DOCSLIB.ORG

Influence of Apnea-Induced Hypoxia on Catecholamine Release and Cardiovascular Dynamics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Influence of Apnea-Induced Hypoxia on Catecholamine Release and Cardiovascular Dynamics Physiology & Biochemistry Thieme Influence of Apnea-induced Hypoxia on Catecholamine Release and Cardiovascular Dynamics Authors 53127 Bonn 1 1 1 Lars Eichhorn , Felix Erdfelder , Florian Kessler , Germany 2 2 3 Ramona C. Dolscheid-Pommerich , Berndt Zur , Uwe Hoffmann , Tel.: + 49/228/287 14114, Fax: + 49/228/287 14125 1 4 Richard K. Ellerkmann , Rainer Meyer [email protected] Affiliations 1 Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative ABSTRACT Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany Prolonged breath-hold causes complex compensatory mechanisms 2 Institut für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Pharmakologie, such as increase in blood pressure, redistribution of blood flow, and Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany bradycardia. We tested whether apnea induces an elevation of catecho- 3 Institut für Physiologie und Anatomie, Deutsche Sporthochschule lamine-concentrations in well-trained apneic divers. Köln, Köln, Germany 11 apneic divers performed maximal dry apnea in a horizontal position. 4 Physiologisches Institut 2, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Univer- Parameters measured during apnea included blood pressure, ECG, and sität Bonn, Bonn, Germany central, in addition to peripheral hemoglobin oxygenation. Peripheral arterial hemoglobin oxygenation was detected by pulse oximetry, Key words whereas peripheral (abdominal) and central (cerebral) tissue oxygena- apnea, blood pressure, catecholamine, hypoxia, NIRS, SpO2 tion was measured by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS). Exhaled O2 accepted after revision 18.04.2016 and CO2, plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations were measured before and after apnea. Bibliography Averaged apnea time was 247 ± 76 s. Systolic blood pressure increased DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-107351 from 135 ± 13 to 185 ± 25 mmHg. End-expiratory CO2 increased from Published online: July 25, 2016 | Int J Sports Med 2017; 38: 85–91 29 ± 4 mmHg to 49 ± 6 mmHg. Norepinephrine increased from 623 ± 307 © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York to 1 826 ± 984 pg ml − 1 and epinephrine from 78 ± 22 to 143 ± 65 pg ml − 1 ISSN 0172-4622 during apnea. Heart rate reduction was inversely correlated with in- creased norepinephrine (correlation coefficient − 0.844, p = 0.001). Correspondence Central (cerebral) O2 desaturation was time-delayed compared to pe- Dr. Lars Eichhorn, MD ripheral O2 desaturation as measured by NIRSabdominal and SpO2. Universitatsklinikum Bonn Klinik und Poliklinik für Increased norepinephrine caused by apnea may contribute to blood Anästhesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin shift from peripheral tissues to the CNS and thus help to preserve cer- Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25 ebral tissue O2 saturation longer than that of peripheral tissue. Introduction Prolonged apneic diving has been performed for centuries, e. g., sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). MSNA leads to peripheral va- for harvesting sponges, pearl shells and seafood [16]. In recent dec- soconstriction and thereby to hypertension [7, 20, 22, 28] and brad- ades, apneic diving has become more popular as a recreational ycardia [11, 15, 38] during breath holding. On the contrary, isolat- sport. Interestingly, physiological changes during apneic diving are ed hypoxia is accompanied by vasodilation and an increase in heart not yet completely understood. rate [1, 6, 7]. Bradycardia is described as an oxygen-saving mecha- To protect hypoxia sensible organs in case of extended breath- nism [2, 4, 11] and may be part of the diving response, but barore- hold, complex compensatory mechanisms exist to withstand apnea flex-activation due to increased blood pressure following acute hy- caused hypoxia [17]. The so-called diving response includes brad- percapnia [24] and stimulated chemoreceptors also seem to play ycardia [36], vasoconstriction [28], elevated mean arterial blood an important role in influencing bradycardia [29, 30]. pressure (MAP) [18], and increased cerebral blood flow (CBF) The aim of the present study was to characterize the physiolog- [23, 35, 44]. The latter is mainly caused by increased pCO2 [26, 37]. ical effects of prolonged apnea by recording heart frequency, blood Redistribution of blood aims to maintain adequate oxygen supply pressure, central and peripheral oxygen saturation, and endogen to hypoxia sensible organs such as the brain [14, 23, 29]. Addition- catecholamine concentrations. We hypothesized that dry apnea ally, the mentioned compensatory mechanisms are enhanced by might be linked to increased catecholamine levels helping to ex- water immersion of the face [3, 15, 16, 38]. plain inter-individual differences in the amount of heart rate de- The commonly seen bradycardia in apneic divers is more diffi- crease following apnea. cult to explain. Hypoxia and hypercapnia are known to increase Eichhorn L et al. Influence of Apnea-induced Hypoxia … Int J Sports Med 2017; 38: 85–91 85 Physiology & Biochemistry Thieme Material and Methods 250 150 start of apnea end of apnea The design of this study was approved by the local ethics commit- abdominal S IR 200 tee of the University of Bonn. Our study conforms to the ethical /N 2 standards in sport and exercise science research [21]. 11 static ap- 100 150 2 neic divers were included in the study measuring various physio- HR/SpO O logical parameters during the complete time course of apnea. To rS 100 clearly distinguish apneic-induced effects (i. e., hypoxia and hyper- 50 capnia) from bradycardia-inducing effects such as face immersion 50 [25] or immersion, we chose a static dry apnea setup in a horizon- tal position. Apnea by the individual subject was performed as long 0 blood pressure [mmHg/ as possible. 0 200 400 time [sec] 15 s before initiation of apnea, one breath was analyzed for O2- systoic blood pressure cerebral rSO2 SpO2 [%] and CO2-levels and taken as a baseline. For this, participants ex- NIRSabdominal heart rate [bpm] haled air in a breathing mask connected to the Dräger Scio 4 Oxi plus (Dräger Medical AG&Co.KG, Lübeck, Germany). Immediately ▶Fig. 1 Raw data of one subject. Total apnea time was 411 s. after apnea, the first 5 breaths were analyzed for pO2 and pCO2 Subject exhibited an earlier decrease in NIRSabdominal and SpO2 than breath by breath, and the mean was taken as post-apnea measure- in cerebral rSO2. This subject desaturated steadily (defined as ment. fall > 2 % of baseline-level) in SpO2 after 181 s and in rSO2 after 240 s. Desaturation of NIRS started after 21 s. Re-saturation was Heart rate was continuously measured by a 5-lead electrocardi- abdominal observed in NIRS after 19 s, in rSO after 5 s and in SpO after ® abdominal 2 2 ogram (Dräger monitor system: Infinity M540 Monitor and Infin- 29 s. ity M500 Docking Station). Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) was measured Masimo (SHP ACC MCABLE-Masimo Set, OEM part- ners of Dräger Medical AG&Co.KG, Lübeck, Germany). Central (cer- creasing cerebral rSO2 vs. SpO2 and NIRSabdominal values following ebral) oxygen saturation (rSO2) and peripheral tissue oxygen satu- apnea onset and the corresponding increases following restart of ration (NIRSabdominal) were measured by Near Infrared Spectrosco- respiration were investigated using Repeated Measures ANOVA py (NONIN Medical’s EQUANOX™, Model 7 600 Regional Oximeter with Greenhouse-Geisser correction followed by Bonferroni’s Mul- System, Plymouth, USA). NIRS diodes (EQUANOX Advance™ Sen- tiple Comparison Test. sor, Model 8004CA, suited for measuring cerebral and somatic ox- Total increase of end-expiratory CO2 measurements and total ygen-saturation) were placed on the right forehead and above the decrease of end-expiratory O2 were tested for significance. This dif- right musculus obliquus externus abdominis (2 cm above iliac ference was investigated using 2-tailed paired t-tests after check- crest). ing for violation of the distributional assumptions for increase of Changes in blood pressure were measured beat-to-beat using CO2 (Shapiro-Wilk W = 0.920, p = 0.318), as well as for decrease of ® a finger-cuff blood pressure sensor on the right hand (Infinity O2 (Shapiro-Wilk W = 0.947, p = 0.611). CNAP™ SmartPod® system, Dräger Medical AG&Co.KG, Lübeck, The statistical association between changes in heart rate (i. e., Germany). heart rate prior to apnea – heart rate at the end of apnea) and NONIN Medical’s EQUANOX™ calculates the normalized hemo- serum norepinephrine/epinephrine concentration (i. e., catecho- globin index (HBI) from the NIRS recordings. HBI may be taken as lamine concentration prior to apnea – catecholamine concentra- a hint for increased tissue perfusion [41]. tion at the end of apnea) was assessed using Spearman’s rank cor- For catecholamine analysis, venous blood samples were drawn relation analysis. Changes in heart rate and systolic blood pressure from every participant 3 min prior to and directly after apnea. Anal- were calculated in the same way. yses were performed in a specialized laboratory, which was reac- The continuous 5-lead ECG was stored automatically with a tem- credited by the German accreditation body DAkkS (accreditation poral resolution of 1 s, therefore a beat-to-beat variability in R-R in- numbers D-ML-13403-01-00 and D-PL-13403-01-00). terval was not possible. We decided to compare the heart rate de- viation in each participant during the first minute of apnea with Data analysis methods that of the last, because both are not influenced by the respiratory Changes in MAP during apnea were investigated using Repeated sinus arrhythmia. This comparison was performed by a 2 tailed, Measures ANOVA with Greenhouse-Geisser correction followed by paired t-test. Dunnett’s Multiple Comparison Test comparing the MAP at 20, 40, All results are given with standard deviation ( ± ) and statistical 60 and 100 % of the total apnea time with the MAP before onset of analyses were performed using SPSS 22 software (IBM SPSS, Chi- apnea. cago/IL, USA). The start point of cerebral rSO2, NIRSabdominal and SpO2-decrease during apnea was defined as a drop of > 2 % compared to stable pre-apneic measurements followed by a monotonic decreasing Results time course.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • APNEA TRAINING and PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: ENHANCEMENT of the DIVE RESPONSE, APNEIC TIME, and RECOVERY by Nathanael Stanford A
    APNEA TRAINING AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: ENHANCEMENT OF THE DIVE RESPONSE, APNEIC TIME, AND RECOVERY by Nathanael Stanford A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Kinesiology Boise State University May 2019 © 2019 Nathanael Stanford ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COLLEGE DEFENSE COMMITTEE AND FINAL READING APPROVALS of the thesis submitted by Nathanael Stanford Thesis Title: Apnea Training and Physical Characteristics: Enhancement of The Dive Response, Apneic Time, and Recovery Date of Final Oral Examination: 08 March 2019 The following individuals read and discussed the thesis submitted by student Nathanael Stanford, and they evaluated his presentation and response to questions during the final oral examination. They found that the student passed the final oral examination. Shawn R. Simonson, Ed.D. Chair, Supervisory Committee Timothy R. Kempf, Ph.D. Member, Supervisory Committee Jeffrey M. Anderson, MA Member, Supervisory Committee The final reading approval of the thesis was granted by Shawn R. Simonson, Ed.D., Chair of the Supervisory Committee. The thesis was approved by the Graduate College. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my thesis advisor, Shawn Simonson for his continual assistance and guidance throughout this master thesis. He fostered an environment that encouraged me to think critically about the scientific process. The mentorship he offered directed me on a path of independent thinking and learning. I would like to thank my research technician, Sarah Bennett for the hundreds of hours she assisted me during data collection. This thesis would not have been possible without her help. To my committee member Tim Kempf, I want to express my gratitude for his assistance with study design and the scientific writing process.
    [Show full text]
  • Fort Riley Military Munitions Response Program Camp Forsyth Landfill Area 2 Munitions Response Site Operable Unit 09, FTRI-003-R-01 Geary County, Kansas U.S
    Final Record of Decision June 2020 Fort Riley Military Munitions Response Program Camp Forsyth Landfill Area 2 Munitions Response Site Operable Unit 09, FTRI-003-R-01 Geary County, Kansas U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Omaha District FORT RILEY Final Contract No.: W912DQ-17-D-3023 Delivery Order No.: W9128F-17-F-0233 Record of Decision MILITARY MUNITIONS RESPONSE PROGRAM FORT RILEY CAMP FORSYTH LANDFILL AREA 2 MUNITIONS RESPONSE SITE OPERABLE UNIT 09, FTRI-003-R-01 GEARY COUNTY, KANSAS Prepared for and Prepared by U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS Omaha District June 2020 Revision 01 Record of Decision Camp Forsyth Landfill Area 2 MRS, Fort Riley, Kansas Table of Contents 1.0 DECLARATION .......................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Site Name and Location.................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Statement of Basis and Purpose...................................................................................... 1-1 1.3 Assessment of Site ............................................................................................................ 1-1 1.4 Description of Selected Remedy ...................................................................................... 1-1 1.5 Statutory Determinations .................................................................................................. 1-1 1.5.1 Part 1: Statutory Requirements ................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiac Hypoxic Resistance and Decreasing Lactate During Maximum
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Cardiac hypoxic resistance and decreasing lactate during maximum apnea in elite breath hold divers Thomas Kjeld1*, Jakob Møller 1, Kristian Fogh1, Egon Godthaab Hansen2, Henrik Christian Arendrup3, Anders Brenøe Isbrand4, Bo Zerahn4, Jens Højberg5, Ellen Ostenfeld6, Henrik Thomsen1, Lars Christian Gormsen 7 & Marcus Carlsson6 Breath-hold divers (BHD) enduring apnea for more than 4 min are characterized by resistance to release of reactive oxygen species, reduced sensitivity to hypoxia, and low mitochondrial oxygen consumption in their skeletal muscles similar to northern elephant seals. The muscles and myocardium of harbor seals also exhibit metabolic adaptations including increased cardiac lactate-dehydrogenase- activity, exceeding their hypoxic limit. We hypothesized that the myocardium of BHD possesses 15 similar adaptive mechanisms. During maximum apnea O-H2O-PET/CT (n = 6) revealed no myocardial perfusion defcits but increased myocardial blood fow (MBF). Cardiac MRI determined blood oxygen level dependence oxygenation (n = 8) after 4 min of apnea was unaltered compared to rest, whereas cine-MRI demonstrated increased left ventricular wall thickness (LVWT). Arterial blood gases were collected after warm-up and maximum apnea in a pool. At the end of the maximum pool apnea (5 min), arterial saturation decreased to 52%, and lactate decreased 20%. Our fndings contrast with previous MR studies of BHD, that reported elevated cardiac troponins and decreased myocardial 15 perfusion after 4 min of apnea. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the frst time with O-H2O-PET/CT and MRI in elite BHD during maximum apnea, that MBF and LVWT increases while lactate decreases, indicating anaerobic/fat-based cardiac-metabolism similar to diving mammals.
    [Show full text]
  • ACTA BIOMEDICA SUPPLEMENT Atenei Parmensis | Founded 1887
    Acta Biomed. - Vol. 91 - Suppl. 1 - February 2020 | ISSN 0392 - 4203 ACTA BIOMEDICA SUPPLEMENT ATENEI PARMENSIS | FOUNDED 1887 Official Journal of the Society of Medicine and Natural Sciences of Parma Acta Biomed. - Vol. 91 - Suppl.1 February 2020 Acta Biomed. - Vol. and Centre on health systems’ organization, quality and sustainability, Parma, Italy The Acta Biomedica is indexed by Index Medicus / Medline Excerpta Medica (EMBASE), the Elsevier BioBASE, Scopus (Elsevier). and Bibliovigilance New insights on upper airway diseases Guest Editors: Giorgio Ciprandi, Desiderio Passali Free on-line www.actabiomedica.it Mattioli 1885 1, comma DCB Parma - Finito di stampare February 2020 46) art. Pubblicazione trimestrale - Poste Italiane s.p.a. - Sped. in A.P. - D.L. 353/2003 (conv. in L. 27/02/2004 n. - D.L. 353/2003 (conv. Pubblicazione trimestrale - Poste Italiane s.p.a. Sped. in A.P. ACTA BIO MEDICA Atenei parmensis founded 1887 OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF MEDICINE AND NATURAL SCIENCES OF PARMA AND CENTRE ON HEALTH SYSTEM’S ORGANIZATION, QUALITY AND SUSTAINABILITY, PARMA, ITALY free on-line: www.actabiomedica.it EDITOR IN CHIEF ASSOCIATE EDITORS Maurizio Vanelli - Parma, Italy Carlo Signorelli - Parma, Italy Vincenzo Violi - Parma, Italy Marco Vitale - Parma, Italy SECTION EDITORS DEPUTY EDITOR FOR HEALTH DEPUTY EDITOR FOR SERTOT Gianfranco Cervellin- Parma, Italy PROFESSIONS EDITION EDITION Domenico Cucinotta - Bologna, Italy Leopoldo Sarli - Parma, Italy Francesco Pogliacomi - Parma, Italy Vincenzo De Sanctis- Ferrara, Italy Paolo
    [Show full text]
  • Hold Your Breath Underwater for 3 Minutes
    HOLD YOUR BREATH UNDERWATER FOR 3 MINUTES. [basic] NERVE RUSH MISSION Nerve Rush deconstructs the world of extreme sports and adventure travel through a titillating array of adrenaline-packed content. We support folks and brands who test their physical and mental limits, who push for adventure and who empower others to live a more gut-wrenching life. YOUR ADRENALINE GUIDES In an effort to push the Nerve Rush community to test both physical and mental limits, we developed a series of adrenaline guides, broken down into different achievement levels. Use our guides to inject more gut-wrenching adventure into your life. WHY HOLD YOUR BREATH UNDERWATER? From surfing and snorkeling to a full day at the beach, learning to hold your breath can help you to feel more comfortable underwater – a critical component to battling huge waves or hunting for colorful coral. Static Apnea is a discipline in which Static Apnea World Record a person holds their breath (apnea) underwater for as long as possible, To date, the world record for holding one’s and need not swim any distance. Static Apnea is defined by the breath underwater without the use of International Association for oxygen in preparation is held by Stéphane Development of Apnea (AIDA International) and is distinguished Mifsud, with a whopping 11 minutes 35 from the Guinness World Record for seconds. breath holding underwater, which allows the use of oxygen in preparation. Beat Harry Houdini’s Life Record We’re not saying you can beat Mifsud, but shoot to beat Harry Houdini. His personal record was 3 minutes 30 seconds! HOW TO HOLD YOUR BREATH FOR 3 MINUTES The following method is adapted from this Tim Ferriss blog post.
    [Show full text]
  • WSF Freediver - Management
    WSF Freediver - Management World Series Freediving™ www.freedivingRAID.com MANAGEMENT WSF Freediver - Management THE 4 FREEDIVING ELEMENTS ....................................................................... 2 EQUALISATION .................................................................................................. 2 BREATHING FOR FREEDIVING ...................................................................... 7 RECOVERY BREATHING ................................................................................... 8 FREEDIVING TECHNIQUES ............................................................................. 9 FREEDIVING BUDDY SYSTEM ........................................................................ 12 PROPER BUOYANCY FOR DEPTH FREEDIVING ........................................... 14 ADVENTURE FREEDIVING & COMPETITION ................................................ 18 FREEDIVING ....................................................................................................... 18 TRAINING FOR FREEDIVING ........................................................................... 22 Section 4 - Page 1 RAID WSF FREEDIVER www.freedivingRAID.com THE 4 FREEDIVING ELEMENTS 1. Conserving Oxygen O2 2. Equalisation EQ 3. Flexibility FLX 4. Safety SFE The 5th Element that is key to success is you, the freediver! EQUALISATION EQ Objectives: 1. State 2 processes of equalisation for the eustachian tubes 2. Demonstrate the 5 steps of the Frenzel manoeuvre 3. State the main difference between the Valsalva and Frenzel manoeuvres
    [Show full text]
  • Second Quarter 2016 • Volume 24 • Number 87
    The Journal of Diving History, Volume 24, Issue 2 (Number 87), 2016 Item Type monograph Publisher Historical Diving Society U.S.A. Download date 10/10/2021 17:42:22 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/35936 Second Quarter 2016 • Volume 24 • Number 87 After Boutan, Underwater Photography in Science | U.S. Divers Prototype Helmet for SEALAB III, DSSP Vintage Australian Demand Valves | Fred Devine and the SALVAGE CHIEF | Cousteau and CONSHELF 2016 Historical Diving Society USA Raffle Get your tickets now! The predecessor of the USN Mark V Helmet #3 of 10 manufactured by DESCO to the specifications and recommendations in Chief Gunner George Stillson’s 1915 REPORT ON DEEP DIVING TESTS Tickets are $5 each or five for $20 Tickets can be ordered by contacting [email protected] or by mailing a check or money order payable to HDS USA Fund raiser, PO Box 453, Fox River Grove, IL 60021-0453. The drawing will take place at the Santa Barbara Maritime Museum, Santa Barbara, CA on August 27, 2016. Other prizes include HDS apparel, books, and DVDs. The winner need not be present to win. All proceeds benefit the Historical Diving Society USA. Prize Winners are responsible for shipping and all applicable taxes. No purchase necessary. To obtain a non-purchase ticket send a self addressed stamped envelope to the above address. Void where prohibited by law. Grand Prize is an $8,000 Value Second Quarter 2016, Volume 24, Number 87 The Journal of Diving History 1 THE JOURNAL OF DIVING HISTORY SECOND QUARTER 2016 • VOLUME 24 • NUMBER 87 ISSN 1094-4516 FEATURES Civil War Diving and Salvage Vintage Australian Demand Valves By James Vorosmarti, MD By Bob Campbell 10 Like much of American diving during the 19th century, the printed 22 As noted by historian Ivor Howitt, and here by author Bob Campbell, record of diving during the Civil War is scarce.
    [Show full text]
  • Hypnosis and Deep Relaxation in Static Apnea
    Hypnosis & Deep Relaxation in Static Apnea A guideline for possible applications Matthias Zaugg AIDA Instructor Course • Special Presentation • 5. September 2012 Matthias Zaugg • AIDA IC • Hypnosis & Deep Relaxation in Static Apnea 1 Published September 2012 during an AIDA instructor course in Phuket, Thailand with www.wefreedive.org Matthias Zaugg • AIDA IC • Hypnosis & Deep Relaxation in Static Apnea 1 Table of contents Introduction! 3 Hypnosis! 4 History & Definition 4 Rapport - How to get in sync 5 Suggestions 6 Dehypnosis 7 Induction techniques 8 Hypnosis and anesthesia 9 Possible applications for Static Apnea! 10 Deep relaxation hypnosis as preparation 10 Useful tools for a static coach/instructor 11 A complete approach - Static Apnea while being in trance 12 Conclusions! 14 Bibliography! 15 Matthias Zaugg • AIDA IC • Hypnosis & Deep Relaxation in Static Apnea 2 INTRODUCTION Hypnosis and deep relaxation have fascinated me for a long time. I have experienced the relaxing effects of a guided ,deep relaxation‘ - which is basically a hypnosis session without therapeutical inputs - multiple times on my own. I have always been amazed about how fast I could get into a deep relaxed, sleep-like state through this. Ever since I started freediving, the thought that hypnosis could actually be very beneficial for apnea accompanied me, which led me to have a slightly more in depth look at the topic for my AIDA instructor course now. This paper is by no means a how-to guide on how to use hypnosis for static apnea. It is more an introduction to a toolset known from hypnosis, which usage could be beneficial for apnea in my opinion.
    [Show full text]
  • Eight Weeks of Static Apnea Training Increases Spleen Volume but Not Acute Spleen Contraction T
    Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 266 (2019) 144–149 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/resphysiol Eight weeks of static apnea training increases spleen volume but not acute spleen contraction T Janne Boutena, Kevin Caena, Jan Stautemasa, Filip Lefeverea, Wim Deravea, Leen Lootensb, ⁎ Peter Van Eenoob, Jan G. Bourgoisa,c, Jan Boonea, a Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium b Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 30, 9050 Ghent, Belgium c Centre of Sports Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Splenic contraction is an important response to acute apnea causing the release of red blood cells into blood Apnea training circulation. Current literature shows higher spleen volumes and greater spleen contractions in trained apnea Spleen volume divers compared to untrained individuals, but the influence of training is presently unknown. Spleen contraction Thirteen subjects daily performed five static apneas for 8 weeks. Before, halfway through and after the apnea Hemoglobin training period, subjects performed five maximal breath-holds at the laboratory. Baseline values for and changes in splenic volume and hemoglobin ([Hb]) were assessed. Although baseline spleen volume had increased (from 241 ± 55 mL PRE to 299 ± 51 mL POST training, p = 0.007), the absolute spleen contraction (142 ± 52 mL PRE and 139 ± 34 mL POST training, p = 0.868) and the acute increase in [Hb] remained unchanged. The present study shows that apnea training can increase the size of the spleen but that eight weeks of training is not sufficient to elicit significant training adaptations on the acute response.
    [Show full text]
  • Breatheology the Art of Conscious Breathing Stig Åvall Severinsen Breatheology the Art of Conscious Breathing
    Stig Åvall Severinsen breatheology the art of conscious breathing Stig Åvall Severinsen breatheology the art of conscious breathing Photography by Casper Tybjerg - illustrations by Per Diemer breatheology © 2010 Stig Åvall Severinsen Editors: Mark Colberg Goldsmith Constance Kampf Brittany Trubridge Graphical design and layout: Mark Colberg Goldsmith Cover: Casper Tybjerg Photo p. 70: Appreciation of the exhibition Bodies Photo p. 99, 126 and 257 Morten Bjørn Larsen Photo p. 137 Per Hallum Photo p. 138 Dan Burton Photo p. 174 Mallar Chakravarty Set in Calibri 1. edition Publisher: Breatheology www.breatheology.com All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Contents Preface 13 Part I Restless breathing 23 A hectic everyday life 25 What is stress? 29 Thought control 36 Diet 43 Exercises 55 Normal breathing 61 Good and bad habits 63 Why do we breathe? 63 Brain control of our breath 71 Exercises 77 Part II Trained breathing 85 Become healthy through yoga 87 Holistic outlook 87 The advantages of yoga 90 From body to mind 93 Composure of the senses and mind 97 Exercises 111 Sustained breathing 117 Holding your breath on land and in water 119 The natural pause 119 How do you hold your breath 120 The noble art of breath holding 126 A message from yoga 133 Your inner dolphin 140 Exercises 147 Powerful breathing 157 Optimize your athletic performance 159 The
    [Show full text]
  • Frequently Asked Questions
    Frequently Asked Questions What are the requirements for license renewal? Licenses Expire CE Hours Required Mandatory Courses 3 hours of Ethics (each renewal) 2 hours of Medical Errors (each renewal) Clinical Social Worker, Marriage and Family 30 3 hours of Laws and Rules Therapists, and Mental Health Counselor (All hours are allowed through home-study) (every third biennium) licenses expire on March 31, 2017. 2 hours of Domestic Violence (every third biennium) How do I complete this course and receive my certificate of completion? Online Go to SocialWork.EliteCME.com and follow the prompts. Print your certificate immediately. How much will it cost? Cost of Courses Course Title CE Hours Price Ethics and Boundaries (Required for renewal) 3 $15.00 Medical Errors in the Mental Health Profession (Required for renewal) 2 $10.00 Domestic Violence (Required every third biennium) 2 $10.00 Florida Law for the Social Worker, Mental Health Counselor and Marriage and Family Therapist 3 $15.00 (Required every third biennium) Cultural Competence in Mental Health Practice Part I: Principles, Preparation and Priorities for 3 $15.00 Practice The Heroin Abuse Epidemic in America: Identification, Treatment and Prevention 4 $20.00 Medication Management of Opioid Dependence 5 $25.00 Understanding Neurotransmission and the Disease of Addiction 4 $20.00 The Use of the Internet in Therapy: Guidelines and Best Practices 4 $20.00 BEST VALUE Entire 30-Hour Course SAVE $103 30 $47.00 Are you a Florida board approved provider? Yes. Elite is approved by the Florida Board of Clinical Social Work, Marriage and Family Therapy and Mental Health counselors to provide continuing education for licensees.
    [Show full text]
  • SIMULATED HUMAN DIVING and HEART RATE: MAKING the MOST of the DIVING RESPONSE AS a LABORATORY EXERCISE Sara M
    SIMULATED HUMAN DIVING AND HEART RATE: MAKING THE MOST OF THE DIVING RESPONSE AS A LABORATORY EXERCISE Sara M. Hiebert and Elliot Burch Advan Physiol Educ 27:130-145, 2003. doi:10.1152/advan.00045.2002 You might find this additional information useful... This article cites 15 articles, 3 of which you can access free at: http://ajpadvan.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/27/3/130#BIBL Medline items on this article's topics can be found at http://highwire.stanford.edu/lists/artbytopic.dtl on the following topics: Pharmacology .. Heart Diseases (Drug Development) Physiology .. Exertion Medicine .. Fitness (Physical Activity) Medicine .. Exercise Medicine .. Bradycardia Downloaded from Physiology .. Humans Updated information and services including high-resolution figures, can be found at: http://ajpadvan.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/27/3/130 Additional material and information about Advances in Physiology Education can be found at: http://www.the-aps.org/publications/advan ajpadvan.physiology.org This information is current as of January 10, 2007 . on January 10, 2007 Advances in Physiology Education is dedicated to the improvement of teaching and learning physiology, both in specialized courses and in the broader context of general biology education. It is published four times a year in March, June, September and December by the American Physiological Society, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD 20814-3991. Copyright © 2005 by the American Physiological Society. ISSN: 1043-4046, ESSN: 1522-1229. Visit our website at http://www.the-aps.org/. T E A C H I N G I N T H E L A B O R A T O R Y SIMULATED HUMAN DIVING AND HEART RATE: MAKING THE MOST OF THE DIVING RESPONSE AS A LABORATORY EXERCISE Sara M.
    [Show full text]