A Shakespearean Constellation: J. O. Halliwell-Phillipps and Friends
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A Shakespearean Constellation: J. O. Halliwell-Phillipps and Friends Marvin Spevack Marvin Spevack A Shakespearean Constellation: J. O. Halliwell-Phillipps and Friends Wissenschaftliche Schriften der WWU Münster Reihe XII Band 5 Marvin Spevack A Shakespearean Constellation: J. O. Halliwell-Phillipps and Friends Wissenschaftliche Schriften der WWU Münster herausgegeben von der Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Münster http://www.ulb.uni-muenster.de Marvin Spevack held a chair of English Philology at the University of Münster. After producing essential works on Shakespeare Ý concordances, editions, and a thesaurus – he turned to literary figures of the nineteenth century with studies of James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps, Isaac D'Israeli, Sidney Lee, Francis Turner Palgrave, and now a constellation of Victorian Shakespeare scholars. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Dieses Buch steht gleichzeitig in einer elektronischen Version über den Publikations- und Archivierungsserver der WWU Münster zur Verfügung. http://www.ulb.uni-muenster.de/wissenschaftliche-schriften Marvin Spevack „A Shakespearean Constellation: J. O. Halliwell-Phillipps and Friends“ Wissenschaftliche Schriften der WWU Münster, Reihe XII, Band 5 © 2013 der vorliegenden Ausgabe: Die Reihe „Wissenschaftliche Schriften der WWU Münster“ erscheint im Verlagshaus Monsenstein und Vannerdat OHG Münster www.mv-wissenschaft.com ISBN 978-3-8405-0078-7 (Druckausgabe) URN urn:nbn:de:hbz:6-28309453353 (elektronische Version) direkt zur Online-Version: © 2013 Marvin Spevack Alle Rechte vorbehalten Satz: Marvin Spevack Titelbild: Carl Spitzweg, „Der Sterndeuter“ (ca. 1860-1865) Quelle: http://www.zeno.org Umschlag: MV-Verlag Druck und Bindung: MV-Verlag To MM and MCD CONTENTS PREFACE ix PART ONE:EDITORS 1 1. John Payne Collier 2 2. Alexander Dyce 42 3. Thomas Keightley 59 4. Howard Staunton 63 5. Samuel Weller Singer 76 6. Charles Knight 83 7. Richard Grant White 85 8. Horace Howard Furness 92 9. William James Rolfe 106 10. William Aldis Wright and William George Clark 113 PART TWO:OTHER FRIENDS 121 11. Frederick James Furnivall 121 12. Edward Dowden 140 13. Sidney Lee 152 14. Frederick Gard Fleay 159 15. Algernon Charles Swinburne 169 16. Clement Mansfield Ingleby 182 AFTERWORD 204 For the purposes of an index the reader is referred to the free and searchable online version of this work -vii- PREFACE The history of Shakespeare scholarship in the nineteenth century has yet to be written. Surprisingly perhaps but understandably, and not simply because the output was massive. The London of Elizabeth was a village compared with the megametropolis of Victoria. The sceptred isle was but one jewel in the crown of the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Empress of India. In the nineteenth century everything became great. Keen enterprise and unbridled energy created and nurtured an empire of vast dimensions and a homeland of expansiveness and complexity. It was not all of a piece, to be sure. But there can be no doubt that the sustaining force was an irrepressible and burgeoning national consciousness. England boomed. It celebrated its heroes and venerated the greatest of them all, Shakespeare. Shakespeare scholarship flourished across the nation. Editions of the complete works numbered well over two hundred.Therewerenotonebut two major Shakespeare societies: the first with some 716 members by 1842, the second with 247 at its first meeting in March 1874 and 478 by December. Stratford-upon-Avon was resurrected, refitted, and consecrated. Shakespeare all but succeeded Saint George as patron and guardian of England and Englishness. The implications and ramifications are multitudinous. A comprehensive picture can only be achieved when all the elements have been isolated and analyzed and then intelligently integrated to form what may turn out to be something more than the sum of the parts. That gigantic task is not the object of this work, whose focus is on the interaction of personalities who shaped and fostered Shakespeare studies. More precisely, it is the view from the perspective of James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps. -ix- The fifty years of Halliwell’s literary career, roughly from 1840 to 1889, constitute what might be considered the bookends of Shakespearean scholarship in the nineteenth century. They coincide with the announcement of John Payne Collier’s Shakespeare Society in 1840, on the one hand, and the final whimpers of F. J. Furnivall’s New Shakspere Society in 1894, on the other. Halliwell played a role in both – a protagonist in the first and an unwilling antagonist in the second – has been discussed in detail elsewhere,1 as has been the nature of the societies and their passionate and controversial directors,2 as well as the careers in various studies of such players as Alexander Dyce and William Charles Macready, who were council members of the first, and Edward Dowden and Horace H. Furness, who were among the sixty-six vice presidents of the second, not to mention Robert Browning, the honorary president, and Algernon Charles Swinburne, the arch enemy of Furnivall. Halliwell knew them all, the leaders and the followers who were engaged in the study and propagation of Shakespeare. His correspondence was immense, as testified by some 15,000 letters addressed to him which he bequeathed to Edinburgh University in 18723 andsome1500addressedtohimwhichfoundtheirway 1Among others, by Arthur Freeman and Janet Ing Freeman, John Payne Collier: Scholarship and Forgery in the Nineteenth Century (2 vols., New Haven, 2004) and Marvin Spevack, James Orchard Halliwell-Phillpps: The Life and Works of the Shakespearean Scholar and Bookman (New Castle, Delaware, 2001). 2Among others, by Freeman and Freeman, William Benzie, Dr. F. J. Furnivall: A Victorian Scholar Adventurer (Norman, Oklahoma, 1983) and Sylvia Stoler Wagonheim, “John Payne Collier and the Shakespeare Society” (diss. U. of Maryland, 1980). A matching book-length study of the New Shakspere Society has yet to be written. Robert Sawyer, “The New Shakspere Society, 1873-1894,” Borrowers and Lenders: The Journal of Shakespeare and Appropriation 2:2 (Fall/Winter 2006) -- <www.borrowers.uga.edu> – briefly traces its “rise and fall.” Hardly any study of the period fails to mention the Shakespeare Societies but most often for special emphases. 3The “Letters of Authors” contain mostly letters to and occasionally letters (usually copies) by Halliwell, as well as clippings, offprints, programmes, -x- into the Folger Shakespeare Library. All the major Shakespeareans of the day come together in letters which span the period from about 1839 till almost 1889, the year of Halliwell’s death. Together they depict the everyday life and concerns of Shakespearean endeavour – all reflecting the harmony and friction of individual personalities, the critical predispositions and internal politics, and the bonding and unswerving devotion to the enthronement and celebration of a national model and hero. In this respect Halliwell was not solely a major player in the cause of Shakespeare but also one of the centers around which so many satellites revolved and communicated, revealing cameos of individuals, the nature of their relationships, and in effect portraying in nuce the dimension and surge of Shakespeare scholarship of the age. It is the purpose of this archival research to make available detail and color for the comprehensive narrative that remains to be written. invitations, other printed matter, and some handwritten remarks. Halliwell ordered them to be “½ bound in dark calf & lettered” in 300 volumes of mainly octavo size. At the end of most volumes he supplied a handwritten index to the authors (or occasionally source or subject) and to the numbers of the letters he had supplied. Some volumes have no index and the numberingisbyfolioandnotletter.Inthis work reference is to the volume number followed by Halliwell’s letter number–e.g. 11:10; in those volumes in which he did not number the letters, reference is to the volume and first folio number (usually supplied by another hand) – e.g. 266:30. Where no date is given, 00 is used. Overall, the arrangement attempts to be chronological, but in fact that is more the exception than the rule. The first volume, for example, contains letters ranging from 1838 to 1872; Volume 43 contains letters from Thomas Wright only and from 1840 and 1850-55; some letters are undated. Volume 264, which apparently contains letters from the early 1880s, has been missing for some time and could not be considered here. Other features which add to the unwieldiness of three hundred volumes are the inexactness of the indexes due to inaccuracies such as misnumberings or omissions or changes of order, and the excision of names and the cropping of letters or their removal (sometimes roughly torn out). -xi- The marshalling of the material for this work could not have been accomplished without the help of others. Although Halliwell’s letters have been used in my various published studies of his life and works I am pleased to repeat my gratitude to the great depositories of Halliwelliana for putting the letters to and from Halliwell at my disposal: Special Collections of the Edinburgh University Library and the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D .C. Others, of access and staff no less