IJSEGCE VOL 1, No.1 November 2018 ISSN: 2656- 3037 http://www.journals.segce.com/index.php/IJSEGCE

The Story of Balut (Boiled Fertilized Duck Egg) Entrepreneurs; Their Characteristics, Expertise, and Contributions

ISMAEL A. HAGUISAN, III ORCID No. 0000-0001-6206-8957 [email protected] La Consolacion College Bacolod Bacolod City, Negros Occidental, Philipppines

Abstract

Balut (“bah-loot,” both singular and plural) are the 16-to-21-day-old fertilized duck eggs that tend to either fascinate or revolt foreigners. To be precise, it’s a boiled egg that contains not only a yolk but also a semi-developed duck embryo. Usually hailed as one of the Philippines’ most iconic and exotic delicacies, it is cracked open and eaten with a dash of salt, vinegar.

The study documented the story of Balut entrepreneurs in one of the regions in the Philippines. The study utilizes the qualitative design using narrative inquiry method. The rigors of the findings which includes credibility, dependability, transferability, and confirmability were among the trustworthiness of the data to reduce the biases and subjectivity of the study. Data were analyzed following a thematic approach of data explication.

Balut entrepreneurs experiences narrated the story of their characteristics, expertise, and their contributions. After a rigorous data explication, there were 9 essential themes emerged namely: Balut as Food, Processing of Balut, Quality of Balut, Feedback, Marketing Intermediaries, Socio-Economic Benefits, Characteristic of Entrepreneurs, Learnings, and Challenges. It showed that product quality is essential to the success of the Balut entrepreneurs as it brings them more customers and vendors loyalty to patronize their Balut eggs. Excellent and quality service play critical contributions in shaping customers expectations and influencing the nature of customer experiences. Moreover, socio-economic benefits were attained through the existence of Balut business activities which influences employment to the rural community for the people to work for them. The Balut business owners were inspired to continue their business despite their struggles and weariness in their business.

Keywords: business management, experiences of Balut entrepreneurs, qualitative-narrative inquiry, Philippines

INTRODUCTION is famously eaten with a dash of salt and vinegar with chili (Angon, 2015). Balut is sometimes Ducks have traditionally been raised in the regarded to as “embryonated egg” or “incubated backyard by rural households in the Philippines eggs” because the eggs are collected and because they provide excellent sources of consumed when the embryos are within 14-18 supplementary income and low-cost animal days old. Balut has recognized a delicacy by the protein too often resource-poor rural families Filipinos for its exceptional taste and nutritional (Villano, 2008). value. (Chang et al., 2003)

In the Philippines, Balut is the duck embryo To make Balut, fertilized duck eggs are still in its shell and is considered as a delicacy. It incubated at 40-42.5°C in incubators with

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approximately high humidity. These conditions researchers and instructors are beginning to support for the growth and development of the believe that social entrepreneurship can not only embryo until the eggs are removed at 18 days; a be taught, but those social entrepreneurs can be period which occurs in the formation of a partially developed through exposure and education formed embryo. Full development and hatching of (Ratiu, Cherry, & Nielson, 2014). duck eggs typically happen at 28 days. During the incubation stage, the eggs are lighted to monitor Based on the profound interests of the the growth and development of the embryos; researcher in the field of hospitality management infertile eggs or those comprising a non-viable in the area of food business production, the embryo are separated. Although Balut is usually researchers were challenged to explore on the made from duck eggs, chicken eggs can also be experiences of the Balut entrepreneurs; their utilized. Where the eggs of the chicken are used, attributes, expertise, and contributions. fertile eggs are brooded at 37°C for about 14 Objective days. Full development and hatching of chicken eggs typically happen at 21 days (Center for To explore the experiences of the Balut Public Health and Zoonoses, 2011). entrepreneurs.

The quality of “Balut” egg should be Framework of the Study cleaned and not have been washed, have egg fertility (embryo livability) of not less than 85% The fertilized 18-day-old duck egg has and shell thickness of at least 0.3 mm. Ovoid revolted even the most daring delicacies with its shape with an egg shape index close to 75% and carnal forms, earning it high rankings on many a a yolk visual score of at least 11 in the Roche "most disgusting/strange/terrifying meal" list. color fan are preferred (Caramihan, Escobin, & While food journalists regularly label Balut as the Medialdia, 2009). Philippines' "much-loved delicacy," in reality, Filipinos are decidedly split over their nation's oft- Moreover, these Balut eggs being sold sung snack (Calderon, 2014). are labeled as "chicks nearly waiting to hatch" and are sold by vendors "who will never see their Furthermore, the eggs from this duck are buyers again, will not hear recriminations, or form processed to "Balut," "Penoy" and salted eggs. A friendships with them" (Fernandez, 1994). This delicacy of Southeast Asia and especially of the deliberate sale of items considered by numerous Philippines that commands a good price, "Balut" Filipinos as culturally unwanted and undesirable is a boiled fertilized duck egg incubated for about can be interpreted as a hostile act since the 18 days with a developed embryo inside that is vendor is foisting upon an unsuspecting customer boiled or steamed and eaten in the shell. An an egg that is a "chick-like creature (Magat, interview with a traditional "Balut" maker showed 2016). that the best "Balut" which is known as "Balut sa puti" is made by allowing the eggs to incubate for Regarding marketing intermediaries, about 18 days, but beyond that, the chick will be ducks eggs tend to transfer through various too large for leisurely developed consumption. intermediaries before reaching the final customer Duck eggs that are not properly after 9 to 12 days (Chang et al., 2003). are sold as "Penoy," which look, smell and taste more similar to regular hard-boiled eggs. These There were also benefits that will be eggs are originally unfertilized, therefore gained in poultry farming. Thus, socio-economic incapable of developing into chicks. After development can be achieved with the help of incubation, the egg white hardens, and the yolk family poultry farming. (Kabir, Asaduzzaman, & softens and becomes watery after boiling (Hatae Dev, 2015). On the other hand, entrepreneurship et al., 2007).

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Likewise, duck production is one of the most of quality breeder stock, high cost, inconsistent productive livestock businesses in the country quality, and inefficient marketing system) mainly because of its egg which can be vented identified in the past (Coligado, 1985; Lambio, through various channels. But one of the 2000) can be adequately addressed (Chang & disadvantages of duck eggs is that they have a Dagaas, 2004). fishy smell and flavor which many people do not like. This is presumably the leading cause why While Balut is primarily a Philippine delicacy, most duck eggs are processed into two great prepared duck and chicken eggs (e.g., salt eggs Filipino delicacies: Balut (a fertilized egg with an and “hundred years” eggs) are appreciated in almost-developed embryo inside that is boiled much of Asia, and this market is generally and eaten in the shell) and salted egg (Davao, supplied by smallholders (Magat, 2016; Chang & 2016). Dagaas, 2004; Kryger et al., 2010).

Chang and Dagaas (2004) also noted that Ducks eggs tend to pass through many Balut accounts for some 90 percent of duck-egg intermediaries before entering the final buyer. production in the Philippines – where over 75 Although the intermediaries provide valuable percent of ducks are raised for eggs under marketing assistance in most situations, in an backyard conditions (Kryger, Thomsen, Whyte, & imperfect market where market knowledge and Dissing, 2010). quality standards are lacking, and markets are controlled by a few players, there is the tendency To processes, the Balut, (Pilipino) or hot Vit for the dominant players to overcharge for their Lon (Vietnamese) are incubated fertilized duck assistance. Since an expert marketing system eggs, which are boiled or steamed for 20-30 depends on accurate price signs, underpaid minutes when the embryo is 16-18 days old. The producers manage to produce less while an embryonated eggs are incubated in a Balutan or overcharged consumer leads to consuming less some other variety of artificial incubator. A regular (Chang et al., 2003). Balutan is a low building with walls of bamboo or nipa palm and a corrugated iron roof. Small On the other hand, Balut producers may also windows are provided for ventilation. Rice hull or be considered as an entrepreneur. An sawdust is spread on the floor to absorb excess entrepreneur is said to have or need to acquire moisture (DOST, 2001). specific capital (Burt, 2000) to pursue the perceived market opportunities. This includes As to the quality of Balut, the quality egg financial capital (monetary), social capital should be cleaned and not have been washed, (relationships) and human capital (natural! have egg fertility (embryo livability) of not less abilities) (Mongia, 2013). than 85% and shell thickness of at least 0.3 mm. Ovoid shape with an egg shape index close to Moreover, a model which identifies the 75% and a yolk visual score of at least 11 in the territory of Entrepreneurial Social Responsibility. Roche color fan are preferred. In the evaluation ESR is a new way of understanding positive that was made, values for a trait significantly social change by entrepreneurs which engages (P<0.05) differed from one zone to another with commercial and social orientation as well as, (Caramihan et al., 2009). critically, the phases and the dynamism of the entrepreneurial process (Blundel, Spence, & Given the relatively significant level of Zerbinati, 2010). profitability appreciated by the commercial duck sector and staying strong customer demand for Also, taking moderate risks: Entrepreneurial Balut, the business may be able to survive or success is generally the result of calculated risk- succeed if the key challenges (including the lack taking that provides a reasonable and challenging

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chance of success (Dingee, Haslett, & Smollen, 1970).

However, it is important to reflect that many challenges may be encountered by the entrepreneurs in venturing the Balut and Penoy business. Besides their uniqueness and cultural importance, the Balut business may face unpredictable future because of changing lifestyles and customer preferences, issues of availability, and concerns over food safety and product excellence (Chang & Dagaas, 2004). Figure 1: Conceptual Diagram

From an entrepreneurial learning viewpoint, it METHODOLOGY is argued that knowledge and narratives obtained Research Design from prior experiences in entrepreneurial contexts serve as knowledge schemas or lead to Qualitative research examines data from the guide entrepreneurs’ strategic choices in first fieldwork, all-in, uncontrolled interviews, and subsequent entrepreneurial engagements written documents. Qualitative researchers (Jenkins, Wiklund, & Brundin, 2014; Mantere, absorb in naturalistic inquiry, studying real-world Aula, Schildt, & Vaara, 2013; Mckenzie & settings inductively to generate the rich narrative Woodruff, 2012). Thus, an entrepreneurial picture and construct case studies. Inductive learning theory focuses on how learning impacts analysis across cases bears patterns and the behavior, processes, structures, and themes, the outcome of qualitative research procedures adopted in successive business start- (Patton, 2005). ups (Ucbasaran, Westhead, Wright, & Flores, 2010; (Mathias, Williams, & Smith, 2015; Mathias According to (Aarikka-Stenroos, 2010). et al., 2015). Along with this stream of research, Narrative form is a natural kind of data and the entrepreneurial learning literature provides “narrative cognition” (Bruner, 1986). recommends that entrepreneurs learn from Report method of the research supplied data business failure by applying knowledge and about a Conversation Partner and its Business of learning from their experiences with failure to Balut Production. improve their existing assumptions about how to handle their future start-ups efficiently (Shepherd, Bruner identifies paradigmatic knowledge 2003). The experience can also guide that is based on the logic theory and clearly entrepreneurs’ resolutions, and actions (and defined category, and a narrative perception that inactions) on their subsequently started new is based on thematically and naturally ventures (Yamakawa & Cardon, 2015; Politis, progressing narration. Bruner (1986) stated that 2005; Amankwah-Amoah, Boso, & Antwi-Agyei, both ways produce qualified data, but the history 2016). was knowing has been overshadowed by the paradigmatic cognition in research.

These two types of knowledge aim to assert the listener or the reader adversely: paradigmatic cognition intends to declare about the conceptual truth, and narrative perception seeks to affirm the reader with a more holistic way because active

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elements and emphasizing elements are also Based on Aarikka-Stenroos (2010) when involved (Bruner, 1986). planning to gather within interviews, it is necessary to understand what defines narrative Narrative inquiry, a relatively new qualitative interview from qualitative interview such as in- methodology, is the study of experience depth or semi-structured interviews. Moreover, understood narratively. It is a way of thinking Mishler (1991) discusses that paying attention to about and studying, experience. Narrative the stories that respondents say might lead to a inquirers think narratively about experience radical re-examination of the conventional throughout the inquiry. The narrative inquiry practices adopted in qualitative interview follows a recursive, reflexive process of moving research. from the field (with starting points in telling or living of stories) to field texts (data) to interim and One focused group discussion was final research texts. Commonplaces of conducted using narrative inquiry to standardized temporality, sociality, and place create a qualitative data collection and two separate conceptual framework within which different individual interviews. The interview was kinds of field texts and separate analyses can be conducted from December up to March of 2017. used. Narrative inquiry highlights ethical matters Each of the interviews has an interval of one as well as shapes new theoretical understandings month or thirty days before doing another of people's experiences (Clandinin & Huber, interview. 2001). The audio recordings were reprinted Conversation Partner and inclusion Criteria verbatim by the researchers. The transcribed texts were then verified by audio recordings to The Conversational Partners are Male and a ensure that they were correctly copied. Female Backyard Balut producer and supplier in their local community. Married and operating Ethical Consideration more than ten years in the business. The gatekeeper of the conversation partner was a The researcher personally met the family friend of the conversation partner along, conversation partners and explained the nature of who will be limiting the conditions of entry in the the study and the need for their participation. The interviewing area by defining the study’s problem, conversation partners were requested to sign the limiting access to data and respondents, informed consent form which served as proof of restriction of the scope for analysis and by their willingness to participate. The form contains retaining prerogatives with respect to publication the ethical considerations that must be observed (Broadhead & Rist, 1976). throughout the study.

Research Instrument When the verbal agreement of the conversational partner is attained, the informed The researcher conducted a series of in- consent form was presented and explained for depth interviews using the digital voice recorder. their proper information, after which, they were asked to sign the form. Data Gathering Procedure The schedule of the interview with each of the The source of the data that was applied in the conversation partners was set at their most study was data/information from the recorded agreeable and convenient time. To encourage interview and information gathered from the open dialogue, each meeting was held in an successive interviews. easily accessible location and was conducted informally to make sure that the conversation was

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comfortable in their psychological space during no internal conflict or inconsistencies; second, each interview. establishing referential adequacy i.e. testing all the analysis and interpretation against Each conversation partner was assigned with documents records that were used during data a code that was used instead of their names, and collection and final member checks before an audio-recorded interview was retained in the producing final document as described above mobile phone of the researcher that is password- (Guba, 1981). protected, and the files were deleted when data explication was done. The researchers used member checking in ensuring the credibility of the study in which the Trustworthiness (Ensuring the Quality of transcribed data was presented to the Findings) conversation partners. The copied data was rechecked by the conversation partners if they Credibility. is the confidence that can be are correct and upon checking if they agreed that placed in the truth of the research findings it is valid. (Holloway & Wheeler, 2002). Transferability. Transferability applies to the Member checking was used in the study. degree to which the results of qualitative research Another strategy for improving the quality of can be transferred to another context with other qualitative data is allowing member checks. respondents, the interpretive equivalent of Member checks mean the “data and generalizability (Bitsch, 2005). According to interpretations are continuously tested as they Bitsch (2005) the “researcher facilities the are derived with members of the different transferability judgment by a potential user audiences and groups from which data are through ‘thick description’ and purposeful solicited” (Guba, 1981). A member check is a sampling." critical process that any qualitative researcher should undergo because it is the essence of In this study, Purposive sampling was credibility (Lincoln & Guba, 1985;Onwuegbuzie & used. Purposive sampling is the method primarily Leech, 2007). Researcher(s) are expected to used in naturalistic inquiry studies and is defined incorporate the voices of respondents in the “as deciding units (e.g., individuals, groups of analyzed data and interpretation made from the individuals, organizations) based on particular data. The intention of doing member checks is to purposes associated with answering a research control the obliteration and biases of Inquirer study’s questions” (Teddlie & Yu, 2007). It during the analysis and understanding of the encourages the researcher to focus on key results. informants, who are exceptionally knowledgeable about the issues under investigation (Schutt, The interpretation means that analyzed and 2006) because purposive sampling allows interpreted data is resent to participants for them judgmental decisions about the selection of to evaluate the explanations made by the inquirer participants to be made (Ary, Jacobs, Sorensen, and propose changes if they are unhappy with the & Razavieh, 2010; Bernard, 2000). Also, it allows interpretation made by the researcher which are the researcher to decide why she or he wants to not reported by participants themselves. use a specific category of informants in the study Informants may reject some argument made by (Bernard, 2000), and it provides greater in-depth the researcher; either might be social desirability findings than other probability samplings or because of the self-presentation of the methods (Cohen, Manion, & Morrison, 2011). In researcher (Schwandt, Lincoln, & Guba, 2007). other words, informants are selected using Member checks procedures include: first, purposive sampling techniques to maximize the establishing structural corroboration or coherence, i.e., testing all data to be sure there is

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information to be uncovered from few participants over time. This process ensures that the but not for generalizability. interpretations of the study are all supported by the data received from the informants of the In purposive sampling, the researchers study. In this investigation, the researchers will qualified the conversation partner through use stepwise replication to ensure dependability. selecting that they are ten years operating in the Stepwise replication is a qualitative research data Balut business and to qualify the conversation evaluation method where two or more partners that they are hands-on in overall researchers analyze the same data production. independently and compare the results (Chilisa & Preece, 2005). Confirmability. This relates to the degree to which the results of an inquiry could be confirmed Stepwise replication and Code-recode or corroborated by the other researchers (Baxter strategy were the methods attain the & Eyles, 1997). One of the researchers will dependability. Stepwise replication strategy is continually check and recheck the data to qualitative research data evaluation procedure address inconsistencies. Another researcher will where two or multiple researchers analyzed the play the “Devil’s Advocate” concerning the results same data separately and compared the results and look for and describe negative instances that (Chilisa & Preece, 2005). The inconsistencies contradict prior observations then discuss the that arise if any from the analysis by many discrepancies. Lastly, one of the researchers will analysis the researchers are required to address conduct data audit to examine the data collection them to improve the dependability of the inquiry. and analysis procedures to address potential bias or distortion. Code-recode strategy was used to attain dependability. During the code-recode strategy, The audit trail was used in this study. the researcher codes the same data twice by Strategies for establishing research confirmability giving at least one or two weeks’ gestation period need to be built into the qualitative research between each coding. The results from the two process. Several researchers recommend the coding are compared to see if the results are the development of a research audit trail, for example same or different (Chilisa & Preece, 2005). This (Hoepfl, 1997). (Koch, 2006) Suggest that a helps the researcher to understand the patterns study’s trustworthiness may be established if a of the data deeply; and also improve the reader can audit the events, influences and knowledge of the participant’s narration. actions of the researcher, while (Akkerman, Admiraal, Brekelmans, and Oost, (2006) suggest The researchers have coded the units of that audit trails represent a means of assuring meaning and given two different codes with quality in qualitative studies. The development of seven days gap from the first code. This strategy a researcher audit trail is in line with (Seale, 1999) is done to understand the data better after guideline to use “reflexive methodological comparing the codes. accounting” in demonstrating that a research study was carried out with considerable care.

The researchers used audit trail in the study in which gathered data was repeatedly checked Procedure for Data Analysis and review in every step especially in giving the transcribed data its units of meaning, code and In the process of organizing the narrative of theme. narratives (our analysis) based on Braun & Clarke (2006) guide to conducting the thematic Dependability. According to Bitsch (2005), analysis which is divided into six phases: dependability refers to the stability of the findings

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Familiarizing ourselves with our data by all about (as well as the themes overall), “repeated reading” of the data, and reading the determining what aspect of the data each theme data actively- searching for meaning, patterns, captures. negatives, extremes, etc. Producing the report. After having a set of Generating initial codes where we come up entirely worked-out themes, our final analysis with an initial list of ideas about what is in the data was presented in a narrative. and what is interesting about them. The process of coding is part of the analysis (Huberman & RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Miles, 1994), as you are organizing your data into After a rigorous data explication, there were the critical group (Tuckett, 2005). nine essential themes emerged namely: a) Balut Searching for themes. We begin with this as Food; Famous Delicacy in the Philippine b) when all our data have been initially coded & Processing of Balut; c) Quality of Balut: Standard collated, and we have a long list of the different of a Quality Egg d) Positive Feedback on Balut codes we have identified across our data set. Product; e) Marketing Intermediaries of Balut This phase was re-focus our analysis at the Products; f) Socio-Economic Benefits of Balut broader level of themes, rather than codes, Products ; g) Characteristic of Entrepreneurs; h) involves sorting the different codes into potential Learnings of Entrepreneurs i) Challenges themes, and collating all the relevant coded data Encountered by the Entrepreneurs. Each theme extracts within the identified themes. It is where was being represented with related literature and we start to analyze our codes and consider how studies and was supported by with the different codes may combine to form an conversational partners’ statements. overarching theme. Balut as Food: Famous Delicacy in the Reviewing themes. In this phase, we devised Philippines a set of candidate themes, and the process will Balut is a fertilized ducks’ eggs that have involve the refinement of these themes. During already developed embryos and are boiled and this phase, it will become evident that some eaten with salt (Fernandez, 2003). Ducks are candidate themes. During this phase, it will eaten at two ages: in the egg as 15–20-day become apparent that some candidate themes embryos (the Philippine boiled delicacy Balut), are not themes, while others might collapse into and at 6 to 16 weeks (Fernandez, 2003). Also, each other. Other themes are not themes, while Balut is the duck embryo yet in its shell and is others might collapse into each other. Different acknowledged as a Philippine specialty. It is themes might need to be broken down into usually eaten with a sprinkle of salt and vinegar separate themes. Patton's (1990) dual criteria for with chili (Angon, 2015). judging categories- internal homogeneity and external heterogeneity was the basis of the Furthermore, Balut is sometimes attributed to researchers for this process. Data within themes as “embryonated egg” or “incubated eggs” should cohere together meaningfully, while there because the eggs are harvested and eaten when should be clear and identifiable distinctions the embryos are between 14-18 days old. Balut is between themes. regarded as a delicacy by the Filipinos for its unique taste and nutritional value (Chang et al., Defining and naming themes. At this point, 2003). we described and further refined the themes that we presented for our analysis, and analyze the The conversation partners said: “Balut is what data within them. By “define and refine” we mean foreigners are eating because this is an exotic identifying the “essence” of what each theme was food.”

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“Yes, my nephew in America won’t eat sipped from the shell. The Balut is then Balut, but we let him try eating it because consumed directly out of the shell with this is our own.” accompaniments such as seasoning and herbs. The whole content of the egg can be ingested, “This is an authentic street food in the although the albumen is frequently regarded as Philippines that whoever comes here will too hard and tough to consume. Most Filipinos have to eat Balut.” typically eat Balut with salt, vinegar or soy sauce, and Vietnamese people usually eat Balut with Processing of Balut salt, pepper, and Vietnamese coriander (Center Balut is a favorite food usually sold by street for Public Health and Zoonoses, 2011). vendors in the Philippines and Vietnam (where it The breeds kept in this production operation is named hot Vit Lon). The fertilized duck egg has are extrinsic breeds or local breeds or been incubated for about 18 days; a period which crossbreeds with herd sizes of 2000 birds or results in the formation of a partially formed above. The producers in this area have strong embryo within the shell. Balut is consumed economic connections with the supermarkets, directly from the shell after being hard-boiled or other massive delivery points, and the emissaries steamed. It is also accepted in other Southeast for selling their birds/products (Thu Hang, 2010). Asian nations such as China, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Balut is a However, the consumption model of “Balut” comparatively inexpensive source of protein and is unavailable, but the duck egg production is calcium and is considered by some to be an traditionally recognized for “Balut” processing aphrodisiac for men. Locally, Balut is sold (Monleon, 2015). uncooked at many Asian grocery stores (Center for Public Health and Zoonoses, 2011). The conversation partners shared that: “Take good care of it (referring to Balut). Taking care of In the U.S., Balut is commonly sold uncooked it is simple. You have to place it in an incubator in Asian markets and sometimes cooked in a then you make the Penoy (partially developed Filipino restaurant (Magat, 2016). embryo”.

Some ethnic groups like to eat poultry “Using the light you could see and determine embryos—typically from ducks. “Balut” is popular whether the partially developed embryo is alive, in the Philippines and is a duck egg incubated for dead or damaged. This is how we determine what 18 of the typical 28 day incubation period. This is is inside; we use the light.” right before the feathers develop and the bones are still flexible. The eggs are then boiled and “It grows and grows every day but when it is more eaten. It is possible to make a chicken version of than 22 days and when feathers developed then Balut, but it is vital that the incubation period is we are in the losing end that is the hardest, but it reduced to 13-14 days since the total incubation never happened to us yet”. time for chickens is only 21 days (Mendoza, 2004). “That is why we check the eggs using the light although we say it is not that accurate. In Manila, Regionally, Balut is sold uncooked at local they are using X-ray to check the eggs. They put Asian supermarket stores. Balut is cooked by the eggs in the tray then placed it under the light boiling or steaming for around 20 to 30 minutes, so they could see which is damaged. I am not in until hard-cooked. Balut is consumed directly favor of that method I believe that doing it after cooking as a snack or as part of a meal. After manually is even better and more meticulous the top of the eggshell is skinned away and the though it takes a lot of hard work.” layer is broken through, the fluid inside the egg is

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To make Balut, fertilized duck eggs are “We practically believe that our Balut is of good incubated at 40-42.5°C in incubators with quality. Our competitors don’t go through the approximately high humidity. These states allow process of checking their Balut piece by piece for the development of the embryo until the eggs before they distribute it. We, on the other hand, are removed at 18 days; a time which results in see to it that we meticulously check our Balut the formation of a partially formed embryo. Full using the light method. That is why product.” development and hatching of duck eggs typically occur at 28 days. Throughout the incubation “We give our people keep on patronizing our stage, the eggs are candled to control the growth Balut customers Balut of good quality so that they and development of the embryos; infertile eggs or will keep coming back to avail our product.” those comprising a non-viable embryo are “Balut is being eaten by men that’s why we make removed. Although Balut is usually made from sure to give them good quality. We make sure we duck eggs, chicken eggs can also be applied. separate the partially developed embryo or Where chicken eggs are done, fertile eggs are Penoy from the Balut.” incubated at 37°C for almost 14 days. Total development and hatching of chicken eggs A “Balut” quality egg should be clean and not typically happen at 21 days (Center for Public have been washed, have egg fertility (embryo Health and Zoonoses, 2011). livability) of not less than 85% and shell thickness of at least 0.3 mm. Ovoid shape with an egg Quality of Balut: Standard of a Quality Eggs shape index close to 75% and a yolk visual score Duck eggs sold as Balut are off-white and of at least 11 in the Roche color fan are preferred larger than chicken eggs. Duck Balut has four (Caramihan et al., 2009). divisions: the fluid (or soup), the embryo Positive Feedback on Balut Product (nucleus), the yolk (yellow), and the albumen (egg white). The embryo may be determined as a Balut or boiled duck embryo is a famous chick with a head, eyes, beak, and feathers Filipino delight. In some areas in the Philippines, (Center for Public Health and Zoonoses, 2011). it is sold in the streets at night and eaten warm with a dash of salt. I know what you're thinking, Moreover, the egg quality traits were egg "That's gross." But according to people who enjoy weight, eggshell appearance (e.g., regular this food item, once you get past the horror of shelled eggs, soft-shelled eggs, shell-less eggs), eating a baby duck, Balut is quite tasty (especially the incidence of double-yolked eggs and egg the soup part) and believed to be an aphrodisiac shape index. Egg weights were recorded daily (Mendoza, 2004). from the lay of the first egg until 24 weeks of age and once a week after that. The egg shape Most of the male consumers usually want a average was calculated as the proportion of egg bigger embryo aged 17 to 20 days. They tend not width to egg length, expressed in percent to be bothered by the appearance of the (Monleon, 2015). developing embryo (Magat, 2016).

The conversation partners explained that: “High The conversation partners asserted that:“My quality of Balut depends on how good your friends who buy Balut from my vendors in workers do their job with the Balut. Every day you National Government Center would tell me that check it along with them. The quality of Balut my Balut tastes good.” depends on how good the incubator is. If the incubator is good, a high percentage of good “I think the positive side of producing Balut is Balut is expected.” when we make people happy. Especially when

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they say my white Balut tastes good and that it is rigidly applied (e.g., within or close to cities) will 18 days old.” find their livelihoods reduced and will need to seek alternatives (McLeod, 2007). “Every time I listen to their testimony during the Christmas party last December, my heart is Women smallholders favor marketing their touched when they say good things about it.” poultry on their own if the local markets are not too distant from their community. When markets “People are happy with our Balut. Children may are within reach, the prices affordable there are be afraid with the chick inside it, but other times higher than those proposed by the intermediaries the chick isn’t that big.” who come to the town to purchase birds. At times, the market price can be double that paid by the Excellent and fresh a Balut is after it has been intermediaries (Thomsen, 2005; Kryger et al., boiled or steamed can be defined by its broth, 2010). called "soup" by Balut consumers. After breaking a hole in the full portion of the shell, the consumer Large retail outlets previously sell such a customarily sips the broth before people eat any range of products, and the products on sale differ part of the small chick and remaining yolk. If the from region to province to suit local tastes. Some Balut is good quality, its soup has a sweet, clean people will prefer to use the large outlets and flavor. Fresh Balut can be good quality for ten increase their food consumption others may be days to two weeks. Cooked Balut if stocked in the forced to change their consumption practices for refrigerator will last for as long as one month. economic reasons (McLeod, 2007). However, the longer the Balut is in the fridge, the more likely that its liquid will be dried out (Magat, Indirect marketing is when small-scale 2016). farmers sell their poultry products to marketing organizations found within the poultry supply It is fascinating to note that in transport hubs chain. Commonly this is because markets that in the Philippines, such as bus and train stations, are being served are at a distance from the Balut vendors intentionally sell 19-day-old or old location of the producing farm. Marketing Balut to consumers they never will see again, intermediaries are usually rural traders, assembly consumers who are not their "suki" (regulars). merchants, wholesalers and retailers (butchers These Balut eggs being sold are labeled as and street food vendors, for example) (Hilmi, "chicks about ready to be hatched" and are sold Dolberg, & Alders, 2011). by sellers" who will never see their consumers again, will not hear recriminations, or form The study found urban wholesalers of friendships with them" (Fernandez, 2003). This imported table eggs and frozen chicken meat for deliberate sale of items considered by numerous distribution in urban markets. Urban retailers of Filipinos as culturally unwanted and undesirable table eggs and frozen meat sold in small stores can be interpreted as a hostile act since the throughout urban areas. Urban live bird retailers vendor is foisting upon an unsuspecting customer were small vendors of imported or live village an egg that is a "chick-like creature (Magat, birds obtained from semi-wholesalers or village 2016). live bird traders (Hilmi et al., 2011).

Marketing Intermediaries of Balut Product Looking at the field research initiated by Tung & Costales, (2007) in some areas in Northern part People who have never worked in main of Vietnam, they find that the selling price of poultry operation may find employment in poultry goods that farmers earned from processing or selling. Producers and market intermediaries at the farm was higher than that operators who are less active, more vulnerable, obtained from buyers in the community market. or settled in places where regulations are more Their result is opposite to the finding of this

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research. According to the poultry producers in Also, there are five classified marketing the Tam Diep research site, the poultry products channels for young, fresh and processed eggs of were sold in the local community market at a ducks or chicken (Balut, Penoy, Salted Eggs, higher price than selling to intermediaries. and Century Eggs), day-old ducklings and ready- However, this method of marketing needs much to-lay chickens. The essential key players in the time of the poultry farmers (Thu Hang, 2010). duck products supply chain are farmers, Balutan operators, viajeros (itinerant traders), retailers At first, we deliver the Balut to their places just like and consumers (PCARRDS, 1991; BAS-SRTC we did in Libertad. We provide free delivery to a (Statistical Research and Training Centre), wholesaler who ordered 30 boxes especially 1998). Major marketing channels, as described in those with no service vehicle. We also did the PCARRDS, (1991) are outlined below, along with same with a wholesaler in Mambuloc, Barangay a discussion of associated marketing issues 10 near SM at the bridge there where Peanut (Chang & Dagaas, 2004). vendors are selling. They too sell hot Balut and Peanuts. The place is popularly called Purok Fresh eggs: Egg producer, Viajero/Trader, Manihan and Purok Balutan because the selling Retailer, Customer. In this distribution channel, of peanut and Balut originated there. new duck eggs in the generating zones are managed by viajeros or town traders, who then on- The conversation partners said that: “Street Balut sell to retailers in the local stores. Retailing of fresh vendors purchased their Balut from us. They duck eggs generally happens at wet markets and came here every day to buy and sell it in the sari-sari shops (small mom and pop grocery streets of Sum-ag, Tangub, and somewhere in shops), as well as in some supermarkets. Duck Bago.” eggs are sold by items at the wet market and grocery stores while in the supermarkets they are “Most of the time, many pieces of Balut were sold in a dozen or half dozen carton. Eggs are bought by the vendors from the other towns classified on a farm into “good” and “rejects” based because transportation would cost them if they primarily on personal experience and judgment of purchase it on an everyday basis. They get one the traders or farmers (Malabayabas et al., 2002; box consumable for three days since they can sell Chang & Dagaas, 2004). 100 Balut per day.” On the other point of view, there is also a “The wholesalers have their vendors. These distribution channel which from the farms, the vendors pick up the boxes of Balut and distribute viajero/trader the new duck eggs and transports those to their street sellers.” them to a ‘Balutan’ or Balut processor, who “Our local Balut is from the mountain part of usually provides Balut as the main product and Kanlaon, Kod-Kod Quezon, San Enrique, Dolid, Penoy, salted and century eggs as by-products Bago, and from just around here in our area.” applying infertile eggs or off-size eggs. Once the processed eggs are available for sale, the We are the supplier of Balut. We supply most of retailers procure the eggs right from the Balutan the stores and almost all establishments with and retail them to customers on the streets. In groceries in the area.” some regions, there may also be viajero/trader in- between Balut operators and retailers. This type The large and medium-scale of channel (Producer, Assembler/trader, Balutan producers increase the connection with operator, Trader-Retailer, Retailer, Customers) is many intermediaries for marketing their usually the longest and understandably is only poultry when the demand for poultry used in remote areas and for more distant or commodities is fluctuating (Thu Hang, dispersed markets (Chang & Dagaas, 2004). 2010).

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Ducks eggs tend to pass through several al., 2011). With such benefits, according to intermediaries before reaching the final poultry farmers’ opinions, poultry production consumer. Although the intermediaries provide brought out the high economic advantage useful marketing services in most cases, in an compared to other agricultural activities (Kabir et imperfect market where market information and al., 2015). quality standards are lacking, and markets are dominated by a few players, there is the tendency The conversation partners explained that :“There for the dominant players to overcharge for their is an income in Balut that is why I like it. More services. Since an efficient marketing system people can also benefit from it like people from depends on accurate price signals, underpaid the far-flung areas who can raise ducks, then the producers tend to produce less while an vendors who can sell the Balut which is helpful in overcharged customer manage to consume less their everyday expenses.” (Chang et al., 2003). “The benefit we get out of this Balut business is Socio-Economic Benefits of Balut Products we were able to send our children to school have them graduated in college. Now we have three Despite the sociocultural value of poultry in nurses. We also helped a lot of people.” smallholder life, this is frequently undervalued in development-related literature and in actual “Like those vendors residing in the squatter’s development projects, which lead to focus on area, selling of Balut is helpful in their part technical characteristics of production and the because this can help them generate a day to day economic benefits of livestock keeping. However, income.” without reflecting on the social and cultural “For our employees who have been with us for a attributes of smallholders’ livestock keeping, long time at least, they have a regular salary that there is a risk that development interventions will made them support their family.” fail to provide smallholders with the appropriate support. This is because, where livestock keeping “At least we can support our medical is involved, smallholders do not act only by maintenance unlike before that we need to do the economic rationales, but also attempt to fulfill hard work.” their social and cultural responsibilities towards kin and fellow community members. Fulfilling “I feel proud for my workers who turned such obligations provides in maintaining social successful, who elevated their way of life capital, which is part of the asset structure in rural because of Balut. Like our suppliers who supplied livelihoods (Kryger et al., 2010). us with eggs, whom now have children who are a seaman.” Furthermore, traders of poultry and eggs have a social as well as an economical place in “One main reason why I like what we have now is society (McLeod, 2007). Poultry offers numerous the opportunity of helping more people. This kind opportunities for improving small-scale farmers’ of business doesn’t help the rich but the poor. The income. The multiple products that poultry can more we help the poor, the more happiness we provide not only increase the number of markets feel in return. This what makes us happy.” in which farmers can sell it, but offers a portfolio of products that enable more constant inflows of “What we gain from this business is we were able cash to the family farm (Hilmi et al., 2011). to send our children to school and have them graduated as nurses.” Also, Poultry and poultry products can be sold to obtain items that enable families to participate fully in community activities (Hilmi et

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“We were capable of building our own house, buy It is also important to note that our car, own an area of land and other property; socioeconomic development can be achieved we achieved those through our Balut business.” with the help of family poultry farming. There is a comprehensive scope for the development of “That is how helping each other would mean. family poultry farming in the country because Your support by supplying them, and in return, rural poor women have enough time for rearing they will help you by selling. This way, both family poultry (Kabir et al., 2015). parties are gaining income. Like the ones selling the crack eggs, it could be considered as losses Characteristics of Entrepreneurs already yet they are willing to sell it. They can gain 50% by taking it from us for three pieces at Php Landström (2000) summed up the 10 and sell it for Php 20. So if they will sell 300 characteristics of an entrepreneur to being a pieces how much could, they gain? This is person with a desire and intention of building a enough for their daily needs. We have four sellers personal kingdom through the joy of creating. He who are willing to sell, and we are eager to cook also characterized the entrepreneur as having a the Balut for them.” drifting nature and being aggressive. Kirzner, (1999) added that the entrepreneur needs to be “Our children were able to finish college. We have active, alert and creative. The entrepreneur is built our own house buy our cars all because of identified as being more individually oriented than Balut our only source of income. We’ve been people who are not entrepreneurs (Beugelsdijk & saving and living just for many years. We have no Noorderhaven, 2005), and more open to risk and vices- we don’t smoke, we don’t engage uncertainty. The entrepreneur can focus and take ourselves in gambling, we are not alcoholics. Our advantages of such possibilities (McGrath & only focus is our children.” MacMillan, 2000; Mongia, 2013).

“What matters most is we support our vendors Proficient entrepreneurs do realize the who make income to maintain their day to day cognitive nature of the decision task and are able, living by selling our Balut. This way they could to a great extent, to match their decision-making gain money every day.” procedures with the kind of responsibility. It indicates that the entrepreneurial decision- In rural communities, Indigenous poultry making is not an inborn gift but a skill, which is plays a vital role in homestead food production for expressed through the adaptable behavior of household consumption and supplementary specialists. Neophyte entrepreneurs, however, income. Economically, it can provide an instant do not possess this ability, even though they source of cash, thanks to the growing market of might obtain it in the course of their business lives the chicken and other poultry commodities in all (Gustafsson, 2004). parts of the country (Kattel, 2016). Also, socio-political continuity across the Also, numerous Filipino families are development allowed entrepreneurs to move benefitting from the duck egg business that has along the learning curve gradually and raise been thriving for more than a millennium and entrepreneurs’ commitments in risk-taking and adding to the gross value in agricultural innovation. This study shows how gradual production (Bureau of Agricultural & Statistics, reforms can be politically preferred to dramatic 2014). The support services and associated reforms in determining entrepreneurs’ willingness enterprises like the feed milling, veterinary drug to commit to future growth and make more manufacturing, and the transport area are innovative and risk-oriented decisions (Grieco, likewise benefitting from the duck egg production 2007). (Monleon, 2015).

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It is also crucial for us to understand that actions would reflect their risk-taking orientations entrepreneurs are seen as more risk-prone than (Mohd, Kamaruddin, Yahya, & Sanidas, 2015). other people (MacKo & Tyszka, 2009). On the other side, it is also important to value “Hard work is also a factor. When the ship of the social responsibility of the entrepreneurs. delivery arrives at midnight, we have no choice Entrepreneurial Social Responsibility (‘ESR’) as but to be awake by that time and be at the port to the active consideration of, and answer to, issues pick up the delivery.” behind the narrow economic, technical and legal conditions of the firm to accomplish social and “That is how we have started. At first, we don’t like environmental benefits along with traditional this business because we know nothing about economic gains (Blundel et al., 2010). Balut production. But a friend encourages us then we decided to continue the business, and A model which identifies the territory of everything went well.” Entrepreneurial Social Responsibility. ESR is a new way of understanding positive social change “Then there was a time we got a lot of crack eggs by entrepreneurs which engages with in our shipment. It was the risk we have to face. commercial and social orientation as well as, Eggs will crack and will break no matter how critically, the phases and the dynamism of the careful we handled it. It was a loss, but we have entrepreneurial process (Blundel et al., 2010). to move on and to be positive to be extra careful the next time around. We always live by the idea Entrepreneurs manage strategic enterprise that if we lose now, we will gain the next decision. Owing to the low-quality decision, shipment. Business is not always earning.” entrepreneurs cause severe problems to the community. The corporate social responsibility “Like in our case our stocks are many and the has been growing, and it also has inspired the market demands at times are low. We have to entrepreneurs' decision environment (Sha, brainstorm on how to find ways to dispose of our 2013). Balut so that it won’t reach the 28-30 days period or else the Balut will be hatched. The eggs need Social implication of enterprises is a practice not reach this far and need to be disposed of, or that can start either from the existing theory in the else we will be in the losing end.” field or experience of other companies, although most aspects are learned from the experience of “The Balut business is good business. It is full of conducting business as a result of social fun and an interesting business because it is the responsibility programs (Mitra & Borza, 2011). culture itself. Balut could help many people.” To extend our understanding of the personal “I think Balut can help the community here. characteristics of social entrepreneurs and their People can buy Balut from us then sell it likely impact on the venture, we propose an anywhere in the area to gain extra income.” examination of humility in conjunction with social entrepreneurship. In entrepreneurship research, Research shows on the entrepreneurial humility has rested on the fringes and has not orientation (EO) that entrepreneurs were found to been explored at a sufficient depth. For instance, be more innovative, competitive, risk-taking and humility has previously been linked to religion- proactive than non-entrepreneurs (Rauch & based entrepreneurial groups and is briefly Frese, 2007). The actions taken by entrepreneurs mentioned as a characteristic of an active reflect their aims and project their directions of entrepreneur (Jensen & Luthans 2006; Ratiu et business. If those actions involved exploring new al., 2014). business and opportunity with bravery, their

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Learnings of the Entrepreneurs The conversation partners said that: “Backyard poultry-raising is better because you can easily We define business failure as when an monitor everything, fewer expenses, no need to enterprise has not survived the market test. The lease, less travel, everything is near your market test is one that compares and in and premises.” revenues and costs: if revenues do not sufficiently exceed costs to make continuing the “The good about having your business in your enterprise attractive, then it has failed. The premise is you will monitor everything. You will no enterprise has not supplied goods or services at longer pay for your transportation, you will not pay prices that customers are willing to pay and that for the rent, and you can directly supervise your allow it to pay for all its inputs plus returns to workers so that they will have a focus on their invested entrepreneurial efforts and capital job.” (Coelho & Mcclure, 2010). “What I want before is to have a poultry business The sense-making and learning dimension and expand it. If you were in Manila, you would highlight the social-psychological process see that making and selling Balut is usually associated with failure, which might be framed by managed by women because women are good in grief (Bell & Taylor, 2011) and attribution theory marketing.” (Mantere et al., 2013) as well as the positive learning from experience (Cope, 2011; Raimundo “We were not able to continue our duck-raising Dias & Teixeira, 2014). that time because we’ve been busy, we can’t fully attend to our business anymore, so we stopped. From an entrepreneurial learning view, it is There are lots of local outlets, and we were not claimed that knowledge and narratives obtained gaining at that time especially regarding feeds. from past experiences in entrepreneurial That time we can’t afford to lose since we only meanings serve as learning schemas or guide to lend our capital. We started in 1989, but just in influence entrepreneurs’ strategic choices in 1992 did we begin our Balut business. We have subsequent entrepreneurial engagements our fish pond business to sustain our needs.” (Jenkins et al., 2014; Mantere et al., 2013; (Mckenzie & Woodruff, 2012). Hence, an “There is Balut business entrusted to an entrepreneurial learning theory highlights how employee who doesn’t care about the quality of learning impacts the behavior, methods, Balut. They are selling because they were just compositions, and procedures utilized in paid to do their job and doesn't care if customers succeeding business start-ups (Ucbasaran et al., will complain about the quality of their Balut. It is 2010; Mathias et al., 2015). Along with this always good to do business if we do it on our own stream of research, the entrepreneurial learning and the people we hire are good and trustworthy.” literature recommends that entrepreneurs learn “When we began the business, we had a hard from business failure by applying knowledge and time convincing vendors to sell our Balut. We information from their experiences with failure to were afraid to increase the price for 1 peso update their existing assumptions about how to because it will affect the affordability of the handle their future start-ups effectively product. Unsold Balut was lent to vendors until (Shepherd, 2003). The experience can also guide such time their unpaid accounts surmounted. entrepreneurs’ decisions, and actions (and Lately, we were able to find a solution to that inactions) on their subsequently started new situation.” ventures (Yamakawa & Cardon, 2015; Politis, 2005; Amankwah-Amoah et al., 2016). Knowledge is essential and scarce; learning from mistakes (one’s own mistakes or those of others) and emulating success are, in

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themselves, useful rules-of-thumb economizing and understanding the marketplace and on the costs of trial and error. Alchian (2010) competition (Cope, 2011; Shepherd, 2003; recognized that incremental experimentation Singh, Corner, & Pavlovich, 2007;Singh; might not lead to improvements, but: “Trial and Ucbasaran, Shepherd, Lockett, & Lyon, 2013). error [becoming] survival or death (Coelho & Mcclure, 2010). It is a general opinion that Entrepreneurship researchers and entrepreneurs benefit from their previous failures instructors are beginning to believe that social (Atsan, 2016). entrepreneurship can not only be taught, but those social entrepreneurs can be developed As a catalyst for further business through exposure and education (Ratiu et al., development, failure provides critical learning 2014). opportunities (Cardon, Stevens, & Potter, 2011). Sitkin, (1992) was one of the pioneers among the Challenges Encountered by the authors who have similar opinions. He details the Entrepreneurs way organizations of all kinds may learn through Commodities such as Balut and Penoy, failure, going so far as to clarify that failure is an despite their uniqueness and cultural importance, essential part of the learning process for may face unpredictable future because of organizations. According to Huovinen and Tihula, switching lifestyles and consumer preferences, 2008, failures may lead to the development of issues of availability, and concerns over food entrepreneurial knowledge as well as founding safety and product quality (Chang & Dagaas, experiences. Politis & Gabrielsson (2009) 2004) suggests that entrepreneurs’ life and work experiences shape their attitudes towards failure. Duck farmers in the Philippines usually The authors report that prior entrepreneurial lacked the technical know-how and access to experience, as well as experience closing down a capital and extension assistance, and have business, is associated with more positive encountered severe difficulties in production and attitudes toward failure. The study of Cope (2011) marketing of duck commodities. One policy depicts that learning is emphasized as a process direction is that the training of extension workers and recovery and re-emergence from failure is to further enhance their technical know-how on seen as a function of distinctive higher- level duck raising and the stipulation of extension learning processes that allow entrepreneurs to services to duck farmers can help avoid learn about themselves and entrepreneurship. production constraints and improve productivity. His research findings suggest that failure can Secondly, the emphasis on the egg and “Balut” improve “entrepreneurial preparedness” for production means that the prospects of the subsequent entrepreneurial activity. business depend profoundly on the future demand for “Balut” and the ability of the duck Scholars assert that entrepreneurs can sector to compete with other products regarding learn from business failure once they can use rate and product attribute. This signifies that information about why their business failed (i.e., better understanding of the market demand for feedback) to revise their existing knowledge of “Balut” through research is as crucial as avoiding how to effectively manage their own business technical constraints in duck egg production (Shepherd, 2003). Though not an exhaustive list, (Chang, Villano, Velasco, De Castro, & Lambio, this knowledge often relates to one’s self as an 2008). entrepreneur, manager, and leader; issues surrounding the management of cash and The conversation partners shared that: “Our Balut investment; managing internal and external coming from Manila would sometimes arrive at stakeholder relationships; building and managing night and at times got delayed and will arrive at 1 partnerships; managing the challenges of growth; o’clock in the morning. We have to pick it up or

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else it will be left out from the container van General Statements because the ship will be going back to Manila. The shipping will not be responsible for the lost Balut is a Filipino specialty that has a items. Sometimes it took long hours of waiting.” notorious reputation for being terrifying and disgusting at the same time. Many foreigners and “We sometimes heard how other Balut eaters travelers to the Philippines do generally not jump would sometimes resolve to punch the Balut at the opportunity to try it. Despite the stigma vendor because of buying and eating a foul odor behind it, many other tourists and travelers from Balut and we don’t want that to happen to our a different part of the world enjoy working Balut vendors.” for its interesting bite and unique flavor.

The real dilemma is that although Balut It should be noted that in processing the accounts for about 80 percent of the total egg Balut, the fertilized duck eggs are incubated at production, there is no established product 40-42.5°C in incubators with relatively high standards or grading system for Balut or fresh humidity. These conditions allow for the eggs. That is, there is only one price for Balut, development of the embryo until the eggs are regardless of the size, age, and quality and there removed at 18 days; a period which results in the is 26 only one price for fresh eggs that qualify for formation of a partially developed embryo. Balut making. Without a quality-based pricing Moreover, as to the quality of Balut, it should be scheme, there is no incentive for farmers to clean and not have been washed, have egg improve the quality of the eggs and hence there fertility of not less than 85% and shell thickness is no demand for better quality breeder stocks. In of at least 0.3 mm. Likewise, if the quality of Balut short, unless the need for good quality Balut reached above standard, positive feedback from exists, there will be no demand for, and hence no the consumers will spread. supply of, good quality breeder stocks (Chang & Dagaas, 2004). After accurate processing of Balut eggs, the eggs pass through several intermediaries like What Balut produced from exotic breeds was wholesalers, retailers, and direct vendors before rejected by consumers for poor taste (Chang & reaching the final consumers. Dagaas, 2004). Furthermore, there were socio-economic The primary problem of the duck industry at benefits in venturing the Balut business. As Balut present is the lack of quality breeding stocks entrepreneur, they offer numerous opportunities (Kryger et al., 2010). This is because there are no for improving small-scale farmers and vendors’ organized duck breeding and selection programs income. Thus, the entrepreneurs should learn in the Philippines. Whenever there is a surplus of from the previous challenges that they eggs for Balut, producers are hatching the eggs encountered so that may possess a characteristic and ducklings are being raised as the like decision-making skills, risk-taking, and social replacement stocks (Datuin & Magpantay, 2013). responsibility.

The crucial issues identified for ducks were: References supply of quality breeding stock, inefficient marketing system, lack of credit, and the Aarikka-Stenroos, L. (2010). The contribution and seasonal demand of a product. Many of these challenges of Narrative data in interior problems are a manifestation of market ganizational research. Competitive imperfection, mainly lack information both on Paper Accepted for the IMP2010 production technology and market demand Conference, 1–23. (Chang et al., 2003).

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