European Participation in International Operations

European Participation in International Operations The Role of Strategic Culture Edited by Malena Britz New Security Challenges Series Editor Stuart Croft , Professor Department of Politics and International Studies University of Warwick, UK, and Director of the ESRC’s New Security Challenges Programme The last decade has demonstrated that threats to security vary greatly in their causes and manifestations and that they invite interest and demand responses from the social sciences, civil society, and a very broad policy community. In the past, the avoidance of war was the primary objective, but with the end of the Cold War the retention of military defence as the centrepiece of international security agenda became untenable. There has been, therefore, a signifi cant shift in emphasis away from traditional approaches to security to a new agenda that talks of the softer side of security, in terms of human security, economic security, and environmental security. The topical New Security Challenges series refl ects this pressing political and research agenda. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14732 Malena Britz Editor European Participation in International Operations The Role of Strategic Culture Editor Malena Britz Swedish Defence University Stockholm , Sweden New Security Challenges ISBN 978-3-319-39758-0 ISBN 978-3-319-39759-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-39759-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016954155 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover Illustration: © David Gowans / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Research can be solitary work. However, that is not necessarily the case, and it is defi nitely not the case with the research project presented in this book, a collaborative effort between researchers in war studies and political science at the Swedish Defence University. It is thanks to this excel- lent research environment that this book about why European countries participate in international military operations, and the role of strategic culture in such decisions, has materialised. This project draws on the valuable work of all its contributors and has benefi ted in particular from the coaching of Assistant Professor Jacob Westberg, who assumed the role that the USA wished to play in the Libya operation and has successfully “led from behind”. Professor Jan Ångström and Professor Charlotte Wagnsson have also given valuable input into the project, as has our anonymous reviewer. We are also grateful for the help of research assistants Thomas Olsson and David Randahl. Malena Britz Stockholm, March 2016 v CONTENTS 1 Introduction: Strategic Culture and Participation in International Military Operations 1 Malena Britz 2 Assuming Great Power Responsibility: French Strategic Culture and International Military Operations 23 Maria Hellman 3 To Deploy or Not to Deploy a Parliamentary Army? German Strategic Culture and International Military Operations 49 Anna Bergstrand and Kjell Engelbrekt 4 Keeping a Low Profi le: Greek Strategic Culture and International Military Operations 77 Stamatia Boskou and Kjell Engelbrekt 5 “Just Deploy and Always Call It Peacekeeping!” Italian Strategic Culture and International Military Operations 101 Chiara Ruffa vii viii CONTENTS 6 From Enthusiasm to Reluctance: Poland and International Military Operations 123 Fredrik Doeser 7 Continuity or Change? British Strategic Culture and International Military Operations 151 Malena Britz 8 Conclusions: The Willing, the Cautious, and the Ambivalent 177 Malena Britz Appendix I 203 Appendix II 209 Index 215 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Anna Bergstrand holds a Master’s in Social Science from the Swedish Defence University where she wrote her Bachelor Thesis on the German decision not to participate in the Libya operation. Stamatia Boskou holds a Master’s in Social Science from Uppsala University. Her main fi eld of study is peace and confl ict studies. Malena Britz is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the Swedish Defence University. She holds a PhD from Stockholm University and has previously published on Europeanisation of defence industry policy (with Sweden, France, and the UK as cases), marketisation of the defence industry policy area, the concept of Europeanisation, Nordic security, and defence co-operation, and on diverging institutional logics of European, Spanish and Swedish civil protection. She has recently published book chapters in edited volumes and articles in Cooperation and Confl ict, and in Bulletin of Science, Technology, and Society . Kjell Engelbrekt is Professor of Political Science at the Swedish Defence University. He holds a PhD from Stockholm University. His main research interests are security policy and the role of international institutions. He has recently published on the US strategic rebalancing from Europe towards the Middle East and Asia, and the relationship between the USA and Russia. Engelbrekt is the author of High Table Diplomacy. The Reshaping of International Security Institutions (2016), and is one of the editors of The NATO Intervention in Libya (2014). Fredrik Doeser is Associate Professor of War Studies at the Swedish Defence University and holds his PhD from Stockholm University. His main area of interest is participation in international operations, and he has recently studied Sweden’s participation in the operation in Libya and Polish participation in the Iraq War. ix x LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS He has published articles in Cambridge Review of International Affairs, International Peacekeeping, and International Politics. Maria Hellman is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the Swedish Defence University. She holds a PhD from Stockholm University. Her research interests are French foreign and security policy, national identity, and globalisation, political cultures, media and war. Hellman has previously published work on military blog- ging and on the signifi cance of political culture for French views of the US security role in the world. She has recently published articles in International Communication Gazette, New Media and Society, and Journal of Public Affairs. Chiara Ruffa is Assistant Professor of War Studies and Marie Curie fellow at the Swedish Defence University. She holds her PhD from the European University Institute and is also affi liated with the Department of Peace and Confl ict Research, Uppsala University. Her research interests lie at the cross-roads between security studies and the sociology of the military. Her recent work has been published in several edited volumes and in the journals Security Studies, Armed Forces & Society, and Tocqueville Review . LIST OF FIGURES Graph 5.1 Italian military personnel deployed in out-of-area operations, divided by type of operation. Data coded and elaborated by the author 104 Graph 5.2 Number of Italian troops deployed in out-of-area operations per year (2005–2014). Data coded and elaborated by the author 105 xi LIST OF TABLES Table 8.1 Role of the armed forces and the executive 181 Table A.1 Contributions to OEF/ISAF in Afghanistan 204 Table A.2 Contributions to OIF in Iraq 2003 205 Table A.3 Contributions to EU NAVFOR Somalia 206 Table A.4 Contributions to OUP in Libya 207 Table A.5 Contributions to the operation in Iraq that started in 2014 208 xiii CHAPTER 1 Introduction: Strategic Culture and Participation in International Military Operations Malena Britz INTRODUCTION There seem to be endless calls for foreign intervention in different crisis spots all over the world. Crises and problems of varying character such as civil wars, failed states, militant Islamism and terrorism call for atten- tion and action. One tool that can be used for handling these crises is military intervention. However, European countries neither can nor wish to participate in efforts to address all crises and confl icts. Disagreement on threat perceptions, economic constraints, and weak domestic political support are examples of the obstacles that prevent military intervention. Against this background we present a comparative study of why militar- ily capable European states decide to participate, or not to participate, in international military operations. The book examines the behaviour of France, Germany, Greece, Italy,

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