native Rock cook Etmopteridae Centroscyllium fabricii native Black dogfish Somniosidae Centroscymnus coelolepis native Portuguese dogfish Ceratiidae Ceratias holboelli native Kroyer's deep-sea angler fish Myctophidae Ceratoscopelus maderensis native Madeira lantern fish Cetorhinidae Cetorhinus maximus native Basking shark Stomiidae Chauliodus sloani native Sloane's viperfish Chiasmodontidae Chiasmodon harteli native Chiasmodontidae Chiasmodon niger native Black swallower Chimaeridae Chimaera monstrosa native Rabbit fish Clupeidae Clupea harengus native Atlantic herring Macrouridae Coryphaenoides armatus native Abyssal grenadier Macrouridae Coryphaenoides mediterraneus native Mediterranean grenadier Macrouridae Coryphaenoides rupestris native Roundnose grenadier Psychrolutidae Cottunculus microps native Polar sculpin Psychrolutidae Cottunculus sadko native Psychrolutidae Cottunculus thomsonii native Pallid sculpin Ceratiidae Cryptopsaras couesii native Triplewart seadevil Cyclopteridae Cyclopteropsis mcalpini native Arctic lumpsucker Cyclopteridae Cyclopterus lumpus native Lumpfish Gonostomatidae Cyclothone braueri native Garrick Gonostomatidae Cyclothone microdon native Veiled anglemouth Cyematidae Cyema atrum native Bobtail eel Oneirodidae Danaphryne nigrifilis native Rajidae Dipturus linteus native Sailray Diretmidae Diretmoides pauciradiatus native Longwing spinyfin Nototheniidae Dissostichus eleginoides native Patagonian toothfish Oneirodidae Dolopichthys longicornis native Alepocephalidae Einara edentula native Toothless smooth- head Lotidae Enchelyopus cimbrius native Fourbeard rockling Syngnathidae Entelurus aequoreus native Snake pipefish Epigonidae Epigonus telescopus native Black cardinal fish Etmopteridae Etmopterus princeps native Great lanternshark Stichaeidae Eumesogrammus praecisus native Fourline snakeblenny Cyclopteridae Eumicrotremus derjugini native Leatherfin lumpsucker Cyclopteridae Eumicrotremus spinosus native Atlantic spiny lumpsucker

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN A-2

Family Species Status Common name Eurypharyngidae Eurypharynx pelecanoides native Pelican eel Gadidae Gadus morhua native Atlantic cod Gadidae Gadus ogac native Greenland cod Lotidae Gaidropsarus argentatus native Arctic rockling Lotidae Gaidropsarus ensis native Threadfin rockling Gasterosteidae Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus native Three-spined stickleback Gigantactinidae Gigantactis vanhoeffeni native Pleuronectidae Glyptocephalus cynoglossus native Witch flounder Gonostomatidae Gonostoma elongatum native Elongated bristlemouth fish Moridae Guttigadus latifrons native Zoarcidae Gymnelus retrodorsalis native Aurora unernak Zoarcidae Gymnelus viridis native Fish doctor Cottidae Gymnocanthus tricuspis native Arctic staghorn sculpin Cetomimidae Gyrinomimus myersi native Moridae Halargyreus johnsonii native Slender codling Rhinochimaeridae Harriotta raleighana native Pacific longnose chimaera Sebastidae Helicolenus dactylopterus dactylopterus native Blackbelly rosefish Himantolophidae Himantolophus groenlandicus native Atlantic footballfish Pleuronectidae Hippoglossoides platessoides native American plaice Pleuronectidae Hippoglossus hippoglossus native Atlantic halibut Synaphobranchidae Histiobranchus bathybius native Deep-water arrowtooth eel Platytroctidae Holtbyrnia anomala native Bighead searsid Platytroctidae Holtbyrnia macrops native Bigeye searsid Trachichthyidae Hoplostethus atlanticus native Orange roughy Chimaeridae Hydrolagus affinis native Smalleyed rabbitfish Chimaeridae Hydrolagus pallidus native Cottidae Icelus bicornis native Twohorn sculpin Cottidae Icelus spatula native Spatulate sculpin Lamnidae Lamna nasus native Porbeagle Myctophidae Lampanyctus crocodilus native Jewel lanternfish Myctophidae Lampanyctus intricarius native Diamondcheek lanternfish Myctophidae Lampanyctus macdonaldi native Rakery beaconlamp Lampridae Lampris guttatus native Opah Moridae Lepidion eques native North Atlantic codling Agonidae Leptagonus decagonus native Atlantic poacher Stichaeidae Leptoclinus maculatus native Daubed shanny Linophrynidae Linophryne algibarbata native Linophrynidae Linophryne bicornis native Linophrynidae Linophryne coronata native Linophrynidae Linophryne lucifer native Liparidae Liparis atlanticus native Atlantic seasnail Liparidae Liparis fabricii native Gelatinous snailfish Liparidae Liparis gibbus native Variegated snailfish Liparidae Liparis liparis liparis native Striped seasnail Liparidae Liparis tunicatus native Kelp snailfish Lophiidae Lophius piscatorius native Angler Oneirodidae Lophodolos acanthognathus native Whalehead dreamer Stichaeidae Lumpenella longirostris native Longsnout

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN A-3

Family Species Status Common name prickleback Stichaeidae Lumpenus fabricii native Slender eelblenny Stichaeidae Lumpenus lampretaeformis native Snakeblenny Zoarcidae Lycenchelys alba native Zoarcidae Lycenchelys kolthoffi native Checkered wolf eel Zoarcidae Lycenchelys muraena native Moray wolf eel Zoarcidae Lycenchelys paxillus native Common wolf eel Zoarcidae Lycenchelys sarsii native Sar's wolf eel Zoarcidae Lycodes adolfi native Adolf's eelpout Zoarcidae Lycodes esmarkii native Greater eelpout Zoarcidae Lycodes eudipleurostictus native Doubleline eelpout Zoarcidae Lycodes frigidus native Glacial eelpout Zoarcidae Lycodes gracilis native Zoarcidae Lycodes luetkenii native Lütken's eelpout Zoarcidae Lycodes mcallisteri native McAllister's eelpout Zoarcidae Lycodes paamiuti native Paamiut eelpout Zoarcidae Lycodes pallidus native Pale eelpout Zoarcidae Lycodes polaris native Canadian eelpout Zoarcidae Lycodes reticulatus native Arctic eelpout Zoarcidae Lycodes rossi native Threespot eelpout Zoarcidae Lycodes seminudus native Longear eelpout Zoarcidae Lycodes squamiventer native Scalebelly eelpout Zoarcidae Lycodes terraenovae native Zoarcidae Lycodes turneri native Polar eelpout Zoarcidae Lycodes vahlii native Vahl's eelpout Zoarcidae Lycodonus mirabilis native Chevron scutepout Macrouridae Macrourus berglax native Roughhead grenadier Paralepididae Magnisudis atlantica native Duckbill barracudina Stomiidae Malacosteus niger native Stoplight loosejaw Osmeridae Mallotus villosus native Capelin Platytroctidae Maulisia mauli native Maul's searsid Platytroctidae Maulisia microlepis native Smallscale searsid Sternoptychidae Maurolicus muelleri native Silvery lightfish Melamphaidae Melamphaes microps native Melanocetidae Melanocetus murrayi native Murray's abyssal anglerfish Gadidae Melanogrammus aeglefinus native Haddock Bathylagidae Melanolagus bericoides native Bigscale deepsea smelt Stomiidae Melanostomias bartonbeani native Scaleless black dragonfish Gadidae Merlangius merlangus native Whiting Gadidae Micromesistius poutassou native Blue whiting Pleuronectidae Microstomus kitt native Lemon sole Lotidae Molva dypterygia native Blue ling Lotidae Molva molva native Ling Myctophidae Myctophum punctatum native Spotted lanternfish Cottidae Myoxocephalus scorpioides native Arctic sculpin Cottidae Myoxocephalus scorpius native Shorthorn sculpin Myxinidae Myxine glutinosa native Hagfish Myxinidae Myxine jespersenae native Jespersen's hagfish Microstomatidae Nansenia groenlandica native Greenland argentine Microstomatidae Nansenia oblita native Nemichthyidae Nemichthys scolopaceus native Slender snipe eel

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN A-4

Family Species Status Common name Macrouridae Nezumia aequalis native Common Atlantic grenadier Macrouridae Nezumia bairdii native Marlin-spike grenadier Platytroctidae Normichthys operosus native Multipore searsid Notacanthidae Notacanthus bonaparte native Shortfin spiny eel Notacanthidae Notacanthus chemnitzii native Spiny eel Myctophidae Notoscopelus kroyeri native Lancet fish Salmonidae Oncorhynchus gorbuscha introduced Pink salmon Oneirodidae Oneirodes eschrichtii native Bulbous dreamer Paralepididae Paralepis coregonoides native Sharpchin barracudina Liparidae Paraliparis bathybius native Black seasnail Liparidae Paraliparis copei copei native Blacksnout seasnail Liparidae Paraliparis garmani native Pouty seasnail Liparidae Paraliparis hystrix native Petromyzontidae Petromyzon marinus native Sea lamprey Pholidae Pholis fasciata native Banded gunnel Pholidae Pholis gunnellus native Rock gunnel Alepocephalidae Photostylus pycnopterus native Starry smooth-head Oneirodidae Phyllorhinichthys balushkini native Oneirodidae Phyllorhinichthys micractis native Platytroctidae Platytroctes apus native Legless searsid Platytroctidae Platytroctes mirus native Leaf searsid Pleuronectidae Pleuronectes platessa native European plaice Gadidae Pollachius virens native Saithe Sternoptychidae Polyipnus asteroides native Phosichthyidae Polymetme corythaeola native Rendezvous fish Melamphaidae Poromitra capito native Myctophidae Protomyctophum arcticum native Arctic telescope Liparidae Psednos gelatinosus native Gelatinous dwarf snailfish Liparidae Psednos groenlandicus native Greenland dwarf snailfish Liparidae Psednos melanocephalus native Liparidae Psednos micruroides native Multipore dwarf snailfish Gasterosteidae Pungitius pungitius native Ninespine stickleback Rajidae Rajella bathyphila native Deep-water ray Rajidae Rajella bigelowi native Bigelow's ray Rajidae Rajella fyllae native Round ray Pleuronectidae Reinhardtius hippoglossoides native Greenland halibut Stomiidae Rhadinesthes decimus native Slender snaggletooth Rhinochimaeridae Rhinochimaera atlantica native Straightnose rabbitfish Rondeletiidae Rondeletia loricata native Redmouth whalefish Alepocephalidae Rouleina attrita native Softskin smooth- head Alepocephalidae Rouleina maderensis native Madeiran smooth- head Saccopharyngidae Saccopharynx ampullaceus native Gulper eel Platytroctidae Sagamichthys schnakenbecki native Schnakenbeck's searsid Salmonidae Salmo salar native Atlantic salmon Salmonidae Salvelinus alpinus alpinus native Arctic char

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN A-5

Family Species Status Common name Melamphaidae Scopelogadus beanii native Bean's bigscale Notosudidae Scopelosaurus lepidus native Blackfin waryfish Platytroctidae Searsia koefoedi native Koefoed's searsid Sebastidae Sebastes fasciatus native Acadian redfish Sebastidae Sebastes marinus native Golden redfish Sebastidae Sebastes mentella native Beaked redfish Sebastidae Sebastes viviparus native Norway redfish Serrivomeridae Serrivomer beanii native Bean's sawtooth eel Gonostomatidae Sigmops bathyphilus native Spark anglemouth Somniosidae Somniosus microcephalus native Greenland shark Oneirodidae Spiniphryne gladisfenae native Prickly dreamer Squalidae Squalus acanthias native Picked dogfish Sternoptychidae Sternoptyx pseudobscura native Highlight hatchetfish Stichaeidae Stichaeus punctatus punctatus native Arctic shanny Stomiidae Stomias boa boa native Boa dragonfish Stomiidae Stomias boa ferox native Synaphobranchidae Synaphobranchus kaupii native Kaup's arrowtooth eel Bythitidae Thalassobathia pelagica native Trachipteridae Trachipterus arcticus native Dealfish Cottidae Triglops murrayi native Moustache sculpin Cottidae Triglops nybelini native Bigeye sculpin Cottidae Triglops pingelii native Ribbed sculpin Cottidae Triglopsis quadricornis native Fourhorn sculpin Stomiidae Trigonolampa miriceps native Threelight dragonfish Gadidae Trisopterus esmarkii native Norway pout Agonidae Ulcina olrikii native Arctic alligatorfish Phycidae Urophycis tenuis native White hake Sternoptychidae Valenciennellus tripunctulatus native Constellationfish Alepocephalidae Xenodermichthys copei native Bluntsnout smooth- head

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN A-6 Annex B

Detailed Species Descriptions

B DETAILED SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS

B.1 IMPORTANT FISH SPECIES

Box 1 Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Greenland Halibut)

Reinhardtius hippoglossoides is found along the entire west and south coast of Greenland, and up the east coast to Ittoqqortoormiit.

Although it is a flatfish, it lives and feeds mainly pelagically, typically in deep water along continental slopes. They live at 200- 1,000 m deep in waters between -1.5°C and 4.5°C. In the southern Davis Strait off the west coast of Greenland, they spawn large number of pelagic eggs during winter and early spring. The eggs have a long maturation period. Both eggs and larvae, when they hatch, drift with the currents to nursery areas. Neither spawning nor indications of spawning have been observed, either offshore or inshore in the vicinity of the licence block. R. hippoglossoides is an important food source for Monodon monoceros (narwhal). Information sources: Boertmann, 2009 (1) and Fishbase (2010) (2). Image from: NOAA’s National Ocean Service. Available from: http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov.

Box 2 Salvelinus alpinus (Arctic Char)

Salvelinus alpinus is a coastal fish found in West Greenland.. Two types of S. alpinus occur: stationary fish in fresh water and migrating fish. Migrating fish spawn and winter in rivers and spend the summer feeding in the nearby sea.

S. alpinus will spend its first three to six years in freshwater before it embarks on its first annual migration to sea. The seaward migration generally occurs in May-June. At sea it feeds on fish, fish larvae, zooplankton and crustaceans zooplankton. Information sources: Boertmann, 2009 (3) and Fishbase (2010) (4). Image from: McPhail, J.D. and C.C. Lindsey (1970) Freshwater fishes of northwestern Canada and Alaska. Fish. Res. Board Can. Bull. 173 381p via Fishbase.

(1) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009) The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI. (2) Fishbase. Available from http://fishbase.org/. Accessed 24/11/2010. (3) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009) The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI. (4) Table information source: Fishbase. Available from http://fishbase.org/Country/CountryChecklist.php?c_code=304&vhabitat=saltwater&csub_code=. Accessed 22/12/2010.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN B-1 Box 3 Arctogadus glacialis (Arctic Cod)

Arctogadus glacialis is a bathypelagic non migratory species found in the waters around Thule (Qaanaaq) in north west Greenland (72°N - 85°N).

A. glacialis is often associated with ice and is found mainly in offshore waters at or beyond the edge of the continental shelf.

A. glacialis feeds primarily on pelagic prey, from calanoid copepods to fish and crustaceans. A. glacialis is a key component of Arctic food chains and provides an important food source for birds and marine mammals. In polar waters A. glacialis spawn annually in early winter; eggs hatch in spring. Information Sources: Fishbase (2010) and Sufke et al (1998) (1). Image from Cohen et al., 1990 (2).

Box 4 Boreogadus saida (Polar Cod)

Boreogadus saida have circumpolar distribution in cold Arctic waters.

B. saida is a pelagic species that may form large aggregations and schools in some areas, often in the deeper part of the water column or close to the bottom in shelf waters. It occurs in coastal waters and is often associated with sea ice, where it may seek shelter in crevices and holes.

B. saida spawn in ice-covered waters in winter (November-February). The eggs float under the ice during a long incubation period. The larvae hatch in late spring when the ice starts to melt and the seasonal plankton production resumes. Most B. saida live to spawn only once. Knowledge on the ecology and abundance of B.saida in the region is poor.

B. saida feed mainly on copepods and pelagic amphipods and as they grow larger they also prey on small fish. In coastal waters they feed on epibenthic mysids and in the ice they take ice-associated amphipods. B. saida play a very important role in the Arctic marine food webs and constitute an important prey for many marine mammals and seabird species. Information sources: Boertmann, 2009 (3) and Mosbech (2007) (4). Image from: The Fisheries and Fisheries Industries of the United States (1887).

(1) Sukfe, L, Piepenburg, D and vonDorrien, C. (1998) Body size, sex ratio and diet composition of Arctogadus glacialis (Peters, 1874) (Pisces: Gadidae) in the Northeast Water Polynya (Greenland) (2) Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba (1990) FAO species catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world - Order gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. synop. 10 (125) 442p via Fishbase. (3) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) (2009) The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI. (4) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN B-2 Box 5 Amblyraja radiata (Thorny Skate)

Amblyraja radiata are found as far north as Baffin Bay on the west coast of Greenland.

A. radiata is a mainly demersal species that can be found on all sediment types, however, sandy and muddy substrates are preferred. The depth range of A. radiate is 20-1,000 m and depending on the size of the individual it feeds on crustaceans, fish and polychaete worms.

The Thorny Skate is an oviparous species. Egg capsules measure between 3 and 9 cm long and are deposited in sandy or muddy flats to develop. There is no information available on any potential mating or egg laying sites around Greenland. Information sources: Fishbase (2010) (1). Image from: Plate 9 of Oceanic Ichthyology by G. Brown Goode and Tarleton H. Bean (1896).

Box 6 Amblyraja hyperborea (Arctic Skate)

Amblyraja hyperborea are commonly found in the Davis Strait between southwestern Greenland and Canada.

A. hyperborea are found on the lower continental shelf, typically between 140–2,500 m at temperatures below 4°C. It is a demersal (2) species that feeds on other demersal fish and benthic invertebrates.

The Arctic Skate is an oviparous (egg-laying) species. The egg cases measure 8-12.5 cm long (excluding horns) and are deposited in soft bottom substrates and left to develop in very low temperatures. There is no information available on any potential mating or spawning sites around Greenland. Information sources: Fishbase (2010) (3) and The Shark Trust (2009)(4). Image from: Plate 9 of Oceanic Ichthyology by G. Brown Goode and Tarleton H. Bean (1896).

(1) Table information source: Fishbase. Available from http://fishbase.org/Country/CountryChecklist.php?c_code=304&vhabitat=saltwater&csub_code=. Accessed 22/12/2010. (2) Demersal: fish that live on or near the seabed. (3) Table information source: Fishbase. Available from http://fishbase.org/Country/CountryChecklist.php?c_code=304&vhabitat=saltwater&csub_code=. Accessed 22/12/2010. (4) The Shark Trust ID Guide to the Arctic Skate. Available from [www.sharktrust.org/do_download.asp?did=33234]. Accessed 22/12/10.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN B-3 Box 7 Anarhichas denticulatus (Northern Wolffish)

Anarhichas denticulatus is a demersal marine species found a depths ranging 25 – 600m.

It is found along the Western Greenland shelf inhabiting offshore waters in areas with soft bottoms and boulders. A. denticulatus lives in the middle of the water column but can also be found near the seabed. In the Arctic, this species in found primarily in the Davis straight with its upper limit in Northern Baffin Bay.

They undergo general short seasonal migrations, remaining in the West Greenland area. Anarhichas denticulatus feeds primarily on echinoderms but also on crustaceans, molluscs and fish. In November females lay up to 46,500 eggs which then sink to the benthos where they are guarded by the male until hatching. A. denticulatus is thought to spawn in deep water. Information Sources: Fishbase (2010) and Templeman (1984) (1)

Box 8 Hippoglossoides platessoides (Sanddabs / American Plaice)

Hippoglossoides platessoides are commonly found in the west coast fjords and the Davis Strait from Nunap Isua to Upernavik.

H. platessoides are a demersal species that live on soft seabed and are most abundant between 90 m and 250 m but can be found at depths of 3,000 m. They feed on invertebrates and small fish. H. platessoides are batch spawners in the spring. Information from: Fishbase (2009) (2). Image from: Plate 9 of Oceanic Ichthyology by G. Brown Goode and Tarleton H. Bean (1896).

(1) Templeman, W. (1984) Migrations of Wolffishes, Anarichas sp., from tagging in the Newfoundland Area. Journal of the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Sciences. 5: 93-97 (2) Fishbase is an online database containing information on most known fish species. Available from: [http://www.fishbase.org/home.htm].

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN B-4 B.2 SEABIRD SPECIES

Fulmarus glacialis (Northern Fulmar)

Fulmarus glacialis are one of the most common species along the western coast of Greenland and is found in large numbers in a few breeding colonies. It is believed that the major part of the Greenland breeding population is found to the south of the licence block in Uummannaq Fjord and Disko Bay, where breeding numbers are unknown but at least several thousand pairs breed at each of them (1). F. glacialis is present during the summer for breeding and occurs almost everywhere in the open water offshore areas, where concentrations are often linked to foraging areas, such as ice edges, upwelling areas and areas with commercial fisheries. They also rest on the water below colonies. F. glacialis colonies are formed on steep cliffs with pairs laying a single egg on a cliff ledge. F. glacialis will forage over a wide area and feed on a range of food items including fish and crustaceans, feeding from the sea surface. Outside of the breeding season F. glacialis are largely pelagic, foraging widely at low densities (2).

Somateria mollissima (Common Eider)

Somateria mollissima are a widespread species that are present on most of the west Greenland coastline. The breeding population size in the vicinity of the licence block is unknown, but is expected to amount to some thousands (3). In July and August post-breeders gather in the coastal zone for moulting and feeding, where they loose the ability to fly for 3-4 weeks (4). Failed female breeders follow later and most birds moult within 100 km of the breeding site. S. mollissima subsequently migrate back to wintering areas in the coastal waters of West Greenland to the south of Disko Bay, where they are one of the most numerous species in winter (5). Between April and June, as the ice starts to melt, S. mollissima move towards their breeding colonies along the coast in the vicinity of the licence block. Eiders are diving ducks, which feed on benthic molluscs, crustaceans and echinoderms in coastal waters.

Somateria spectabilis (King Eider)

Somateria spectabilis do not breed in the region, however, post breeding male birds congregate in large flocks in sheltered inshore waters to moult before all birds move to wintering areas further offshore. Moulting and wintering birds congregate in very large numbers in western Greenland around Store Hellefiskebanke (south of Disko Island) and the adjacent coast, making this

(1) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (2) Boertmann D, Mosbech A and Johansen K (2008) Preliminary Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS East Assessment area. (3) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (4) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (5) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN B-5 area important for S. spectabilis (1). The west coast of Disko Island is also an important area for this species and several areas important for seaduck moulting are located to the south east of the licence block in the fjords of southern Upernavik (2). In spring, when the ice breaks up, S. spectabilis migrate towards to the western Canadian Arctic and return to the west coast of Greenland in autumn. S. spectabilis are diving ducks, which feed on benthic molluscs and crustaceans in coastal waters.

Rissa tridactyla (Black-legged kittiwake)

Rissa tridactyla is one of the most abundant and widespread species in western Greenland and the most numerous breeding species in the region (3). There are at least 36 breeding colonies in the region, with a total of approximately 40,000 breeding pairs (4). High densities of birds occur near the large breeding colonies in northern Baffin Bay and Upernavik (5). Concentrations may also occur at feeding areas, such as the marginal ice zone in spring and early summer. R. tridactyla nest colonially on cliffs, with colony sizes ranging from a few birds to tens of thousands.

R. tridactyla breed in the summer months (July and August) in colonies that are mainly situated in fjords some distance from the outer coast (6). After breeding they tend to concentrate in coastal waters off southwest Greenland then during autumn or winter most birds leave Greenland waters returning again when open waters appear in April/May. Many non-breeders occur in offshore areas in summer. R. tridactyla usually feed on the sea surface when swimming, although they can also perform shallow dives (7).

Larus hyperboreus (Glaucous gull)

Larus hyperboreus are the most common and widespread gull in the vicinity of the licence block and are present in the region for as long as open water occurs. An estimated 2,000 pairs breed in the region (8). Concentrations occur at breeding sites and at good foraging areas. They breed along the coasts, both dispersed and in small colonies rarely with more than 100 pairs (9). Many

(1) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp. (2) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (3) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp. (4) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (5) NERI (2010) Seabird densities offshore West Greenland. A data report with offshore maps presenting seasonal densities of important seabird species based on a preliminary analysis of available ship-based surveys and airplane surveys, including the September 2009 surveys. (6) Boertmann, D. & Mosbech, A. 2001: Offshore seabird distributions during summer and autumn at West Greenland. Ship based surveys 1977 and 1992-2000. National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark. Technical Report no. 370. (7) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (8) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (9) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN B-6 of these small colonies have been observed throughout the Upernavik area of western Greenland. They often nest in association with other seabird colonies (1) and are present at the breeding colonies from April-May until the autumn. Away from the breeding colonies, non-breeding birds are widely dispersed, more commonly in coastal areas than far offshore. They are omnivorous taking fish and crustaceans, young chicks and eggs of other birds and scavenging from boats and settlements.

Sterna paradisaea (Arctic tern)

The breeding population of Sterna paradisaea in Greenland was estimated at 30,000-100,000 pairs in 2004 (2). They are widespread breeders in coastal areas, with numerous colonies recorded on the west coast. S. paradisaea are mainly colonial breeders that position their nests on small and low islands (3). Colony size ranges from a few pairs to about 20,000 pairs. At least 40 colonies occur in the region, with many of the colonies towards the south of the region holding more than 1,000 pairs.

Favoured coastal breeding areas are around polynyas and other areas where ice breaks up early allowing birds to feed, such as mouths of fjords and sounds. Birds return to breeding areas in during May and early June and depart to wintering areas in the southern hemisphere once young are fledged in late August and early September. During migration S. paradisaea congregate in coastal habitats and inshore waters, although some birds may be found offshore (4). S. paradisaea feed on small fish and crustaceans near the surface by plunge diving (5). They usually do not rest on the water surface, making them less vulnerable to marine oil spills compared to other seabirds. During the breeding season they generally forage near to the shore, within 3 km of the colony but exceptionally up to 50 km (6). Offshore concentrations are not known but are probably infrequent as the migration in both spring and autumn takes place over a very short time, without staging in assembling areas (7).

Uria lomvia (Brünnich’s guillemot / Thick-billed murre)

Uria lomvia are among the most numerous and widespread species in the region. The majority of the Greenland breeding population of U. lomvia is found in colonies on the coasts of the region. In the former Qaanaaq

(1) BirdLife International (2008) Species factsheet: Larus hyperboreus. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 27/2/2009 (2) Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status (BirdLife International 2004). (3) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (4)Boertmann, D. & Mosbech, A. 2001: Offshore seabird distributions during summer and autumn at West Greenland. Ship based surveys 1977 and 1992-2000. National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark. Technical Report no. 370. (5) Boertmann D, Mosbech A and Johansen K (2008) Preliminary Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS East Assessment area. (6) BirdLife International (2008) Species factsheet: Sterna paradisaea. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 2/3/2009 (7) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN B-7 municipality there are five large colonies with a total of 225,000 pairs and in Upernavik there are three main colonies with approximately 100,000 breeding pairs (1). They spend a long time on the sea surface, and only come into land during the breeding season (2). U. lomvia have been recorded feeding at sites more than 100 km from their summer breeding sites in North Greenland although birds from colonies in Upernavik generally forage within 25 km of the colony and in the archipelagos to the east (3) (4). Concentrations of birds recorded close to the coast in summer are likely to be breeders, while those further offshore in summer are likely to be non-breeders. During late summer flightless adult and juvenile birds on swimming migration (see explanation below) also contribute to some of the offshore concentrations.

U. lomvia are a migratory species that winter in southwest Greenland and Newfoundland waters (5). There is very limited information about their migration pathways. The non-breeding migration and wintering period occurs from September to April (6). Numbers of U. lomvia in west Greenland increase during autumn as migrants from local and international populations arrive to spend the winter in West Greenland waters. Northern Baffin Bay and Melville Bay is sometimes used as a staging area by birds migrating from Saunders Island in the north of Greenland before they head south (see Figure B.1) (7).

In spring and summer first year and immature birds from the Ritenbenk colony disperse as far north as Upernavik. High numbers (400,000 birds) of U. lomvia in significant concentrations have been recorded in the Disko West area during April and May (8).

Pairs nest on steep coastal cliffs near to areas that become ice free early in the year. Birds arrive at breeding sites in early summer and hatch a single chick. Chicks jump from nesting ledges to the sea after three weeks when still unfledged. They then undertake a swimming migration accompanied by the flightless males undergoing their post breeding moult. This species is therefore particularly vulnerable to oil spills during this period of being unable to fly. U. lomvia forage by diving to depths up to 200 m to feed on zooplankton, squid and fish.

(1) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (2) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (3)Boertmann, D. & Mosbech, A. 2001: Offshore seabird distributions during summer and autumn at West Greenland. Ship based surveys 1977 and 1992-2000. National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark. Technical Report no. 370. (4) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (5) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (6) Mosbech, A., Merkel, F., Boertmann, D., Falk, K., Frederiksen, M., Johansen, K. & Sonne, C. 2009: Thick-billed Murre studies in Disko Bay (Ritenbenk), West Greenland. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University. 60 pp. – NERI Technical Report 749. (7) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (8) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN B-8 Figure B.1 U. lomvia Autumn Migration from Three West Greenland Breeding Colonies

Source: Boertmann et al. (2009) (1)

Cepphus grylle (Black guillemot)

There are colonies of C. grylle in most fjords, bays and rocky coasts in the vicinity of the licence block and their numbers range from a few pairs to several hundreds (2). The total breeding population within the region is unknown but estimates number at least 10,000 pairs (3). A few may stay throughout the winter in polynyas and leads. C. grylle spend all of their time at sea except for the breeding season, when they forage in the coastal environment. C. grylle leave the area when the ice covers the shallow coastal foraging areas. They winter in the offshore drift ice and in the open-water area to the south of the region. The species is a relatively widespread breeder, nesting near to the shore in areas inaccessible to predators either on cliffs or close to the sea in rock crevices. C. grylle tend to forage much closer to their

(1) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (2) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (3) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN B-9 breeding colonies than other auks, generally in waters <50 m deep, on small fish and crustaceans.

Alle alle (Little auk)

Alle alle is the most numerous seabird in the North Atlantic; more than 80 % of the global population is estimated to breed in Qaanaaq (1). This population is estimated at approximately 33 million pairs, distributed along the shores between northern Melville Bay and Etah in Inglefield Land. There are smaller colonies in Upernavik, where up to 5,000 pairs are found (2). A. alle nests in large colonies on scree or talus rocks below steep cliffs and can be found in huge flocks on the water below the colonies. A. alle spend all of their time at sea except when breeding.

Very large spring concentrations have been observed from the Canadian side of Baffin Bay, however, it is not known whether similar concentrations occur in autumn (3). Breeding adults arrive at breeding colonies in May and fledged young and adults leave the colonies in August-September. Adults moult their flight feathers after breeding, becoming flightless and forming large rafts in coastal areas (4). In autumn they migrate through Baffin Bay and the northern Davis Strait to winter in the Davis Strait or further south. A. alle winter in the waters of Newfoundland and Labrador. A. alle can forage at high densities up to approximately 100 km from colonies, feeding largely on pelagic crustaceans. It has been estimated that A. alle were responsible for 92–96% of the energy demand of the seabirds in the North Water Polynya, underlining their importance in the food web and indicating the importance of production in this part of the polynya (5).

Phalacrocorax carbo (Great cormorant)

Phalacrocorax carbo are known to breed in several colonies on the coasts of the southern part of the region (north to about 74°N), although the population may have extended the breeding range further north (6). Population estimates are in the range of 500 pairs, representing approximately 10% of the total Greenland breeding population (7). Colonies are generally small with fewer than 20 pairs. P. carbo are always closely associated to coastal waters where

(1) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (2) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Falk, K. & K. Kampp. 1996. Seabird colonies in western Greenland. – NERI Technical Report 170 (3) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (4) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (5) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (6) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (7) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN B-10 they feed in rather shallow water and rest on the water; they are also dependent on terrestrial roosts to rest and dry their feathers (1).

P. carbo arrive in the region as soon as open water is present and they leave in late autumn for wintering grounds to the south of the region. Breeding peaks between April and June and takes place in a variety of nesting sites, such as depressions or platforms of sticks on cliffs or in amongst boulders (2). Their diet consists predominantly of bottom dwelling fish but they will also eat shoaling fish from deeper water and crustaceans.

Fractercula arctica (Atlantic puffin)

F. arctica is distributed in coastal and offshore regions in western Greenland throughout the year, although concentrations of F. arctica are not likely to occur offshore in summer (3). It breeds in small scattered colonies, usually with less than 50 pairs, and there are probably less than 1,000 pairs along the coastline adjacent to the licence block (4). The colonies are mainly found in the archipelago of Upernavik, although there are also a few in Qaanaaq.

F. arctica nests in concealed sites such as crevices and burrows, which they return to each year with the same mate to lay a single egg (5). These nests are almost always bordering the open ocean. Small fish are the main food source, which can be stored in a neat row in their specially adapted bills making fishing trips very productive. Fish are caught by diving into and swimming through the water for 20-40 seconds at a time. All of their time is spent at sea, except when breeding. They have a similar sensitivity to oil spills as murres and guillemots, however, they moult their flight feathers much later in the year, in winter and spring (6).

Alca torda (Razorbill)

Alca torda was estimated to have a scattered population of 2,000 to 5,000 pairs along the western Greenland coast from the south to central Avenersuaq in 1996 (7). A. torda overwinters and breeds along the coast of western Greenland and is present year round (8). There are similar numbers of A. torda to F. arctica

(1) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (2) BirdLife International (2009) Species factsheet: Phalacrocorax carbo. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 4/1/2010. (3) Boertmann, D. & Mosbech, A. 2001: Offshore seabird distributions during summer and autumn at West Greenland. Ship based surveys 1977 and 1992-2000. National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark. Technical Report no. 370. (4) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (5) Wildlife Britain Atlantic puffin factsheet. Downloaded from http://www.wildlifebritain.com/puffins.php on 4/1/2010. (6) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (7) Boertman, D., Mosbech, A., Falk, K., Kampp, K. et al (1996) Seabird colonies in western Greenland. National Environmental Research Institute - NERI Technical Report No. 170, 149pp. (8) Mosbech, A., Anthonsen, A., Blyth, A., Boertman, D., Buch, E., Cake, D., Grondahl, L., Hansen, K. Q., Kapel, H., Nielsen, S., Von Platen, F., Potter, S., Rasch, M. (2000) Environmental Oil Spill Sensitivity Atlas for the West Greenland Coastal Zone, National Environmental Research Institute

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN B-11 along the coastline to the east of the licence block (1). A. torda breed on sheltered cliffs, laying one egg per year. They feed on fish, which they dive to catch.

Larus marinus (Greater black-backed gull)

Larus marinus was estimated to have a population of 3,000 to 5,000 pairs along the western coast of Greenland in 1996 (2). The species is present year round along the coast of western Greenland where it breeds, overwinters and summers (3). In general, the larger colonies are south of Baffin Island, however, many smaller colonies are found in the northen Uummannaq and Upernavik regions. L. marinus constructs a shallow nest from grass, moss and seaweed on a variety of substrates such as sand, rocky ridges and grass (4). Usually, breeding occurs in solitary pairs in amongst colonies of other species. After breeding it is largely gregarious. L. marinus is an omnivorous species eating shellfish, birds and carrion.

Other species

Migrant species to the area during spring and autumn include two species of phalaropes (red-necked phalaropes, Phalaropus lobatus and grey phalaropes, Phalaropus fulicarius), Sabines gull (Larus sabini) and the rare and threatened ivory gull (Pagophila eburnea) (5). Phalaropes (Phalaropus spp.) are small shorebirds (waders) associated with the marine environment during the non- breeding period (6). Phalaropus fulicarius breeds on small islands together with Arctic terns (for example those in the Melville Bay), while Phalaropus lobatus breeds at ponds and small lakes on the tundra. Larus sabini breeds at two small colonies on islands in Melville Bay, while Pagophila eburnea does not breed within the assessment area, but breeds at Ellesmere Island in Canada (7). Pagophila eburnea is a common visitor, mainly at the ice edge in the northern part region. Geese occur along the coastline in salt marshes and other nearshore habitats when breeding, moulting and staging on migration. Signifi cant concentrations of moulting snow geese (Anser caerulescens) occur at the coasts of the former Qaanaaq municipality; and internationally important concentrations of brent geese (Branta bernicla) may occur throughout the assessment areas during migration periods in May/June and again in August / September as the entire flyway population moves through the region (8). The

(1) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (2) Boertman, D., Mosbech, A., Falk, K., Kampp, K. et al (1996) Seabird colonies in western Greenland. National Environmental Research Institute - NERI Technical Report No. 170, 149pp. (3) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp. (4) BirdLife International (2009) Species factsheet: Larus marinus. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 4/1/2010. (5) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp. (6) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (7) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (8) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN B-12 endemic white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons flavirostris) breeds in low numbers in inland areas of the southern part of the region and Canada geese (Branta canadensis) occur probably rather commonly throughout the region (1). Seaducks (mainly Somateria spectablis, but also Somateria mollissima, Histronicus histronicus and Mergus serrator) arrive along the west coast of Greenland in summer to moult in bays and fjords. Clangula hyemalis (long-tailed ducks) breed, moult and winter in the shallow fjords and bays along the coast.

B.3 MARINE MAMMAL SPECIES

Balaena mysticetus (Bowhead Whale)

Balaena mysticetus is an Arctic and near-Arctic species which, unlike many of the other large baleen whales, does not migrate to warmer waters to calve (2). B. mysticetus winter along the Greenland coast south of Disko Island, where they start their spring migration north and north-west across Baffin Bay to the waters of the high Arctic Canadian archipelago. Figure B.2 presents B. mysticetus locations in 2009 and demonstrates their migration from south of Disko Island into Canadian waters. Migration may occur through the licence block during June. A few B. mysticetus winter in the North Water Polynya and depending of the ice conditions, occur within the northern part of the region until at least June when they probably move westwards (3). The population in Greenland’s waters is believed to be about 1,230 individuals (4).

B. mysticetus are specialised copepod feeders that exploit the high concentrations of Calanus sp. in the west coast waters. It is suspected that Greenland’s west coast waters are an important foraging ground for pregnant or resting female B. mysticetus from the whole Canada - Greenland population (5). They are listed within CITES Appendix I (6).

(1) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (2) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) The Eastern Baffin Bay A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (3) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (4) International Whaling commision Website http://iwcoffice.org/conservation/estimate.htm. Accessed January 2011. (5) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp. (6) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1973) Full text and appendices available from http://www.cites.org/.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN B-13 Figure B.2 Bowhead Whale Movements in 2009

Source: GINR and NERI

Balaenoptera acutorostrata (Minke Whale)

Balaenoptera acutorostrata are a baleen species that occur along Greenland’s west coast during the summer and autumn (1). B. acutorostrata mainly occur in the vicinity of the licence block as summer visitors in the southern part of the region, although they have been reported as far north as Siorapaluk in the former Qaanaaq Municipality (2). It is estimated that 10,800 B. acutorostrata can be found around Greenland’s west coast during the summer. They winter in warmer more southern waters and migrate northwards into Baffin Bay during the summer (3). B. acutorostrata feed on a wide range of prey species including

(1)Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) ( 2009) The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI Technical report no. 720. (2) Boertmann et al. (2009). The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no 720. (3)Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) ( 2009) The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI Technical report no. 720.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN B-14 krill and small schooling fish (1). B. acutorostrata hunting in Greenland is regulated by quota and is considered an aboriginal/subsistence catch. They are listed in CITES Appendix II (2).

Balaenoptera borealis (Sei whale)

Balaenoptera borealis are occasional visitors to offshore waters in West Greenland between June and October (3). Their distribution is worldwide and it is assumed that most populations move seasonally between high latitudes in summer to tropical waters in winter. As in other high latitude areas, the presence of B. borealis in West Greenland fluctuates widely. They are considered rare visitors to the region and have only been recorded in the southern part (4). They feed on small fish, krill, squid and copepods. B. borealis are listed in CITES Appendix I.

Megaptera novaeangliae (Humpback Whale)

Megaptera novaeangliae are large baleen whales that occur around banks and along the coast in western Greenland. There are an estimated 1,000 M. novaeangliae in western Greenland. They are a migratory species, spending the winter in temperate and tropical waters where they give birth and mate, returning to mid and high latitude feeding grounds in the summer. The exact distribution of the M. novaeangliae in Greenland is unknown, however, it is thought that the whale uses feeding grounds in the Uummannaq fjord (5). M. novaeangliae feed on a range of small schooling fish and krill (6). They are listed in CITES Appendix I.

Balaenoptera physalus (Fin Whale)

Balaenoptera physal is a large baleen whale with a worldwide distribution. They are a migratory species, spending the winter at lower latitudes where they breed and mate and migrate northwards to spend the summer months feeding in polar waters (7). Non breeding animals may spend the winter at higher latitudes rather than migrating to warmer waters. B. physal occur

(1)Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) ( 2009) The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI Technical report no. 720. (2) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1973) Full text and appendices available from http://www.cites.org/. (3)Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) ( 2009) The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI Technical report no. 720. (4)Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) ( 2009) The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI Technical report no. 720. (5)Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) ( 2009) The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI Technical report no. 720. (6) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (7) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN B-15 regularly during summer in fjords of the southern part of the region and may occur further north in offshore areas (1). However, the offshore waters in Baffin Bay have never been systematically surveyed for cetaceans and there are no data on the distribution or numbers of B. physal in the region. Local knowledge indicates that B. physal abundance has increased in recent years. B. physalus feed primarily on krill in polar waters, but will also take small schooling fish. B. physalus hunting in Greenland is regulated by quota and is considered to be an aboriginal/subsistence catch. They are listed in CITES Appendix I.

Balaenoptera musculus (Blue Whale)

Balaenoptera musculus are the largest whale in the world. They are globally distributed from the equator to polar waters, migrating to high latitudes for feeding during summer and to low latitudes for feeding and calving during winter (2). The distribution in Greenland is unknown but it is thought that B. musculus may occur in the Davis Strait in the vicinity of the licence block (3). They feed exclusively on crustaceans and other planktonic organisms with krill constituting the largest part of their diet. B. musculus are listed on CITES Appendix I.

Phocoena phocoena (Harbour porpoise)

In Greenlandic waters Phocoena phocoena has been observed from Ammassalik on the east coast to Avanersuaq in northwest Greenland (4). P. phocoena are common along the whole west coast of Greenland from April to November (5). However, the main population of P. phocoena in western Greenland is present in waters between Sisimiut and Paamiut to the south of the region (6); Some individuals may be present in the southern part of the region in coastal waters only (7). During the winter they migrate to more southern waters (8). P. phocoena feed on fish in the upper water column (9).

(1)Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) ( 2009) The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI Technical report no. 720. (2)Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720 (3)Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720 (4) Teilmann J, Dietz R (1998) Status of the harbour porpoise in Greenland. Polar Biol 19: 211-220. (5) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp. (6) NERI (2004) The 2004 Licence Area 4 (Paamiut Basin) A summary of the environment and a preliminary assessment of environmental impacts from exploration and development of hydrocarbon resources. Note prepared for the Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum, Government of Greenland. (7)Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) ( 2009) The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI Technical report no. 720. (8) Møller, H. S., Potter, S., Andreasen, C., Berglund, J. & Myrup, M. (2004). Environmental Oil Spill Sensitivity Atlas for the West Greenland (68º-72º N) Coastal Zone. NERI Technical Report no. 494, 442 pp. (9) Mosbech, A. et al. (2000) Environmental Oil Spill Sensitivity Atlas for the West Greenland Coastal Zone. Internet- version. The Danish Energy Agency, Ministry of Environment and Energy. 341 pp. + appendix 155 pp.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN B-16 Hyperoodon ampullatus (Bottlenose Whale)

Hyperoodon ampullatus is a frequent visitor to western Greenland between June and August (1). They avoid densely ice-covered waters, so their use of the region is restricted to ice-free months. Winters are spent in warmer waters in the south. They are a deep water species, often located in waters seaward of the continental shelf (2) near to deep submarine features such as subsea canyons or seamounts. They develop family groups of 4-20 animals, which may be formed depending on sex or age. H. ampullatus are toothed whales that feed primarily on squid, but prey may also include fish and invertebrates.

Globicephalus melas (Long-finned pilot whale)

Globicephalus melas are medium sized toothed whales which are regular visitors along Greenland’s west coast from June to October (3). The occurrence of this species in western Greenland fluctuates but is thought to be correlated with influxes of relatively warm Atlantic water to the Davis Strait and Baffin Bay (4). In 2009 an observation of 40 individuals was made in western Greenland (5), which together with other observations indicates that 2009 was a good year for G. melas. Previously they have been sited as far north as Qeqertarsuaq. They are generally found on the continental shelf in winter and spring (6). They tend to avoid ice covered waters, although will come in closer to land during the summer. Their main food source is cephalopods.

Orcinus orca (Killer Whale)

Orcinus orca are rare but regular visitors to western Greenland as far north as Qaanaq (7). They occur in open and coastal waters in the region from June to August. O. orca are apex predators which are widespread across all oceans of the world. O. orca feed on prey ranging in size from Clupea harengus (herring) to adult Balaenoptera musculus (blue whales) (8). Different O. orca populations tend to specialise and feed on locally abundant prey species.

Delphinapterus laucas (Beluga whale / white whale)

Delphinapterus laucas migrate through the licence block during their spring and autumn migrations (October–November and May–June). They may also occur

(1) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp. (2) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (3) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp. (4)NERI (2010) Marine Mammals in the Disko West Area. A Knowledge Update Report for Capricorn Exploration-1. (5)NERI (2010) Marine Mammals in the Disko West Area. A Knowledge Update Report for Capricorn Exploration-1. (6) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (7) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp. (8) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) The Eastern Baffin Bay A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no. 720.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN B-17 in the region in winter as one population spends the winter in the North Water Polynya and the central West Greenland wintering grounds occasionally range as far north as the south of the region (1). In 2006 the population in western Greenland was estimated at 10,595 individuals (2). They can be found along the ice edge in western Greenland in spring and in the open water until autumn, when they arrive in Canada. During the winter they can be found in shallow water and coastal areas around Disko Bay and the northern part of the Davis Strait (see Figure B.3). The summer grounds of D. laucas are in the Canadian Arctic archipelago, where they often occur in extensive estuaries (3). D. laucas are expected to obtain the major part of their annual food intake in West Greenland in winter, feeding on fish, such as Boreogadus saida, squid and shrimp (4). They are listed on CITES Appendix II.

Figure B.3 Beluga Wintering Ground

Source: NERI,

(1)Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. & Johansen, K. (eds) ( 2009) The eastern Baffi n Bay. A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 238 pp. – NERI Technical report no. 720. (2) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (3) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (4) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN B-18 Monodon monoceros (Narwhal)

Monodon monoceros are high-Arctic mammals that number at least 50,000 individuals in the Baffin Bay region (1). M. monoceros are site faithful to summering and wintering grounds, although many of the the stock movements in Baffin Bay are complex and still not fully understood (2). M. monoceros are known to conduct yearly migrations and in winter can be found under dense pack ice in Baffin Bay and Davis Strait (3). Large numbers of M. monoceros arrive in Disko Bay from Melville Bay and other populations from November onwards (4). They are considered abundant in the deeper basins of the region from November through to May. During the spring they occur along the coast of West Greenland and can be found in the shallow coastal waters around Inglefield, breeding in Avanersuaq and Melville Bay in the summer (5). Summer aggregation areas and general range are presented in Figure B.4. M. monoceros are protected in the inner part of the Melville Bay nature protection area. The licence block falls within Narwhal Protection Area number 2, which is their migration corridor where seismic operations should be minimised 15th October to 1st December (6). In the autumn M. monoceros can be found around Upernavik and Uummannaq. They are toothed whales that feed primarily on Reinhardtius hippoglossoides and occasionally on other fish, shrimp and squid (7). The majority of young appear to be born in July in deep bays and inlets. M. monoceros is listed in CITES Appendix II.

(1) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (2) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (3)Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) The Eastern Baffin Bay A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (4) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp. (5) COSEWIC (2004), COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the narwhal Monodon monoceros in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vii + 50 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm) (6) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (7) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN B-19 Figure B.4 Narwhal Range and Summer Aggregation Areas

Physeter macrocephalus (Sperm Whale)

Physeter macrocephalus are rare but regular visitors to the deep water along Greenland’s west coast between May and November (1). Although there have been no dedicated cetacean surveys in the area the presence of P. macrocephalus could be expected during ice-free periods in suitable habitat, such as deep-sea waters close to continental slopes and underwater canyons with abundance of prey (2). Females and young remain in tropical and sub tropical regions year round, while males segregate and migrate to higher latitudes once they reach puberty (3). Males then tend to stay at these higher latitudes, feeding and increasing in size until they are sufficiently large to migrate back to lower latitudes to attempt to breed. P. macrocephalus are the largest toothed whales and are deep divers capable of going down to depths

(1) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp. (2) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp. (3) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) The Eastern Baffin Bay A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no. 720.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN B-20 more than 1,000 m to feed on a wide variety of deep-sea cephalopods and fish (1). They are listed in CITES Appendix I.

Lagenorhynchus albirostris (White beaked dolphin)

Lagenorhynchus albirostris are occasional summer visitors to the region. They inhabit the North Atlantic Ocean in the cold temperate zone to the Arctic. Disko Bay is generally believed to be the northern limit of their distribution in West Greenland although they may occur as far north as Upernavik. L. albirostris’s primary habitat is waters less than 200 m deep, especially along the edges of continental shelves. Their diet in West Greenland is unknown, however, in other areas they feed mainly on a variety of small schooling fishes. They are listed within CITES Appendix II (2).

Phoca groenlandica (Harp seal)

Phoca groenlandica are the most numerous marine mammal found in western Greenland with an estimated 5.4 million individuals (3). P. groenlandica are migrant seals that inhabit the region between June and October in ice free water and feed on fish such as Clupea harengus and Mallotus villosus, as well as crabs and other invertebrates.

P. groenlandica give birth in February-March on dense pack ice around Jan Mayen in the Greenland Sea (4). Moulting occurs in late April in the same region as pupping and once finished the seals disperse along the coasts northward to Qaanaaq in western Greenland. In late October harp seals leave the northern regions and return to breeding sites.

Cystophora cristata (Hooded Seal)

Like Phoca groenlandica, Cystophora cristata is a migrant species that migrates northwards in Baffin Bay, close to the licence block, in the spring as the ice melts and open water becomes available (5). They are a numerous species in western Greenland, although no estimates of population size have recently been made. C. cristata give birth to their offspring from mid to end of March on pack ice in the middle of the Davis Strait (6) before migrating to West Greenland, southeast Greenland and the Denmark Strait (7). Moulting occurs

(1) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (2) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1973) Full text and appendices available from http://www.cites.org/. (3) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp. (4) The Greenland Home Rule. Department of Fisheries, Hunting & Agriculture (2006) Management and Utilization of Seals in Greenland. (5) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp. (6) Kovacs, K. 2008. Cystophora cristata. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. . Downloaded on 06 January 2011. (7) The Greenland Home Rule. Department of Fisheries, Hunting & Agriculture (2006) Management and Utilization of Seals in Greenland.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN B-21 on pack ice from June to July in either Jan Mayen or the Denmark Strait after which they can be found across large parts of the northern Atlantic. Adults usually feed on large fish such as Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, while the young eat smaller fish species such as Mallotus villosus and Boreogadus saida.

Phoca hispida (Ringed Seal)

Phoca hispida are the most common seal in Greenland and are widely distributed with a circumpolar distribution throughout the Arctic Basin (1). They are usually associated with the ice as they depend on ice to make dens for hauling-out and pupping (2), which limits their distribution in West Greenland and they are mainly found north of 69°N (3). They are considered resident in the region.

P. hispida are the only species that stays on the ice all year round, but may haul out on land if ice is not available. Although landfast ice is preferred, breeding occurs successfully on stable pack ice in Baffin Bay and the Greenland Sea. They maintain breathing holes in winter ice over two metres deep using their foreclaws and teeth (4). The seals form lairs in snowdrifts over their breathing holes and give birth there in late March or April. The lair forms a warm environment for the pups to reduce its energy requirements to keep warm. Breeding takes place in April to May. The adults feed on pelagic fish species such as Boreogadus saida or Mallotus villosus and invertebrates. Phoca hispida is an key ecological species in Greenland due to its abundance and its role as main prey species for Ursus maritimus (polar bear) (5).

Erignathus barbatus (Bearded seals)

Erignathus barbatus are widespread in the Arctic and are common in western Greenland though they are usually found in low densities (6). This seal is usually associated with the sea ice and is considered as resident in the region. Access to open water is through ‘leads’ (7) and when the ice stays relatively thin they are able to maintain breathing holes (8). Mating and whelping both occur on the drift ice or near the ice edge in early spring (9). Bearded seals feed

(1) Kovacs, K., Lowry, L. & Härkönen, T. 2008. Pusa hispida. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. . Downloaded on 06 January 2011. (2) The Greenland Home Rule. Department of Fisheries, Hunting & Agriculture (2006) Management and Utilization of Seals in Greenland. (3) Mosbech, A, Dietz, R, Boertmann, D & Johansen, P (1996) Oil Exploration in the Fylla Area: An Initial Assessment of Potential Environmental Impacts, National Environmental Research Institute (NERI Technical Report no. 156). (4) NAMMCO, 2002. The Ringed Seal. Status of Marine Mammals in the North Atlantic. North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission. 35 pp. (5) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) The Eastern Baffin Bay A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (6) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) The Eastern Baffin Bay A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (7) Formed when drift ice cracks. (8) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (9) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN B-22 on invertebrates and some fish. They usually hunt for invertebrates in waters down to 100 m deep (1).

Ursus maritimus (Polar Bears)

There are three Ursus maritimus populations located in western Greenland, but only the range of the Baffin Bay population is within the vicinity of the licence block. The distribution of U. maritimus is determined by the presence of pack ice and they are therefore mainly observed in western Greenland in winter, although bears that follow the movement of the ice may be present in the region during winter, spring and summer; polar bears in this area follow the receding sea ice westward towards Baffin Island during early summer (2). Bears have a tendency to show fidelity to the ice edge and are often associated with drift ice (3). Polar bears are attracted to a shear zone that regurly occurs between the Mellville Bay fast ice and the Baffin Bay pack as it is used by ringed seals and as a migration route for other marine mammals during spring. The Baffin Bay population is estimated to comprise approximately 2,000 bears (4). Figure B.5 shows the home range of U. maritimus as they follow the movement of ice.

In April and May U. maritimus congregate on pack ice in order to mate. The fertilised egg in the pregnant female then remains dormant for four months while the female gains a large volume of weight, often doubling in size. In autumn and early winter the pregnant female digs a breeding den and cubs are born in the winter, usually between November and February. The mother and cubs remain in the den until mid-February to mid-April. In the summer U. maritimus moult their fur, which can take several weeks.

U. maritimus feed primarily on Phoca hispida and Erignathus barbatus but will occasionally hunt Phoca groenlandica, Cystophora cristata, Odobenus rosmarus pups, Monodon monoceros and Delphinapterus laucas (5). They also take marine birds and scavenge on the occasional whale carcass (6). U. maritimus are listed on CITES Appendix II.

(1) Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (2) NERI (2011) Figures for preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment (SEIA) of expected activities in the KANUMAS West area. Update to Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720. (3) Mosbech, A., Boertmann, D. and Jespersen, M. (2007) Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the Disko West area. NERI Technical Report No. 618, 192pp. (4) Hjarsen, T. (2005) The Big Four - a WWF update on Greenland’s efforts with regard to species conservation and nature protection, Published by WWF Denmark. (5) IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group. Accessed 2009. Available from http://pbsg.npolar.no/ (6) Hjarsen, T. (2005) The Big Four - a WWF update on Greenland’s efforts with regard to species conservation and nature protection, Published by WWF Denmark.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN B-23 Figure B.5 Polar Bear Home Range Percent

Source: NERI, 2011 (1)

(1) NERI (2011) Figures for preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment (SEIA) of expected activities in the KANUMAS West area. Update to Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Schiedek, D. and Johansen, K. (2009) A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. National Environmental Research Institute. NERI Technical Report no. 720.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAPRICORN B-24 Annex C

Vessel Specs

ITT Greenland 3D Seismic 2011 SECTION 3

SECTION 3 Proposed Vessel and Equipment Specifications

A Clearer Image www.pgs.com

PGS Bid WHS 2010-429

CONTENTS

3 PROPOSED VESSEL AND EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS ...... 3

3.1 Seismic Acquisition Vessel M/V Ramform Valiant ...... 3

3.1.1 VESSEL SPECIFICATIONS ...... 3

3.1.2 SEISMIC SPECIFICATIONS ...... 5

3.1.3 NAVIGATION AND POSITIONING SYSTEMS ...... 6

3.2 Seismic Acquisition Vessel M/V Ramform Challenger ...... 8

3.2.1 VESSEL SPECIFICATIONS ...... 8

3.2.2 SEISMIC SPECIFICATIONS ...... 10

3.2.3 NAVIGATION AND POSITIONING SYSTEMS ...... 11

3.3 Chase and Support Vessels ...... 13

PGS Bid WHS 2010-429 Section 3 – Proposed Vessel and Equipment Specifications Page 2 of 13 3.2 Seismic Acquisition Vessel M/V Ramform Challenger

3.2.1 VESSEL SPECIFICATIONS

Maritime Specification Summary Name M/V Ramform Challenger Managing Owner Oslo Challenger Plc, (Isle of Man) Maritime operator Wilhelmsen Ship Mangement AS Flag NIS Port of registry Bergen Builder and date built Langsten S&B, Norway 1996 Vessel classification society, notations to class DNV +1A1, ICE C, HELDK, E0 Call sign LAYM4 IMO number 9141455

Vessel Dimensions Length 86.2m Breadth 39.6m Draft 7.3m

Vessel Tonnage Gross (IMO-69) 9209 tonnes Net 2763 tonnes

PGS Bid WHS 2010-429 Section 3 – Proposed Vessel and Equipment Specifications Page 8 of 13 Vessel Capacities Fuel (HFO & MGO) 3300 m³ cu.m Maximum endurance (shooting/transit) 70/82 days Vessel speed (cruising) 11 knots Main propulsion systems Diesel electric / 2 Twin screw 2x2545kw Bergen Diesel, 2x3355kw Bergen Power Plant Diesel Propulsion type (pumps) Diesel electric Fresh water maker capacity 25m3/day Accommodation 60 (34s + 13d) Helideck Super Puma / EH-101

Communication Systems Marisat receiver Inmarsat B, Norsat B (all + 870 325 974 xxx), Bridge 410, PC 420, Marisat number Fax 424 Norsat number Tel. +47 67 51 46 30

Navigational Aids Radar X-Band, STN ATLAS 1000 Auto pilot Robertson AP9 MKII Gyro (Heading Sensor) 1 x Anschutz std.20, 1 x SG Brown Echosounder Skipper GDS-101, Simrad EA500

Water Speed Log Nortek ADP Doppler, SAGEM

Vessel Fire Fighting Equipment Fire detection system Autronica BS100, all areas Pumps 4 in engine room pumps Hydrants and hoses 33 Hydrants, standard lengths Inert gas and other fixed systems HIFOG, CO2, Foam Foam deluge system Seismic Reels, Helideck Portable extinguishers 95 powder and CO2

Vessel Safety and Survival Fireman’s outfits 6 Breathing apparatus spares 10 bottles, 1 compressor Lifeboats 2 Harding, 60 people each Life crafts 6 x 20 people MOB (Fast Rescue Craft) 2 x 10 people Life jackets 128 Survival suits 60 Lifebuoys (Work floating vests) 12

PGS Bid WHS 2010-429 Section 3 – Proposed Vessel and Equipment Specifications Page 9 of 13 HSE Full compliance with SOLAS, Marpol 73/78 and other relevant maritime and industrial standards, E&P Forum and IAGC requirements. Further documentation and certification available on request.

3.2.2 SEISMIC SPECIFICATIONS Streamer System Manufacture and type PGS GeoStreamer® Solid Skin material Polyurethane Outside diameter 62 mm Length of each group 12.5 m Streamer set-up Typical 12 x 6000m Manufacture and type of hydrophones Teledyne T-2BX or equivalent Type of array (e.g. linear, binomial) Linear Number of hydrophones per group/distance apart 12 per 12.5 m Coupling between phones and pre-amp Capacitive Sensitivity of near group at 1/P to recorder (V/bar) 20 V/Bar Sensitivity of far group at 1/P to recorder (V/bar) 20 V/Bar Bandwidth over which above sensitivities apply Specified at 100 Hz Availability of shoreside spares if required Pool system Manufacturer and type of depth controller Digicourse 5011 Manufacturer and type of compass ION Digicourse 5011

Recording System Manufacturer and type PGS GeoStreamer® 24 bit / PGS gAS Number of seismic and auxiliary channels Typical 12 x 480 + 48 Format(s) available SEG-D revision 1.0 and 2.1 Tape drives IBM 3592 Sample rates 1 ms, 2ms, 4 ms Maximum No. of groups recorded at each of above 960 channels per streamer at 2ms High cut filters available 428 Hz, 214 Hz, 107 Hz @ 341 dB/oct Low cut filter 3.04 Hz @ 7.5 dB/oct, 4.4 Hz @ 12dB/oct. Recorded as separate streamer or appended to Auxiliary channels allocation streamer 1 Telemetry systems array forming capabilities Optional

Energy Source Manufacturer and type Sodera G-GunII Effective volume of standard array(s) 2 x 3111 cu.in. or 2 x 4135 cu.in. Maximum number of sub-arrays 6 Standard array depth(s) 5 - 9 m Position of depth transducers Front and tail of subarray Working pressure 2000 & 2500 psi

PGS Bid WHS 2010-429 Section 3 – Proposed Vessel and Equipment Specifications Page 10 of 13 Type of firing sensors Moving coil Position of firing sensors Each gun Type of firing synchroniser unit ION Digishot Timing resolution 0.1 ms Timing accuracy +/ -1.0 ms Position of near/far field phones 1 per gun / gun cluster position, 7 per sub-array Air compressors capacity 3 x 1483 cfm Number of air compressors 3

3.2.3 NAVIGATION AND POSITIONING SYSTEMS Differential GPS Standard system Skyfix XP and Starfix HP Subcontractor Fugro Survey AS Processing software Multiflix and Starfix Suite

Relative GPS Standard system Seatrack 220 and 320 Processing software Starfix Suite RGPS

Vessel Heading Sensors GPS heading reference Seapath 200 Survey gyrocompasses, manufacturer/model 1 x SG Brown

Acoustic Ranging System Manufacturer/model Sonardyne SIPS II Frequency 60 - 110 kHz Type of Units XSRS, HGPS

Echo Sounder Manufacturer/model Kongsberg Simrad EA 600 Frequencies 200 + 38 kHz Maximum sounding depth 2200 m

Integrated Navigation Computer System Type ORCA Supplier Concept Systems Ltd (ION) Hardware description Linux Based PC’s Tape drives IBM 3590

PGS Bid WHS 2010-429 Section 3 – Proposed Vessel and Equipment Specifications Page 11 of 13 Binning System Type REFLEX Supplier Concept Systems Ltd. (ION) Hardware description Unix based IBM RISC 6000 machines

Navigation Processing / QC Type NRT & SPRINT Supplier Concept Systems Ltd. (ION) Hardware Linux based IBM H Blade Server

Onboard Seismic QC System Type Viper / gAS Supplier PGS in house

Onboard Seismic Data Processing 2 x IBM BladeCenter (25 blades), 0x 1U server, 1 x Panasas disk array (90TB), 3 x Dell Precision 490 visualisation terminal, 4 x IBM Standard hardware configuration 3592 tape drive 5 x IBM x3650 server, 1 x Panasas disk array (58TB), 1 x HP xw6600 visualisation terminal, 1 x Dell Precision 470 visualisation terminal, 4 Secondary hardware capacity x IBM 3592 tape drive

Standard hardware capacity 690 peak GFlops Secondary hardware capacity 65 GFLOPs

PGS Bid WHS 2010-429 Section 3 – Proposed Vessel and Equipment Specifications Page 12 of 13 3.3 Chase and Support Vessels PGS will provide additional information regarding chase and support vessels in the event of contract award.

PGS Bid WHS 2010-429 Section 3 – Proposed Vessel and Equipment Specifications Page 13 of 13 THOR M/V Vesturland www.thor.fo

SPECIFICATIONS

Name: Capacities: M/V Vesturland Fuel: 41,630 L Call sign: Lubes: 1,000 L Water: 10,000 L XPUU Freezing hold: 183.862m3 Home port: Freezing hold: 40.765m3 Hósvík, Faroe Islands Accommodation: Flag: 4x1, 2x2, 1x4 total 12 persons Faroese Deck equipment: MMSI: Net hauler 3.ton 231 126 000 Safety Equipment: IMO no: For 12 people, VIKKING Type 12 DK 7014359 Radio and Navigation equipment: Class: 1 x Radar, Furuno FR-2110, Arpa DNV 1A1 1 x Furuno ARPA Radar FR-2105 Built: 1 x Sperry Gyro Compass SR-140 1970 Tórshavnar Skipasmiðja 1 x Amitech Pc 12 GB with MAXSEA plotter, 3D & 2D GT: bottom card, 2D current card 1 x Furuno Coloured echo sounder FCV 291 295 1 x GPS navigator Furuno GP30 NT: 1 x D-GPS - Koden KGP 98D 95 1 x Autopilot - Navitron LOA: 1 x Furuno DSC/watch Receiver DSC-60 33.21 m 1 x Furuno SSB transceiver FS 1562-15 LBP: 1 x Furuno VHF/DSC FM 8500 1 x Sailor VHF Compact 2048 31.44 m 1 x Sailor VHF RT 144C Breadth: 1 x Sailor HF SSB RE2100 Transceiver 7.31 m 1 x Scanti R 6000 - HF receiver Depth: 1 x Furuno NAVTEX Receiver NX 500 6.05 m 1 x Trane&Trane Capsat Maritime Tel. Mini M Main engine: 1 x Motorola NMT 450 telephone 1 x PhoneTech Communications system B & W Alpha Diesel, 6 cyl. 685 kW/931 Hp 1 x McMurdo SART 9GHz RT9-3 Aux. Engine: 1 x McMurdo R2 GMDSS handheld VHF radio 1 x Sailor 406 MHz Sattelite EPIRB 2 x Mitsibishi Type 6D 16-T 1 x Francis Searchlight FX Generators: 1 x Furuno FR300 24 volt charger Stamford 1 x 96 kW at 1500 rpm, 120 KVA, 380/220V Communication: Type UCM 274 E 23 IP telephone - bridge: +298 895861 Speed: IP telephone - crew: +298 895862 11.5 Mobiles: +298 58 58 12 / 58 58 86 Propeller: Mini-M telephone: +870 762 002 541 Alpha: Type VB 560/ S-nr. S4433 Skyfile email: [email protected] Steering gear: Sat email: [email protected] Tenfjord Skype bridge: Vesturland.thor

All specifications given without guarantee and subject to changes!

Copyright © 1998-2010 THOR Ltd - Web pages by Framtak Ocean Explorer Maritime and Seismic Specification.

Maritime Specification Summary Name Ocean Explorer IMO number 7805239 Owner PGS Shipping ltd (Isle of Man) Maritime operator PGS Geophysical AS Flag Bahamas Port of registry Nassau Call sign C6TU4 Builder Ulsteinvik Mekaniske Verksted Built 1979 Rebuilt 1993, 1998 and 2001 Classification society and notations to class DNV

Vessel Dimensions Length 81 Breadth 18 Draft 7 meters

Vessel Tonnage Gross (IMO-69) 4995 tonnes Net 1338 tonnes

Vessel Capacities Fuel 1451.5 cu.m Maximum endurance 60 days Vessel Cruising Speed Knots 11 knots Vessel Speed Knots [Vessel Speed Knots]

Maximum Transit Speed Knots [Maximum Transit Speed Knots] Power Plant 3 X Cat 3512 a 1360 KW Propulsion type EMD 2 X 2647 KW Pumps Twin screw Fresh water maker capacity 20 m3 per day Accomodation 60 Helideck Diameter 20 m Super Puma 9t

Communications Systems Inmarsat B 325 996 512

Direct Phones [Direct Phones]

Norsat +47 67 51 52 70

Navigational Aids Radar Radar 1 Furuno FAR 2825 ARPA, X-Band, Radar 2 Furuno FR 2837S-BB, S-Band Auto pilot Robertson AP9 MKII / Robnav

Heading sensor S.G. Brown Meridian Surveyor , SG Brown 1000S, Seapath 200.

Echosounder Skipper GDS 101 Water speed log Simrad

Vessel Fire Fighting Equipment Fire detection system Cerberus AlgoPilot CT11

Pumps 4 engine room pumps

Portable Fire Extinguishers 62 powder, 22 CO2, 4 Lithium

Hydrants and hoses 19 hydrants, 20 meter hoses

Inert gas and other fixed systems CO2

Foam deluge system Yes,

Vessel Safety and Survival Fireman’s outfits 6 Breathing apparatus 6 Sets + 14 spare bottles spares Life boats 2 Enclosed Harding, 60 people each Life rafts Viking 3 x 20 people, 3 x 25 people MOB raft Norsafe Magnum 750, 8 persons Life jackets 125 Survival suits 67 Life buoys 7 + 4 MOB

HSE Full compliance with SOLAS, Marpol 73/78 and other relevant maritime and industrial standards. Further documentation and certification available on request.

PGS Ocean Explorer

Launched in 1993, initially as a five-streamer vessel, the Ocean Explorer now has a six-streamer capacity. She began operations in Northwest Europe. In 1994, she teamed-up with the Geo Explorer and Malene Østervold as a simultaneous triple vessel operation, offering a full ten-streamer spread for the first time ever in the industry. This spread achieved prodigious The Ocean Explorer production rates in Norway during the first half of 1994. In common with the rest of the PGS fleet, Ocean Explorer offers full onboard seismic processing. The crew has extensive experience from The Gulf of Mexico and West Africa, as well as Northwest Europe. She was upgraded in January 2006 with a 24 bit digital streamer system.

Vessel Specifications Owner : PGS Vessel Dimensions Maritime operator : PGS Length : 81.0m Flag : Bahamas Width : 18.0m Port of registry : Nassau Draft : 5.0 - 5.5m Date built : 1978 / 79 Upgraded / converted: 1993, 98, 2001, 06 Vessel Tonnage Vessel classification, society and Gross (IMO-69) : 4458 tons notations to class : DNV +1A1, HELDK, SOLAS1974 Net : 1338 tons Call sign : C6TU4 IMO number : 7805239 Streamers : Up to 6 Source : Typical 2 x 3090 cu in

Oslo London Houston Singapore Tel: +47 67 526400 Tel: +44 1932 376000 Tel: +1 281 509 8000 Tel: +65 6735 6411 A Clearer Image Fax:+47 67 526464 Fax:+44 1932 376100 Fax:+1 281 509 8500 Fax:+65 6735 6413 www.pgs.com Annex D

Details of Noise Assessment

D.1 DERIVATION OF CRITERIA

D.1.1 CONVERSION BETWEEN PARAMETERS IN NOISE ASSESSMENT

The study has been based on a number of studies as described in Section 7.2.2. The acoustic pressure referred to above can be expressed as either the peak to peak (p-p), peak (peak) or root mean square (rms). These values are measured over the duration of an airgun pulse. Since different parameters are used to specify different limits and to measure noise source terms it has been necessary to establish typical empirical conversion factors to convert between relevant units.

The behavioural limits in this assessment are specified in terms of rms noise levels over the duration of a pulse, whereas the source noise level for an airgun tends to be specified in terms of a peak noise level at 1m. Therefore, a conversion factor has been used to convert between peak and rms noise levels. The rms value for a given airgun pulse is typically ~10 dB lower than the peak level, and 16 dB lower than the peak-to-peak value (Greene, 1997; McCauley and others, 1998, 2000a) (1) (2) (3) .

Typically, the peak level from a seismic source would be expected to be approximately 6 dB lower than the peak to peak value (Richardson et al., 1995).

(1) Greene, C.R., Jr. 1997. Physical acoustics measurements. p. 3-1 to 3-63 In: W.J. Richardson (ed.), Northstar marine mammal monitoring program, 1996: marine mammal and acoustical monitoring of a seismic program in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. LGL Rep. 2121-2. (2) McCauley, R.D., M.-N. Jenner, C. Jenner, K.A. McCabe, and J. Murdoch. 1998. The response of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) to offshore seismic survey noise: preliminary results of observations about a working seismic vessel and experimental exposures. APPEA J. 38:692-707. (3) McCauley, R.D., J. Fewtrell, A.J. Duncan, C. Jenner, M.-N. Jenner, J.D. Penrose, R.I.T. Prince, A. Adhitya, J. Murdoch, and K. McCabe. 2000a. Marine seismic surveys: Analysis of airgun signals; and effects of air gun exposure on humpback whales, sea turtles, fishes and squid. Rep. from Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin Univ., Perth, Western Australia, for Australian Petrol. Produc. & Explor. Association, Sydney, NSW. 188 p. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAIRN D-1 D.2 CALCULATION METHODOLOGY

Data has been provided by Capricorn and is compatible with other sources of information for air guns of a similar size (1). This source term is based on a source term no greater than approximately 265 dB re 1 μPa at 1 m (p-p) or 259 dB re 1 μPa at 1 m (peak) .

However, since generic calculations for predicting the propagation of noise do not take into account site specific features and tend to give unrealistically large noise impact zones, the calculated zones over which noise will exceed the criteria levels have been based on measurements of seismic survey noise generated from a similar size airgun. The source of this information is from a report detailing marine mammal monitoring and mitigation during open water seismic exploration by Shell Offshore Inc. in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas (H.Patterson and SB Blackwell, et al 2007, LGL. (2)).

This report looked at measured noise levels from a 3147 in3 seismic array consisting of 24 guns. The study compared measurements and predicted values for a seismic survey in the Chuki Sea, and these were used as the basis of this EIA. The aspect dependency of noise levels around the survey vessel ie broadside, bow and stern were also quantified. Distances from the array at which the noise criteria of 190, 180, 170, 160, and 120 dB re 1 μPa (rms) were achieved are reported as mitigation radii (suggested for use by marine mammal observers). These radii were conservative values as 2 dB had been added to the regression curves. These values have been adopted in this report.

The volume of the airgun array was somewhat smaller than is proposed for this study (4135 in3) which will consist of 31 guns firing at the same time, therefore an adjustment has been made to increase the source term accordingly. The change of sound pressure with airgun volume is taken from Hilderbrand (2009) (3) to be proportional to the cube root of the volume, or if the increase in volume is obtained by increasing the number of guns the sound pressure is proportional to the number of guns. The worst case increase is therefore from increasing the number of guns. Therefore, a correction of approximately 2.2 dB has been calculated according to the formula 20 x log ((31/24)).

Given that noise levels at source will be 2.2 dB higher than those that were measured for the smaller airgun, the distances at which noise levels are expected to meet the criteria are expected to increase by a factor of 1.66. This is based on a typical worst case (minimum) spreading relationship of 10 x log

(1) R Wyatt. (2008). Joint Industry Programme on Sound and Marine Life Review of Existing Data on Underwater Sounds Produced by the Oil and Gas Industry Issue 1 (2) Shell Offshore Inc. in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, July-September 2006: 90-day Report: H.Patterson and SB Blackwell, et al 2007, LGL. (3) Mar Ecol Prog Ser 395: 5–20, 2009. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT CAIRN D-2 (d1/d2) where a distance ratio of d1/d2= 1.66 would be equivalent to 2.2 dB change.

On this basis the worst case distance at which the criteria would be met are provided in Table D.1 below.

TableD.1 Adopted Distances to Meet Relevant Criteria

Received Noise Level, dB re 1 Original Reported Distance, Adopted Distance μPa at 1 m (rms) km (Incorporating x1.25 Correction Factor), km 190 0.6 1.0 180 1.8 3.0 160 9.4 15.6 120 89.6 148.7

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