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Popovski01.Pdf 1 Prof. Kiril Popovski 2 Overview of SE European Geothermal Resources and Geothermal Energy Application INTER-UNIVERSITY CENTRE DUBROVNIK – CROATIA PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SUMMER SCHOOL Interactive Seminar – Workshop 26: GEPTHERMAL FIELDS DEVELOPMENT Prof. Kiril Popovski OVERVIEW OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES AND GEOTHER- MAL ENERGY APPLICATION IN SOUT/EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES COMPILATION OF AVAILABLE DATA AND INFORMATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL GEOTHERMAL ASSOCIATION (IGA) EUROPEAN REGIONAL BRANCH DUBROVNIK, JUNE 2008 3 Prof. Kiril Popovski INTER-UNIVERSITY CENTER DUBROVNIK, CROATIA Miroslav Golub, Zoran Krilov, John Lund, Kiril Popovski Co-directors Prof. Kiril Popovski Teaching material for the Interactive Seminar – Workshop 26 The edition shall be distributed to the participants of the Inter- active Seminar-Workshop under defined financial conditions as a working material, and to the libra- ries of the member of Inter-Univer- sity center under non-commercial conditions, i.e. free of charge. NOTE: All the presented data, in- formation, results and opinions are under full responsibility of the auth- ors. Publishers do not take any res- ponsibility for consequences of any wrong information applied in explo- rations, investigations, exploitation, maintenance and development of existing and new geothermal projects. Use of any part of this material is free with citation of the source. The teaching material is published by the Inter-University Centre in Dubrov- nik (Croatia). Dubrovnik June 2008 4 Overview of SE European Geothermal Resources and Geothermal Energy Application Fig.1. 12 ha greenhouse complex heated by geo- thermal energy in Kocani (Macedonia) CONTENTS Page Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………… 7 1. South/East European countries ………………………………………………………. 9 1.1. Albania …………………………………………………………………………………… 10 1.2. Bosnia and Herzegovina ……………………………………………………………….. 11 1.3. Bulgaria ………………………………………………………………………………….. 12 1.4. Croatia …………………………………………………………………………………… 13 1.5. Greece …………………………………………………………………………………… 14 1.6. Macedonia ………………………………………………………………………………. 15 1.7. Romania …………………………………………………………………………………. 16 1.8. Slovenia ………………………………………………………………………………….. 17 1.9. Serbia & Montenegro …………………………………………………………………… 18 1.10. Turkey ……………………………………………………………………………………. 19 2. Geological Background ………………………………………………………………. 20 2.1. Albania …………………………………………………………………………………… 20 2.2. Bulgaria ………………………………………………………………………………….. 21 2.3. Croatia …………………………………………………………………………………… 22 2.4. Greece …………………………………………………………………………………… 23 2.5. Macedonia ………………………………………………………………………………. 25 2.6. Romania …………………………………………………………………………………. 26 2.7. Slovenia ………………………………………………………………………………….. 28 2.8. Serbia & Montenegro …………………………………………………………………… 26 2.9. Turkey ……………………………………………………………………………………. 28 3. Geothermal Energy Resource ………………………………………………………. 33 3.1. Albania …………………………………………………………………………………… 33 3.2. Bosnia and Herzegovina ……………………………………………………………….. 36 3.3. Bulgaria ………………………………………………………………………………….. 36 3.4. Croatia …………………………………………………………………………………… 40 3.5. Greece …………………………………………………………………………………… 45 3.6. Macedonia ………………………………………………………………………………. 49 3.7. Romania …………………………………………………………………………………. 50 3.8. Slovenia ………………………………………………………………………………….. 52 3.9. Serbia & Montenegro …………………………………………………………………… 54 3.10. Turkey ……………………………………………………………………………………. 60 4. Geothermal Energy Application ……………………………………………………. 61 4.1. Albania …………………………………………………………………………………… 61 5 Prof. Kiril Popovski 4.2. Bosnia and Herzegovina ………………………………………………………………. 61 4.3. Bulgaria ………………………………………………………………………………….. 62 4.4. Croatia …………………………………………………………………………………… 64 4.5. Greece …………………………………………………………………………………… 65 4.6. Macedonia ………………………………………………………………………………. 69 4.7. Romania …………………………………………………………………………………. 71 4.8. Slovenia ………………………………………………………………………………….. 71 4.9. Serbia & Montenegro …………………………………………………………………… 74 4.10. Turkey ……………………………………………………………………………………. 77 5. Planned new Development …………………………………………………………… 78 5.1. Albania …………………………………………………………………………………… 78 5.2. Bosnia and Herzegovina ……………………………………………………………….. 81 5.3. Bulgaria ………………………………………………………………………………….. 81 5.4. Croatia …………………………………………………………………………………… 81 5.5. Greece …………………………………………………………………………………… 84 5.6. Macedonia ………………………………………………………………………………. 84 5.7. Romania …………………………………………………………………………………. 85 5.8. Slovenia ………………………………………………………………………………….. 85 5.9. Serbia & Montenegro …………………………………………………………………… 86 5.10. Turkey ……………………………………………………………………………………. 86 6. Legal Background ………………………………………………...…………………… 89 7. References ……………………………………………………………………………. 91 6 Overview of SE European Geothermal Resources and Geothermal Energy Application Fig.2. Geothermally heated greenhouse in Nigrita (Greece) for production of vegetables INTRODUCTION South East Europe is a new, still com- to the Adriatic Sea. First “thermal” heating pletely not defined term, like the one “West can be identified in some of these spas al- Balkan” is, i.e. that is the area of Balkan ready during the Roman times, by the use of peninsula and not, for instance, the Black flow of geothermal water below the floor Sea region. Once again, the region is some- surface. First geothermally heated green- thing “between”, something special, where house in the world has been completed in things are not completely clear. Region Bansko (Macedonia) in sixties of last cen- where three strong religions are fighting to tury, the same with spirulina growing in Ru- take a larger part of the living space, making pite (Bulgaria) or heating of large green- it the border between them. That had and house complexes in Macedonia, drying of has many negative consequences, i.e. regu- rice, heating of animal farms in Serbia, etc. lar appearance of wars, stagnation, etc. but However, and due to the “temporal” cha- also positive ones. Through generations pe- racter of the political organization, this initial ople has been under continual pressure of prospective development was stopped and fight to survive, resulting with creativeness recently is in a process of stagnation. A list and special approach to the life values. of geothermal projects are abandoned in Other Europeans and Middle East cultures Bulgaria, Macedonia, Serbia … were always trying to neglect these values When trying to make an overview of the but inter-influence was not possible to be situation with proven geothermal resources avoided and, if it is clear that differences in and application in the region, one expects culture between particular countries and that it should be a rather easy problem be- regions is result of influence of differences cause most of the countries are part of an of different religions, it is for sure that also ex-country (Yugoslavia) and others with that these differences resulted with special quite a quite organized professional data culture, influencing significantly the regions base, except Albania. However, very soon it around. becomes clear that it is not the case. Due to Something similar can be transferred to the political changes during the recent 20 the development of geothermal energy use. years all the organized information and data It is one of the regions where thermal spas collection was practically, more or less, lost. are born and widely spread all over the ter- No new investigations are registered, not all ritory from the Mediterranean See to the Pa- the information about the changes is on dis- nonian basin, from the Black and Marmara posal, some of the projects are abandoned, 7 Prof. Kiril Popovski etc. Strange enough but even the present unnecessary information for the parts where positive changes of the approach to the they are on disposal but also “jumping” the renewable energies, followed with new ones where there are poor information on studies, development projects, etc., doesn’t disposal. influence this negative situation. Simply, The above said can be followed with geothermal energy as a renewable energy the information and data for the geothermal source is put somewhere in the background. energy sources and application in the In the frame of its regular data collec- South/East (i.e. Balkan) countries. Quit a tion about the situation with geothermal re- large work is necessary to be invested, if sources and application all over the world, intending to reach a relevant overview, en- International Geothermal Association (IGA) abling clear orientation, comparisons and updates the information and data on dis- proper use of data. Therefore, this material posal each 5 years. The last one was in cannot be counted as a serious and com- 2005. European Regional Branch began the plete one, enabling the listed uses. This is same in 2007 and the action of European just a trial to arrange, or better said to com- geothermal Energy Council (EGEC) to es- pile internationally available data and infor- tablish a regular data base is in flow, where mation on disposal and can be used only for anu change of the situation should be regi- first information purposes. Hopefully, and in stered at least once per year. However, pre- the interest of all the countries in question – sent situation is not positive, i.e. it is not creating a big enough market for develop- possible to get data and information at the ment, this action shall provoke interest to same level of quality. Prof John Lund tried prepare a better and more complete one. to introduce the country updates by the use Such an action is interesting for IGA and the of an equal template but without success. World Bank, which shall support it with Nobody really
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