Pudarnya Konsep Dosa Dalam Dunia Kekinian—Doktrin Tentang Dosa / Daniel Lucas Lukito—Cet

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Pudarnya Konsep Dosa Dalam Dunia Kekinian—Doktrin Tentang Dosa / Daniel Lucas Lukito—Cet Lukito, Daniel Lucas Pudarnya Konsep Dosa dalam Dunia Kekinian—Doktrin tentang Dosa / Daniel Lucas Lukito—Cet. 1—Malang: Literatur SAAT, 2019. 386 hlm.; 22 cm. ISBN 978-602-7788-47-3 PUDARNYA KONSEP DOSA DALAM DUNIA KEKINIAN DOKTRIN TENTANG DOSA Oleh: Daniel Lucas Lukito Diterbitkan oleh LITERATUR SAAT Jalan Anggrek Merpati 12, Malang 65141 Telp. (0341) 490750 website: www.literatursaat.com Penulis : Daniel Lucas Lukito PenyunƟ ng : Lie Ing Sian Penata Letak : Yusak P. Palulungan Gambar Sampul : Lie Ivan Abimanyu Cetakan Pertama : 2019 Dilarang memproduksi sebagian atau seluruh isi buku ini tanpa izin tertulis dari Penerbit. Buku ini dipersembahkan untuk Kathlyn, Kenneth, dan Kayla tiga cucu pemberian Tuhan yang lahir tahun 2019 Kelelahan menulis selama dua tahun sirna karena sukacita dan syukur melihat kehadiran mereka Daft ar Isi 7 Kata Pengantar 11 Konsep Dosa dalam Dunia Sekuler 25 Defi nisi dan Terminologi Dosa 51 Kejatuhan Manusia dalam Dosa 89 Universalitas Dosa 145 Akibat Dosa (1): Perhambaan Kehendak 181 Akibat Dosa (2): Kebobrokan Menyeluruh 213 Akibat Dosa (3): KemaƟ an 251 Pencobaan dan Dosa 293 Dosa Seksualitas (1): Dosa Porneia dan Pornografi 329 Dosa Seksualitas (2): Homoseksualitas dan Dosa Porneia KATA PENGANTAR Sebenarnya sudah lama sekali saya hendak menulis sebuah buku dengan tema tentang dosa. Penundaan demi penundaan terjadi secara tidak langsung disebabkan oleh dua alasan ini: pertama, saya merasa tema tentang dosa adalah sebuah tema yang negatif (karena membicarakan sesuatu yang tidak disukai banyak orang), dan pesimis (karena isinya banyak membahas tentang akibat dosa seperti perhambaan kehendak, kebobrokan menyeluruh, atau kematian). Kedua, tema tentang dosa tidak populer di tengah maraknya teologi sukses dan memudarnya ajaran tentang dosa dalam gereja-gereja kekinian yang cenderung bersikap akomodatif, permisif, dan kompromistis khususnya terhadap isu homoseksualitas, perceraian, aborsi, dan masalah etika lainnya. Kata-kata to the point-nya: untuk apa menulis sesuatu yang akhirnya tidak diminati orang? Ada dua alasan pula yang memicu saya akhirnya serius membukukannya: pertama, saya terkesan dengan perkataan seorang psikiater Kristen, Karl Augustus Menninger, yang menulis sebuah buku yang sebenarnya sudah “kuno” namun menurut saya justru sangat relevan dalam situasi kekinian; itulah sebabnya saya banyak mengutip karya tulisnya secara cukup intensif pada Bab satu.1 Di antaranya ia berkata begini di bagian akhir bukunya: Clergymen [pendeta-pendeta] have a golden opportunity to prevent some of the accumulated misapprehensions, guilt, aggressive action, and other roots of later mental suff ering and mental disease. How? Preach! Tell it like it is. Say it from the pulpit. Cry it from the housetops. What shall we cry? Cry comfort, cry repentance, cry hope. Because recognition of our part in the world transgression is the only remaining hope.2 Heran sekali: sangat jarang dijumpai seorang psikiater seperti ini (psikiater- psikolog biasanya lebih sering duduk termenung mendengarkan klien ber- bicara atau tidak berbicara; mohon maaf kepada bapak-ibu yang kebetulan menjadi psikiater atau psikolog). Tetapi psikiater ini berbicara seperti pendeta, atau bahkan, seperti pengkhotbah yang memberikan motivasi dengan “suara kenabian.” 1Whatever Became of Sin? (New York: Hawthorn, 1973). 2Whatever Became of Sin? 228 [penegasan dari saya]. 7 8 PUDARNYA KONSEP DOSA DALAM DUNIA KEKINIAN Kedua, setelah mengajar teologi sistematika selama lebih dari 30 tahun, semakin hari saya semakin melihat adanya pergeseran dunia teologi (dan ini terlihat melalui tulisan-tulisan dari dosen, fi lsuf, pengajar, dan pendeta) yang mulai cenderung meninggalkan (dan malah menjelek-jelekkan) teologi Agustinus, Luther, dan Calvin, namun pada saat yang bersamaan mulai membangkitkan kembali dan meninggikan teologi Pelagius (seorang pengajar bidah yang dikutuk tiga konsili gereja). Menurut tesis saya, salah satu gejala Pelagianism reborn tampak jelas dalam isi butir tertentu pada “Surat Pernyataan Pastoral PGI tentang LGBT” yang ditandatangani 17 Juni 2016 oleh Majelis Pekerja Harian Persekutuan Gereja-gereja di Indonesia (lihat pembahasan di Bab terakhir tentang dosa homoseksualitas). Jadi, karena dorongan dan situasi inilah saya pikir sekarang adalah waktunya untuk menuliskan sebuah tema tentang dosa. Dengan demikian, konteks dan bobot buku ini diperuntukkan bagi kalangan akademisi: dosen teologi, pendeta, guru, mahasiswa teologi, majelis/ aktivis gereja, dan peminat serius. Dikatakan “peminat serius” karena memang konten buku ini akan terasa berat bagi pembaca awam, apalagi bila yang bersangkutan belum mendalami basic Christian doctrines. Sekalipun demikian, saya berusaha membahasakannya segamblang mungkin agar buku ini tetap mudah dicerna oleh pihak yang senang mengunyah “makanan keras” (Ibr. 5:14). Sebagai panduan, tulisan ini mengacu pada ketentuan pengutipan dan referensi dari Evangelical Th eological Society (ETS), dan ayat-ayat Alkitab bahasa Inggris, bila tidak dinyatakan, berarti dikutip dari New International Version (NIV) melalui Biblegateway, serta kutipan ayat bahasa Indonesia dari Terjemahan Baru dan Bahasa Indonesia Sehari-hari terbitan Lembaga Alkitab Indonesia (LAI). Perlu saya sampaikan bahwa buku ini tidak membahas semua topik varian dosa seperti ketamakan, kesombongan, penyembahan berhala, perzinahan, dan seterusnya, karena tema-tema itu dapat dijumpai dalam buku-buku etika Kristen. Dengan pertimbangan konteks pembahasan, saya memilih mem- fokuskan pada dosa seksualitas, yaitu dosa porneia, pornografi , dan homo- seksualitas, sebagai tema yang berkaitan dengan topik lust (nafsu). Persoalan tentang seksualitas ini saya rasa amat sangat relevan untuk diperhatikan pada zaman pascamodern sekarang ini. Penulisan buku ini dapat terlaksana sebagian karena adanya bantuan yang sangat berarti dari pribadi-pribadi tertentu. Teristimewa saya sangat berterima kasih atas bantuan yang diberikan Ibu Lie Ing Sian di tengah kesibukan yang Kata Pengantar 9 bukan main dalam studi S3 di Taiwan masih memberikan waktunya yang berharga dalam memeriksa dan mengedit buku dengan tingkat ketelitian yang luar biasa. Terima kasih juga saya sampaikan kepada Ibu Chilianha Yusuf, Bapak Yusak Paulus Palulungan, dan Bapak Lie Ivan Abimanyu dari Literatur SAAT yang berjerih lelah mempersiapkan dan menerbitkan buku ini. Last but not least, selama proses penulisan buku ini, saya amat sangat bersyukur kepada Tuhan untuk keberadaan, pendampingan, dukungan, dan kasih yang diberikan oleh istri tercinta, Lina, yang bukan hanya menemani tetapi juga mengurus semua kebutuhan suami dan keluarga (sehingga semua- nya keurus). Tanpa kasih, doa, dan perhatiannya, buku ini tidak akan dapat terselesaikan. Syukur kepada Tuhan juga saya ucapkan untuk keberadaan dan dukungan tiga anak kami (Edwin, Fiona, Wilson), tiga menantu (Grace, Hermanto, Linda), dan tiga cucu (Kathlyn, Kenneth, Kayla, yang diberikan Tuhan secara ajaib dan simultan tahun ini). Keberadaan, doa, dan dukungan mereka menjadi katalisator yang mempercepat proses penulisan buku ini, dan sekaligus merupakan refl eksi dan bukti dari karya anugerah dan providensia Allah yang tidak terpikirkan dan tidak terkatakan. —Daniel Lucas Lukito KONSEP DOSA DALAM DUNIA SEKULER Pada hari Minggu 16 Desember 2012, seorang mahasiswi kedokteran usia 23 tahun yang bercita-cita menjadi seorang fi sioterapis, pergi bersama kekasihnya ke sebuah bioskop di Citywalk Mall, dekat daerah Munirka, sebelah selatan New Delhi. Wanita muda berkebangsaan India yang bernama Jyoti Singh dan kekasihnya, Awindra Pratap Pandey, menonton fi lm yang sedang populer waktu itu: Life of Pi. Setelah bubaran dari bioskop, sekitar jam 9.30 malam, Jyoti (yang juga dipanggil Nirbhaya) dan Awindra menumpang sebuah bus yang di dalamnya terdapat enam laki-laki, termasuk pengemudi. Tidak lama kemudian mulailah peristiwa yang mengerikan dan biadab itu terjadi: Enam laki-laki itu menutup pintu bus, berbicara sedikit pada Awindra, lalu memukul, mengikat, dan menganiayanya dengan sebuah besi pembuka ban mobil yang ada di dalam bus.1 Setelah puas menghantam dan membuat Awindra tidak berdaya, para pria yang rata-rata masih muda usia itu menghampiri Jyoti dan memerkosa sang gadis secara bergiliran sementara bus tetap melaju. Ketika korban melakukan perlawanan (yaitu dengan menggigit tiga pemerkosa di bagian muka, tangan, dan leher), salah seorang laki-laki itu mengambil besi pembuka ban mobil yang sebelumnya dipakai untuk menyiksa Awindra, dan besi itu ditusukkan ke (maaf) alat kelamin dan anus perempuan yang tidak berdaya itu sehingga ususnya terburai keluar.2 Setelah keenam pria itu selesai menyiksa dan memerkosa, mereka melem- parkan Jyoti dan Awindra dalam keadaan setengah telanjang ke tengah jalan dari dalam bus yang masih sedang melaju. Bahkan, sesudah itu—dan ini benar-benar memperlihatkan tingkat kebrutalan yang tidak terkira dari para pemuda itu— 1Rocky Soibam Singh, “Dec 16 Gang Rape Verdict: What Happened the Night Delhi Was Shamed,” https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/dec-16-gang-rape-verdict-what- happened-the-night-delhi-was-shamed/ story-9Y99n4OO3ZTdhXr2bPtzcL.html. 2Dominique Mosbergen,“Delhi Bus Gang Rape Victim Has Intestines Removed as Shocking Details of Assault Emerge,” https://www.huffi ngtonpost.com/2012/12/20/delhi-bus-gang-rape- victim-intestines-shocking-details_n_2340721.html. 11 12 PUDARNYA KONSEP DOSA DALAM DUNIA KEKINIAN mereka memutar bus kembali ke jalan di mana Jyoti dan Awindra sebelumnya dilempar keluar dan tergeletak; maksudnya,
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