DOCSLIB.ORG

Henry Howard and the Politics of Writing in Sixteenth Century England Anna Christine Caney

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Henry Howard and the Politics of Writing in Sixteenth Century England Anna Christine Caney Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2013 Patronage, Public Spheres and the Problem of Female Rule: Henry Howard and the Politics of Writing in Sixteenth Century England Anna Christine Caney Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES PATRONAGE, PUBLIC SPHERES AND THE PROBLEM OF FEMALE RULE: HENRY HOWARD AND THE POLITICS OF WRITING IN SIXTEENTH CENTURY ENGLAND By ANNA CHRISTINE CANEY A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2013 Anna Christine Caney defended this dissertation on April 18, 2013. The members of the supervisory committee were: Charles Upchurch Professor Directing Dissertation Gary Taylor University Representative Darrin McMahon Committee Member Jonathon Grant Committee Member Peter Garretson Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii For Andrew, Allison, Catherine, and my parents iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The understanding, patience and criticism and encouragement of my committee members- Professors Charles Upchurch, Darrin McMahon, Jonathan Grant, Peter Garretson, and Gary Taylor- as this project would not have been successful without them. They have helped form me as a historian and I sincerely appreciate their help and commitment in allowing me to finish this dissertation. Professor Richard Greaves- who opened the door to this topic, and Dr. David Mock who provided invaluable resources in order to move forward with my research and enabled me to move forward with the project. My parents and uncle, Mike Sullivan- they provided support and resources to help me conduct research under very difficult circumstances. Andrew McRory- he had amazing willingness to step in and help as a partner and friend while accepting my frustration, late nights, and absence from the kitchen while writing. I could not have completed this project without him. He has my deepest love and appreciation for standing by me over the past few years. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract vi Abbreviations vii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. A NOBLEMAN’S LIFE 24 3. THE ELIZABETHAN COURT IN THE 1560’S AND 1570’S 56 4. INCEPTION 82 5. THE VIA MEDIA AND POLITICS 114 6. THE FINAL ATTEMPT 142 7. PREFERMENT AND LEGACY 173 REFERENCES 192 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 210 v ABSTRACT This dissertation analyzes the career of Henry Howard, Elizabethan courtier, and his principle intellectual work, “A Dutifull Defence of the Lawful Regiment of Weomen,” in order to better understand the politics of Elizabethan court culture, the nature of political loyalty in the face of confessional pluralism, and the ways in which gender difference was theorized in the early modern period. Henry Howard’s career constitutes one of the most remarkable success and survival stories of the sixteenth and early seventeenth century. Born into the most prominent Catholic family in England, Howard saw his father, two cousins, and his brother be executed for treason. During his life he constantly remained under suspicion for being a practicing Catholic, consorting with Jesuits, and participating in conspiracies against Queen Elizabeth. Howard was deprived of his income and position, arrested and imprisoned numerous times, and was forced to survive on the periphery of the court. Yet remarkably, he survived. At the accession of James I he was awarded the title Earl of Northampton, and by the time of his death in 1614 he was the wealthiest man in England. The story of the “Dutifull Defence” is no less extraordinary. Several authors wrote defenses of Queen Elizabeth in response to John Knox’s First Blast of the Trumpet. However, Henry Howard had the advantage of not only being a nobleman, but he was also a graduate of Cambridge University. He had the education and ability to respond to Knox. “Dutifull Defence” contains over 400 sources, which Howard used to reject Knox’s arguments against women based on Aristotelian biology. Instead he proposed a Platonic understanding of gender difference. By combining Platonic ideas of gender with his extensive knowledge of the Church fathers, Scripture, and English Civil law, Howard was able to construct an intellectually consistent and sound defense of queenship. vi Previous historians have usually only looked at aspects of Howard’s life, and only superficial fragments of the “Dutifull Defence,” and none have tried to integrate the study of the two. This dissertation combines the dynamic of Henry Howard’s life and his composition of “Dutifull Defence” in order to reveal the importance of the manuscript. In composing “Dutifull Defence” he contributed a significant work to the gender debate based on his own personal experiences and a genuine belief that a woman was capable of ruling a country. In analyzing the content, production, and circulation of the “Dutifull Defence” in conjunction with Howard’s experiences as a courtier, this dissertation, following the model of early modern public spheres developed in the work of by Peter Lake and Steven Pincus, demonstrates the ways in which identities, ideas, and publics could be successfully manipulated to create stability in the tumultuous world of Elizabethan court politics. vii ABBREVIATIONS Add. Additional BL British Library DNB Dictionary of National Biography “Dutifull Defence” Henry Howard, “The Dutifull Defence of the Lawful Regiment of Weomen.” BL Lansdowne MSS, 813 (1590) CSPD Calendar of State Papers Domestic Series. Vol. 1, 1547- 1580; Vol. 2, 1581-1590. CSPF Calendar of State Papers Foreign Series. Vol. 15, Jan. 1581-Apr. 1582 CSPS Calendar of State Papers Spanish Series. Vol.3, 1580-1586 HLRO House of Lords Record Office MSS Manuscript OED Oxford English Dictionary PRO Public Record Office SP State Papers s.v. sub verdo viii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION In 1590, Queen Elizabeth I received a leather bound manuscript as a gift from a courtier. It was a treatise, “A Dutifull Defence of the Lawful Regiment of Women,” written by Lord Henry Howard in an attempt to defend Elizabeth’s right to rule, and also to win the favor and patronage of the queen. The purpose of Howard’s work was to defend the queen’s right to rule as a woman, and in stating his opinion, Howard did not mince his words: Whosoever will deprive a lawfull owner of lesse matters then inheritannce of kingdomes must produce sounde evidence. In triall of this question there is no doubte but woemen have a voice because according to that principle of the Civile Lawe quod omnes tangit etc. that which concerneth all, must be approved in like sorte by all before it take effect. If weomen speak not in printe against themselves theie can receive no hurte…1 The work was not unique in that written works about, and presented to Queen Elizabeth were common during her reign. Numerous authors penned books, pamphlets, and treatises concerning the different aspects of her monarchy that elicited public debate. In particular, her gender, her marital status, and the nature of her religious confession were popular subjects of both written work, and verbal debate. Howard’s treatise is different, however, in that it was written by a nobleman, who was also educated. Howard’s family was the highest ranking in England, holding the Dukedom of Norfolk.2 Howard was educated at Cambridge, taking his degree in 1564 and then remaining on to teach at the university.3 “Dutifull Defence” was composed in the 1580s, late in the debate on gender, as most works for and against female rule appeared early in 1 Howard, Henry. “A Dutifull Defence of the Lawful Regiment of Women” (1590), 30r. 2 See W.A. Sessions, Henry Howard the Poet Earl of Surrey, A Life. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 20- 22. 3 Linda Levy Peck, Northampton: Patronage and Policy at the Court of James I. (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1982), 8; Daniel Andersson, Lord Henry Howard (1540-1614): An Elizabethan Life. (Woodbridge, Suffolk: D.S. Brewer, 2009), 9. 1 Elizabeth’s reign. Howard’s decision and motives for writing “Dutifull Defence” is included in the queries surrounding Howard and his life. The manuscript is an intricately assembled work that Howard began in 1577, but due to intrigue and court politics, he did not complete until thirteen years later. “Dutifull Defence” represents over a decade of time and effort put into composition and rhetoric. However, it is also a representation of the society, culture, politics, and religion that surrounded and challenged Queen Elizabeth and her reign. England had already faced decades of diplomatic, cultural, and religious crisis that in many respects, only worsened at the advent of her reign in 1558. Her father, Henry VIII, had torn the Church away from Rome and declared the monarch the head of the new Church of England.4 During the brief reigns of both her brother Edward and sister Mary, religion played a powerful role that was inseparable from the political world as the monarchy struggled to bend the nobility and the general population to its particular confession of faith. Noble families and court factions of Reformed and Catholic leanings vied for attention from the monarch in order to support their own interests. Foreign powers sought to influence diplomatic decisions that involved the faith of a queen, whose country was deeply involved in the religious and political conflicts dividing the continent. And, religious bodies fought to protect the interests of their own confessions through support or detraction of the monarch. In 1559 Elizabeth was able, for the most part, to convince her councilors and subjects to compromise on the issue with a religious settlement.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • YORKSHIRE & Durham
    MotivAte, eDUCAte AnD reWArD YORKSHIRE & Durham re yoUr GUests up for a challenge? this itinerary loCAtion & ACCess will put them to the test as they tear around a The main gateway to the North East is York. championship race track, hurtle down adrenaline- A X By road pumping white water and forage for survival on the north From London to York: york Moors. Approx. 3.5 hrs north/200 miles. it’s also packed with history. UnesCo World heritage sites at j By air Durham and hadrian’s Wall rub shoulders with magnifi cent Nearest international airport: stately homes like Castle howard, while medieval york is Manchester airport. Alternative airports: crammed with museums allowing your guests to unravel Leeds-Bradford, Liverpool, Newcastle airports 2,000 years of past civilisations. o By train And after all this excitement, with two glorious national parks From London-Kings Cross to York: 2 hrs. on the doorstep, there’s plenty of places to unwind and indulge while drinking in the beautiful surroundings. York Yorkshire’s National Parks Durham & Hadrian’s Wall History lives in every corner of this glorious city. Home to two outstanding National Parks, Yorkshire Set on a steep wooded promontory, around is a popular destination for lovers of the great which the River Wear curves, the medieval city of A popular destination ever since the Romans came outdoors. Durham dates back to 995 when it was chosen as to stay, it is still encircled by its medieval walls, the resting place for the remains of St Cuthbert, perfect for a leisurely stroll.
    [Show full text]
  • Nicholas Owen
    Saint Nicholas Owen Born: Oxfordshire The son of a carpenter, Nicholas was raised in a family dedicated to the Catholic Church and followed his father’s trade. One of his brothers became a printer of Catholic literature and two were ordained priests. Nicholas worked with Edmund Campion, Father John Gerard and Father Henry Garnet, Superior of the English Jesuits from 1587 – 1594. Sometimes using the pseudonym John Owen; his short stature led to the nickname Little John. He spent over twenty-five years using his skills in the construction of ‘priest- holes’, escape-routes and some annexes for Mass. In order to keep his building-work secret, most was carried out at night, his presence explained by the daylight role as carpenter and mason. Early examples of his work exist at Oxburgh in East Anglia, Braddocks and Sawston. There are over a hundred examples of his work throughout central England. He built around a dozen hiding-places for Thomas Habington’s household at Hindlip Hall, Worcestershire; including that which Owen himself used prior to his capture. The authorities were aware the hiding- places existed, but neither their extent nor who constructed them. Nicholas did not have a formal novitiate, but having received instruction, he became a Jesuit Brother in 1577. In 1581, when Father Edmund Campion was executed, Nicholas remonstrated with the authorities and was imprisoned but later released. He was re-arrested on 23 April 1594 with John Gerard and held in the Tower of London, from where managed to free himself. It is said that he later orchestrated the escape of Father Gerard.
    [Show full text]
  • Trial of Henry Garnet and Jesuit Equivocation in Early
    2nd Place Winner, Dunham Bible Museum, Piece of the Past Essay Contest, 2020 The Trial of Henry Garnet and Jesuit Equivocation in Early Modern England By Michella Taylor In Act 2 Scene 3 of Shakespeare’s play Macbeth, the drunken porter—acting as hell’s gatekeeper—welcomes into the castle a parade of condemned souls, including an “equivocator that could swear in both scales against either scale” (II.iii.9-12). First performed in 1606, scholars have interpreted these lines as direct references made by Shakespeare to the trial and execution of Father Henry Garnet for his complicity in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605. Following the excommunication of Queen Elizabeth by the Pope in 1570 and the Spanish Armada of 1588, the Tudor state began viewing Catholic citizens as potential traitors (Robinson). English Catholics were prohibited from hearing Mass and forced to attend Anglican services under the threat of hefty fines. With the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, many English Catholics believed the rise of her successor, King James I, marked the end of an era of Catholic persecution. Under pressure to balance the religious demands of Puritans and other groups, King James I openly expressed his “’utter detestation’ of Catholics”(Robinson). Whereas many English Catholics accepted their fate on the fringes of society, a small group led by Robert Catesby sought retribution. Although the conspiracy to attack Parliament and King James I captured national attention, the only record we have of the proceedings against Father Henry Garnet and the other assailants can be found in A True and Perfect Relation of the Whole Proceedings Against the Late and Most Barbarous Traitors, Garnet a Jesuite and his Confederats.
    [Show full text]
  • The Northern Clergy and the Pilgrimage of Grace Keith Altazin Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected]
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2011 The northern clergy and the Pilgrimage of Grace Keith Altazin Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Altazin, Keith, "The northern clergy and the Pilgrimage of Grace" (2011). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 543. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/543 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. THE NORTHERN CLERGY AND THE PILGRIMAGE OF GRACE A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Keith Altazin B.S., Louisiana State University, 1978 M.A., Southeastern Louisiana University, 2003 August 2011 Acknowledgments The completion of this dissertation would have not been possible without the support, assistance, and encouragement of a number of people. First, I would like to thank the members of my doctoral committee who offered me great encouragement and support throughout the six years I spent in the graduate program. I would especially like thank Dr. Victor Stater for his support throughout my journey in the PhD program at LSU. From the moment I approached him with my ideas on the Pilgrimage of Grace, he has offered extremely helpful advice and constructive criticism.
    [Show full text]
  • Birthright Democracy: Nationhood and Constitutional Self-Government in History
    BIRTHRIGHT DEMOCRACY: NATIONHOOD AND CONSTITUTIONAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN HISTORY By Ethan Alexander-Davey A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Political Science) at the UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON 2013 Date of final oral examination: 8/16/13 The dissertation is approved by the following members of the Final Oral Committee: Richard Avramenko, Political Science Daniel Kapust, Political Science James Klausen, Political Science Howard Schweber, Political Science Johann Sommerville, History i Abstract How did constitutionally limited government and democracy emerge in the West? Many scholars from many different perspectives have attempted to answer this question. I identify the emergence of these forms of self-government with early modern nationalism. Broadly speaking, nationalism of the right sort provides indispensable resources both for united popular resistance against autocratic rule, and for the formation and legitimation of national systems self- governance. Resistance and self-government both require a national consciousness that includes a myth of national origin, a national language, a common faith, and, crucially, native traditions of self-government, and stories of heroic ancestors who successfully defended those traditions against usurpers and tyrants. It is through national consciousness that abstract theories of resistance and self-government become concrete and tenable. It is though national fellowship that the idea of a political nation, possessing the right to make rulers accountable to its will, comes into existence and is sustained over time. My arguments basically fall under two headings, historical and theoretical. By an examination of the nationalist political thought of early modern European countries, I intend to establish important historical connections between the rise of nationalism and the emergence of self-government.
    [Show full text]
  • The Love Letters of Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn Sources of the Love That Changed England Forever
    Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Scienze del Linguaggio [LM5-08] Tesi di Laurea The Love Letters of Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn Sources of the Love that changed England Forever Relatore Prof.ssa Marina Buzzoni Correlatore Prof. Marco Infurna Laureando Susi Bellinello Matricola 829025 Anno Accademico 2016 / 2017 Ai miei genitori: senza di loro tutto ciò non sarebbe stato possibile. A Denis, che continua ad essere il raggio di sole che in mezzo alla pioggia crea l’arcobaleno. A Valentina che, nonostante la distanza, mi è sempre stata vicina. A tutti quelli che non hanno mai creduto che questo giorno arrivasse. Questa è la mia vittoria. 2 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER I: HENRY AND ANNE: THE MOST HAPPY LOVE STORY THAT CHANGED HISTORY ............................................................................................................................... 12 I.1 Anne Boleyn: the woman who bewitched the heart of Henry VIII .............................. 12 I.1.2 Return to the English Court .................................................................................... 14 I.2 1527 - 1528: The Love Letters and the Great Matter .................................................... 17 I.3 1529: Two Queens for a Throne ................................................................................... 21 I.4 1530: Ainsi Sera, Groigne qui Groigne ........................................................................ 23 I.5
    [Show full text]
  • Orme) Wilberforce (Albert) Raymond Blackburn (Alexander Bell
    Copyrights sought (Albert) Basil (Orme) Wilberforce (Albert) Raymond Blackburn (Alexander Bell) Filson Young (Alexander) Forbes Hendry (Alexander) Frederick Whyte (Alfred Hubert) Roy Fedden (Alfred) Alistair Cooke (Alfred) Guy Garrod (Alfred) James Hawkey (Archibald) Berkeley Milne (Archibald) David Stirling (Archibald) Havergal Downes-Shaw (Arthur) Berriedale Keith (Arthur) Beverley Baxter (Arthur) Cecil Tyrrell Beck (Arthur) Clive Morrison-Bell (Arthur) Hugh (Elsdale) Molson (Arthur) Mervyn Stockwood (Arthur) Paul Boissier, Harrow Heraldry Committee & Harrow School (Arthur) Trevor Dawson (Arwyn) Lynn Ungoed-Thomas (Basil Arthur) John Peto (Basil) Kingsley Martin (Basil) Kingsley Martin (Basil) Kingsley Martin & New Statesman (Borlasse Elward) Wyndham Childs (Cecil Frederick) Nevil Macready (Cecil George) Graham Hayman (Charles Edward) Howard Vincent (Charles Henry) Collins Baker (Charles) Alexander Harris (Charles) Cyril Clarke (Charles) Edgar Wood (Charles) Edward Troup (Charles) Frederick (Howard) Gough (Charles) Michael Duff (Charles) Philip Fothergill (Charles) Philip Fothergill, Liberal National Organisation, N-E Warwickshire Liberal Association & Rt Hon Charles Albert McCurdy (Charles) Vernon (Oldfield) Bartlett (Charles) Vernon (Oldfield) Bartlett & World Review of Reviews (Claude) Nigel (Byam) Davies (Claude) Nigel (Byam) Davies (Colin) Mark Patrick (Crwfurd) Wilfrid Griffin Eady (Cyril) Berkeley Ormerod (Cyril) Desmond Keeling (Cyril) George Toogood (Cyril) Kenneth Bird (David) Euan Wallace (Davies) Evan Bedford (Denis Duncan)
    [Show full text]
  • Neo-Latin News
    44 SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY NEWS NEO-LATIN NEWS Vol. 61, Nos. 1 & 2. Jointly with SCN. NLN is the official publica- tion of the American Association for Neo-Latin Studies. Edited by Craig Kallendorf, Texas A&M University; Western European Editor: Gilbert Tournoy, Leuven; Eastern European Editors: Jerzy Axer, Barbara Milewska-Wazbinska, and Katarzyna To- maszuk, Centre for Studies in the Classical Tradition in Poland and East-Central Europe, University of Warsaw. Founding Editors: James R. Naiden, Southern Oregon University, and J. Max Patrick, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and Graduate School, New York University. ♦ Petrarch and St. Augustine: Classical Scholarship, Christian Theol- ogy and the Origins of the Renaissance in Italy. By Alexander Lee. Brill’s Studies in Intellectual History, 210. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2012. x + 382 pp. $177. Petrarch’s opera is extensive, that of Augustine is extraordinarily vast, and the literature on both is vaster still. To bridge them successfully is a significant undertaking. Over the past fifty years, scholars have attempted this task, from classic studies by Charles Trinkaus (often discussed here) to more recent ones such as C. Quillen’s Rereading the Renaissance: Petrarch, Augustine and the Language of Humanism (1995) and M. Gill’s Augustine in the Italian Renaissance: Art and Philosophy from Petrarch to Michelangelo (2005). In a new study, Alexander Lee argues that “Petrarch’s thought on moral questions was derived principally from the writings of St. Augustine” (24). Lee contends that Petrarch, rather than being philosophically inconsistent as is often suggested, was especially influenced by Augustine’s early works, most notably the Soliloquies and the De vera religione, which provided him with an interpretive method for incorporating classical literature and philosophy into Christian moral theology.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix a Permanent Officials and Diplomats of the British Foreign Office
    Appendix A Permanent Officials and Diplomats of the British Foreign Office ALSTON, BEILBY FRANCIS, b. I868. Entered Foreign Office, 1891; senior clerk, 1907, acting counsellor of legation at Peking, January to July 1912; resumed duty in Foreign Office, 30 September 1912; again acting counsellor in Peking, May to June 1913 and charge d'affaires, June to Novem­ ber 1913; then resumed duty in Foreign Office; acting counsellor in Peking, June 1916 and acted as charge d'affaires, November 1916 to October 1917; deputy high commissioner at Vladivostok, July 1918 to March 1919; charge d'affaires at Tokyo with local and personal rank of minister pleni­ potentiary, April 1919 to April 1920; promoted to be minister plenipotentiary, September 1919 and envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Peking, March 1920; transferred to Buenos Aires, September 1922; promoted to be ambassador to Brazil, October 1925; died, June 1929. BARCLAY, CoLVILLE ADRIAN DE RuNE, b. 1869. Entered Foreign Office, 1894; appointed counsellor of embassy at Washington, October 1913 where he acted as charge d'affaires on various occasions in 1914, 1916, 1917, 1918 and 1919; appointed a minister plenipotentiary in the Diplomatic Service, May 1918; appointed ambassador at Lisbon, June 1928; died, June 1929· BERTIE, SIR FRANCIS LEVESON, b. 1844. Entered Foreign Office, 1863; senior clerk, 1889; assistant under-secretary of state, 1894; appointed ambassador to Italy, 1903; transferred to Paris, 1905; created Lord Bertie of Thame, June 1915; retired, May 1918; died, September 1919. BRYCE (JAMES) VIsCOUNT, b. 1838. Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford, 187o; Liberal M.P. for Tower Hamlets, 188o--5 and for south Aberdeen, 1885 to 1907; parliamentary under-secretary at Foreign Office, February to August 1886; president of the Board of Trade, 1894-5 and chief secretary for Ireland, 1905--7; ambassador at Washington, 1907 to 1913; created Viscount Bryce of Dechmount, 1914; died, 1922.
    [Show full text]
  • The Surrey Checks: Development of a Traditional Emblem and County Flag
    The Association of British Counties The Surrey Checks: Development of a Traditional Emblem and County Flag by Philip S. Tibbetts - 2 - Dedication To those in Surrey who share biological or academic blood – Graham Tibbetts, Anna Tibbetts, Stephanie Carboni and Hannah Williams – for being inspirationally kind and making Surrey a wonderful county to visit. Acknowledgements Thanks to: Ian Sumner colleague at, and Librarian of, the Flag Institute for his skill in finding exactly what was required even if I did not realise it was needed. Rupert Barnes, member of the Association of British Counties, for his patience in dealing with the powers that be so that I didn’t have to. Kirsty Fairhead custodian of my heart and (unsurprisingly) fellow St Andrews alumni, for her guidance in teaching me how to be a real historian. - 3 - Contents Essay.......................................................................................................................................................4 Appendix: Timeline..............................................................................................................................21 Bibliography Books.......................................................................................................................................22 Internet....................................................................................................................................24 List of Illustrations Illustration of 6th Earl of Surrey Banner from the Caerlaverock Poem..................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • Learning and Court Culture: Women in the Court of Henry VIII
    Learning and Court Culture: Women in the Court of Henry VIII The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Meadows, Jessica Nicole. 2021. Learning and Court Culture: Women in the Court of Henry VIII. Master's thesis, Harvard University Division of Continuing Education. Citable link https://nrs.harvard.edu/URN-3:HUL.INSTREPOS:37369149 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Learning and Court Culture: Women in the Court of Henry VIII Jessica N. Meadows A Thesis in the Field of History for the Degree of Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies Harvard University November 2021 Copyright 2021 Jessica N. Meadows Abstract This work details the lives and roles of the wives of Henry VIII as well as other female members of the British aristocracy, specifically during the reign of Henry VIII and the time immediately preceding and succeeding his reign. The research cited in this work show that female members of the nobility, particularly the wives of Henry VIII, were not completely independent of Henry VIII but gained independence through their own unique households and through the decisions they made in this space they could attain a certain level of autonomy. Women’s leadership within the household could translate into leadership outside of the household and allowed women to operate and hold power independently of their male counterparts, particularly when employing religious and patronage efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • Henry Howard - Poems
    Classic Poetry Series Henry Howard - poems - Publication Date: 2012 Publisher: Poemhunter.com - The World's Poetry Archive Henry Howard(1517 – 19 January 1547) Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey KG was an English aristocrat, and one of the founders of English Renaissance poetry. <b>Life</b> He was the eldest son of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, and his second wife, the former Lady Elizabeth Stafford (daughter of Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham), so he was descended from kings on both sides of his family tree. He was reared at Windsor with Henry VIII's illegitimate son Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset, and they became close friends and, later, brothers-in-law. He became Earl of Surrey in 1524 when his grandfather died and his father became Duke of Norfolk. In 1532 he accompanied his first cousin Anne Boleyn, the King, and the Duke of Richmond to France, staying there for more than a year as a member of the entourage of Francis I of France. In 1536 his first son, Thomas (later 4th Duke of Norfolk), was born, Anne Boleyn was executed on charges of adultery and treason, and the Duke of Richmond died at the age of 17 and was buried at one of the Howard homes, Thetford Abbey. In 1536 Surrey also served with his father against the Pilgrimage of Grace rebellion protesting the Dissolution of the Monasteries. <b>Literary activity and legacy</b> He and his friend <a href="http://www.poemhunter.com/sir-thomas-wyatt/">Sir Thomas Wyatt</a> were the first English poets to write in the sonnet form that Shakespeare later used, and Surrey was the first English poet to publish blank verse in his translation of the second and fourth books of Virgil's Aeneid.
    [Show full text]