Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae Alexey Shipunov Minot State University Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 1 / 33 Outline Compositae, Aster family Description Classification and representatives Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 2 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Description Compositae, Aster family Description Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 3 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Description General features of Compositae Compositae, or Asteraceae—aster family I More than 20,000 species I Cosmopolitan, but better represented in temperate and subtropical regions I Prefer open spaces Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 4 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Description Flowering head, pseudanthium Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 5 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Description Tubular (disk) and ligulate (ray) flowers in Matricaria sp. (chamomile) Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 6 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Description Sunflower (Helianthus) head Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 7 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Description Disk vs. ray heads Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 8 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Description Evolution of flower types Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 9 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Description Secondary presentation of pollen Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 10 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Description Pappus Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 11 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Description Morphology of Compositae I Herbs, rarely woody plants; store carbohydrates as inulin (not starch), sometimes have resin or laticifers (subfamily Cichorioideae) I Leaves alternate or opposite, without stipules, with pterodromous (net) venation I Flowers (disk and ray) are in involucrate heads which mimic one flower I Calyx reduced to hairs or bristles (pappus), petals fused in tube or ligula (with 5 or 3 teeth) I Stamens 5, fused by anthers I Pistil has 2 carpels, ovary inferior I Fruit is achene, mature seed has almost no endosperm Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 12 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Description Compositae flower K1C(5)A(5)G(2) (tubular flower) or "K1C(3_5)A(5)G(2) (ligulate flower) B Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 13 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 14 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Classification and representatives of Compositae Oil plants, vegetables, ornamentals and medicinal plants distributed in 12 (!) subfamilies, most important are three subfamilies: I Mutisioideae: bilabiate + ray flowers I Gerbera—gerbera, South Africa Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 15 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Gerbera with bilabiate disk flowers Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 16 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Carduoideae I Carduoideae: deeply lobed disk flowers; stems spiny; leaves dissected I Centaurea—knapweed I Cynara—artichoke I Carthamus–safflower I Carduus–thistle; pappus without branches I Cirsium–thistle; pappus hairs branched Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 17 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Knapweed Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 18 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Cynara cardunculus (artichoke) Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 19 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Carthamus tinctorius (safflower) Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 20 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Cichorioideae I Cichorioideae: mostly ligulate heads: 5-toothed ligulate flowers only. Have lacticifers with latex (milky sap). I Taraxacum—dandelion I Lactuca—lettuce I Crepis—hawskbeard I Lygodesmia—skeleton weed I Sonchus—sow thistle I Hieracium—hawkweed I Cichorium—chicory Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 21 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Chicory Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 22 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Asteroideae I Asteroideae: tubular + 3-toothed ligulate flowers I Astereae: pappus consists of bristles; leaves entire I Aster—aster, divided now into Eurybia, Oreostemma, Symphyotrichum, etc. I Erigeron—fleabane I Solidago—goldenrod Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 23 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Asteroideae I Asteroideae I Anthemidae: alternate, pinnate leaves; membranaceous involucre bracts; disk + ray; pappus often absent I Artemisia—sagebrush I Achillea—yarrow I Chrysanthemum—chrysanthemum Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 24 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Asteroideae I Asteroideae I Eupatorieae: mostly opposite leaves; disk flowers with short lobes; pappus elements are bristles I Eupatorium—thoroughwort I Liatris—blazing star Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 25 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Asteroideae I Asteroideae I Heliantheae (2.5k species!): mostly opposite leaves; disk + ray flowers; pappus from scales, sometimes absent I Helianthus—sunflower I Tagetes—marigold and lots of other ornamentals I Ambrosia—ragweed I Bidens—bur-marigold and many, many others Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 26 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Ragweed Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 27 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Tagetes patula (marigold) Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 28 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Families close to Compositae I Campanulaceae—bellflower family (includes Lobeliaceae) I Differs by solitary flowers of flowers in sparse inflorescences Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 29 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Bellflower Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 30 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives Summary I Compositae and Campanulaceae are two close families; both have secondary pollen presentation, fused petals and inferior ovary Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 31 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives For Further Reading (1) A. Shipunov. Systematic Botany [Electronic resource]. 2011—onwards. Mode of access: http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_448 A. Shipunov. Flora of North Dakota: Checklist 2017—onwards. Mode of access: http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/fnddb2 Minot State University Herbarium (MISU) (continued) Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 32 / 33 Compositae, Aster family Classification and representatives For Further Reading (2) Flora of Great Plains. 1986. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS. Flora Van Bruggen, Th. The vascular plants of South Dakota. 1996. 3rd ed. University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD. P. 226–231. Barkley T.M., Brouillet L., Strother J.L. 187. Asteraceae Martinov. Composite Family. Flora of North America. Volumes 19, 20, 21. Mode of access: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon. aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10074 Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 2. Compositae 33 / 33.