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Jens Ziegler Jens Ziegler Wearables im industriellen Einsatz Befähigung zu mobiler IT-gestützter Arbeit durch verteilte tragbare Benutzungsschnittstellen TUDpress 2016 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde am 30. September 2015 an der Fakultät Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik der Technischen Universität Dresden als Dissertation eingereicht und am 10. Dezember 2015 verteidigt. Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Leon Urbas Prof. Dr.-Ing. Albrecht Schmidt Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen National bibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbi- bliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ISBN 978-3-95908-048-4 © 2016 w.e.b. Universitätsverlag & Buchhandel Eckhard Richter & Co. OHG Bergstr. 70 | D-01069 Dresden Tel.: 0351/47 96 97 20 | Fax: 0351/47 96 08 19 http://www.tudpress.de TUDpress ist ein Imprint von w. e. b. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. All rights reserved. Gesetzt vom Autor. Printed in Germany. Technische Universität Dresden Wearables im industriellen Einsatz – Befähigung zu mobiler IT-gestützter Arbeit durch verteilte tragbare Benutzungsschnittstellen Jens Ziegler der Fakultät Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik der Technischen Universität Dresden zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktoringenieurs (Dr.-Ing.) genehmigte Dissertation Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Hagen Malberg Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Leon Urbas Tag der Einreichung: 30.09.2015 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Albrecht Schmidt Tag der Verteidigung: 10.12.2015 DANKSAGUNG „Den guten Steuermann lernt man erst im Sturm kennen.“ (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) Ich danke meinem Betreuer und Doktorvater Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Leon Urbas für sein unbe- irrbares Vertrauen und seine geduldige Führung während der wechselvollen Jahre unseres gemeinsamen Schaffens. Ich danke meiner Frau Christine und meinen Söhnen Theodor und Henri Oscar für ihre un- beugsame Geduld und ihre aufopfernde Unterstützung während der Entstehung dieser Ar- beit. Ich danke allen meinen Kolleginnen und Kollegen, Studentinnen und Studenten für ihre wertvolle Unterstützung bei der Umsetzung meines Vorhabens. Mein besonderer Dank gilt Randy Döring, Markus Graube, Anna Hahn, Shuqing Han, Jan Hegewald, Sebastian Heinze, Mathias Hinkel, Chris Iatrou, Robert Konrad, Tim Lehmkau, Sven Menschner, Johannes Pfeffer, Leon Rosenbaum, Paul Rossmann und Erik Steckler. KURZFASSUNG Industrielle Instandhaltung ist ein erheblicher Kostenfaktor während der Betriebsphase einer verfahrenstechnischen Produktionsanlage. Insbesondere der Mangel an technischen Mög- lichkeiten zum Informationsaustausch des Instandhaltungspersonals mit der digitalen Anla- ge während der Arbeiten im Feld erzeugt hohe Kosten. Durch die entstehenden Medienbrü- che sinkt die Qualität der Informationen in der Digitalen Anlage erheblich. Mobile Informati- onssysteme können diese Medienbrüche beseitigen und die Informationsqualität in der Di- gitalen Anlage entscheidend verbessern. Die Erfahrungen mit verfügbaren Systemen zeigen jedoch, dass heutige Gestaltungs- und Interaktionskonzepte die Anforderungen des In- standhaltungspersonals an Gebrauchstauglichkeit und Anpassbarkeit nicht hinreichend erfül- len. Das Konzept der Distributed Wearable User Interfaces (DWUI) stellt einen integrierten Ansatz zur flexiblen Zusammenstellung gebrauchstauglicher Benutzungsschnittstellen für komplexe Arbeitsabläufe in widrigen Arbeitssituationen bereit. DWUI setzen sich zusam- men aus einer Anzahl von Interaktionsgeräten, die in einem kabellosen körpernahen Funk- netzwerk miteinander verbunden sind und in ihrer Kombination die Benutzungsschnittstelle zu einem mobilen System bilden. Die Geräte sind ergonomisch und funktional optimal am Körper des Nutzers verteilt, wobei jedes Gerät eigenständig nutzbar und für eine bestimmte Aufgabe oder einen bestimmten Nutzungskontext optimiert ist. Die Ein- und Ausgaberäume der Geräte werden harmonisiert zu einem integrierten Interaktionsraum. Durch diese hohe Adaptierbarkeit an die Arbeitssituation und die hohe Integration in den natürlichen Bewe- gungsraum ergibt sich eine für den jeweiligen Nutzungskontext optimale Gebrauchstaug- lichkeit des Systems. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird zunächst der Nutzungskontext mobile IT-gestützte Instandhaltung verfahrenstechnischer Produktionsanlagen im Hinblick auf Nut- zungsszenarien und Anwendungsfälle für mobile Informationssysteme festgelegt. Darauf aufbauend werden Anforderungen an derartige Systeme spezifiziert und Gestaltungs- grundlagen und Empfehlungen speziell für DWUI-basierte mobile Informationssysteme er- arbeitet. Anschließend wird eine Reihe spezieller Interaktionsgeräte vorgestellt, die ver- schiedene Interaktionsprinzipien, -techniken und -modalitäten umsetzen. Um diese Geräte in einem kollaborativen DWUI organisieren zu können, wird ein spezielles Kommunikationspro- tokoll entworfen und prototypisch umgesetzt. Danach wird eine mobile Anwendung zur In- standhaltungsunterstützung vorgestellt, welche das DWUI-Kommunikationsprotokoll unter- stützt und mit verschiedenen DWUI-Konfigurationen vollständig bedienbar ist. Diese An- wendung wird abschließend integriert in ein komplexes Unternehmensnetzwerk, über das sie Zugriff auf reale computergestützte Planungswerkzeuge erhält. Anhand des resultieren- den Gesamtsystems werden die prinzipielle Tauglichkeit und die Vorteile des DWUI- Konzepts demonstriert. ABSTRACT Industrial maintenance is a significant cost factor during the operational phase of a process plant. In particular, the lack of technical means to exchange information between the maintenance staff and the digital plant while working in the field generates high costs. The resulting media breaks severely decrease the quality of the information in the digital plant. Mobile information systems can eliminate these media breaks and significantly improve the quality of information. Previous experience with existing systems shows that today's design principles and interaction concepts for mobile interaction do not sufficiently meet the re- quirements of the maintenance staff with regards to usability and adaptability. The concept of Distributed Wearable User Interfaces (DWUI) provides an integrated approach to a flexi- ble compilation of usable user interfaces for complex workflows in adverse working condi- tions. DWUI consist of a number of interaction devices, which are connected with each other in a wireless body area network and, in their combination, form an integrated user in- terface to the mobile system. The devices are ergonomically distributed on the user's body and can be use both independently and as an ensemble. Each device is optimized for a spe- cific interaction task and context of use. The input and output spaces of the compiled devic- es are harmonized and form an integrated interaction space. The high levels of adaptability and integration lead to optimally usable user interfaces for manifold contexts of use. If an interaction device is not suitable, it can be replaced by a functionally equivalent, but more appropriate device or supplemented by other devices. In the first part of this study, the context of use of mobile IT-supported maintenance in the process industries has been defined and usage scenarios and applications for mobile infor- mation systems have been derived. Based on this, requirements for DWUI-based mobile in- formation systems have been specified, design principles have been developed and rec- ommendations have been given for the design and implementation of DWUI interaction de- vices. Subsequently, a number of interaction devices have been presented that incorporate different interaction principles, techniques and modalities. In order to organize these devices in a collaborative DWUI, a special communication protocol has been introduced. Thereafter, a mobile application for maintenance support has been shown which supports DWUI com- munication protocol and which can be operated with various DWUI configurations. This ap- plication has then been integrated in a complex enterprise network that provides access to real computer-aided engineering (CAE) tools. Finally, the capabilities and the advantages of the concept of DWUI have been demonstrated based on the resulting distributed wearable system. Inhaltsverzeichnis INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Danksagung ............................................................................................................................ 3 Kurzfassung ............................................................................................................................ 5 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 6 Inhaltsverzeichnis ..................................................................................................................... I Abbildungsverzeichnis .......................................................................................................... VII Tabellenverzeichnis .............................................................................................................. XIII Abkürzungsverzeichnis ......................................................................................................... XV 1 Einleitung ........................................................................................................................
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