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Home , Pappus (botany)

Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae

Alexey Shipunov

Minot State University

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 1 / 33 Outline

Compositae, Aster family Description Classification and representatives

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 2 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Description

Compositae, Aster family Description

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 3 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Description General features of Compositae

Compositae, or —aster family

I More than 20,000 species

I Cosmopolitan, but better represented in temperate and subtropical regions

I Prefer open spaces

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 4 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Description Flowering head, pseudanthium

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 5 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Description Tubular (disk) and ligulate (ray) flowers in Matricaria sp. (chamomile)

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 6 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Description Sunflower () head

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 7 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Description Disk vs. ray heads

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 8 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Description Evolution of flower types

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 9 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Description Secondary presentation of pollen

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 10 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Description Pappus

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 11 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Description Morphology of Compositae

I Herbs, rarely woody plants; store carbohydrates as inulin (not starch), sometimes have resin or laticifers (subfamily Cichorioideae)

I Leaves alternate or opposite, without stipules, with pterodromous (net) venation

I (disk and ray) are in involucrate heads which mimic one flower

I Calyx reduced to hairs or bristles (pappus), fused in tube or ligula (with 5 or 3 teeth)

I Stamens 5, fused by anthers

I Pistil has 2 carpels, ovary inferior

I is achene, mature seed has almost no endosperm

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 12 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Description Compositae flower

K∞C(5)A(5)G(2) (tubular flower) or ↑K∞C(3∨5)A(5)G(2) (ligulate flower) B

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 13 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives

Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 14 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Classification and representatives of Compositae

Oil plants, vegetables, ornamentals and medicinal plants distributed in 12 (!) subfamilies, most important are three subfamilies:

I Mutisioideae: bilabiate + ray flowers

I Gerbera—gerbera, South Africa

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 15 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Gerbera with bilabiate disk flowers

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 16 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Carduoideae

I Carduoideae: deeply lobed disk flowers; stems spiny; leaves dissected

I Centaurea—knapweed I Cynara—artichoke I Carthamus–safflower I Carduus–thistle; pappus without branches I Cirsium–thistle; pappus hairs branched

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 17 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Knapweed

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 18 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Cynara cardunculus (artichoke)

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 19 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 20 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Cichorioideae

I Cichorioideae: mostly ligulate heads: 5-toothed ligulate flowers only. Have lacticifers with latex (milky sap).

I —dandelion I Lactuca—lettuce I Crepis—hawskbeard I Lygodesmia—skeleton weed I Sonchus—sow thistle I Hieracium—hawkweed I Cichorium—chicory

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 21 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Chicory

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 22 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Asteroideae

I Asteroideae: tubular + 3-toothed ligulate flowers

I Astereae: pappus consists of bristles; leaves entire

I Aster—aster, divided now into Eurybia, Oreostemma, Symphyotrichum, etc. I Erigeron—fleabane I Solidago—goldenrod

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 23 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Asteroideae

I Asteroideae

I Anthemidae: alternate, pinnate leaves; membranaceous involucre bracts; disk + ray; pappus often absent

I Artemisia—sagebrush I Achillea—yarrow I Chrysanthemum—chrysanthemum

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 24 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Asteroideae

I Asteroideae

I Eupatorieae: mostly opposite leaves; disk flowers with short lobes; pappus elements are bristles

I Eupatorium—thoroughwort I Liatris—blazing star

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 25 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Asteroideae

I Asteroideae

I Heliantheae (2.5k species!): mostly opposite leaves; disk + ray flowers; pappus from scales, sometimes absent

I Helianthus—sunflower I Tagetes—marigold and lots of other ornamentals I Ambrosia—ragweed I Bidens—bur-marigold and many, many others

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 26 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Ragweed

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 27 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Tagetes patula (marigold)

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 28 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Families close to Compositae

I Campanulaceae—bellflower family (includes Lobeliaceae)

I Differs by solitary flowers of flowers in sparse inflorescences

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 29 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Bellflower

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 30 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Summary

I Compositae and Campanulaceae are two close families; both have secondary pollen presentation, fused petals and inferior ovary

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 31 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives For Further Reading (1)

A. Shipunov. Systematic Botany [Electronic resource]. 2011—onwards. Mode of access: http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_448

A. Shipunov. Flora of North Dakota: Checklist 2017—onwards. Mode of access: http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/fnddb2

Minot State University Herbarium (MISU) (continued) Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 32 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives For Further Reading (2)

Flora of Great Plains. 1986. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS.

Flora Van Bruggen, Th. The vascular plants of South Dakota. 1996. 3rd ed. University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD. P. 226–231.

Barkley T.M., Brouillet L., Strother J.L. 187. Asteraceae Martinov. Composite Family. Flora of North America. Volumes 19, 20, 21. Mode of access: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon. aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10074

Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 33 / 33