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Landscape Modernism Renounced: the Career of Christopher Tunnard (1910–1979) / David Jacques and Jan Woudstra

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Landscape Modernism Renounced: the Career of Christopher Tunnard (1910–1979) / David Jacques and Jan Woudstra Landscape Modernism Renounced The career of Christopher Tunnard (1910–1979) David Jacques and Jan Woudstra Landscape Modernism Renounced Christopher Tunnard is one of the most influential figures in landscape architecture. He was the first author on Modernism in landscape in the English language. Yet during the latter half of his career, he was at the forefront of the movement to save the city, becoming an acclaimed author sympathetic to preservation. David Jacques and Jan Woudstra provide the first comprehensive study of the life and work of Christopher Tunnard. They explore his key role in the evolution of landscape architecture during the twentieth century, tracking his changing ideology through his writings, original drawings and records, and the experience of his family, friends and colleagues. Reflective and deeply insightful into a career that still resonates in the discipline today, this is prime reading for students, academics and professionals of landscape architecture, history and theory. David Jacques is a landscape historian, conservationist and town planner. Jan Woudstra is Reader in Landscape History and Theory at the University of Sheffield and a leading expert in Modernism in landscape. Figure 1 Christopher Tunnard, landscape architect, town planner and preservationist dur ing his days as a professor at Yale University. (Source: National Parks Service, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, 1948) Landscape Modernism Renounced The Career of Christopher Tunnard (1910–1979) David Jacques and Jan Woudstra With contributions by Elen Deming, David Jacques, Lance Neckar, Ann Satterthwaite and Jan Woudstra With foreword by Christopher (Rusty) Tunnard in association with the Landscape Design Trust First published 2009 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2009 David Jacques and Jan Woudstra Typeset in Goudy by Pindar NZ, Auckland, New Zealand All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Jacques, David. Landscape modernism renounced: the career of Christopher Tunnard (1910–1979) / David Jacques and Jan Woudstra. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Tunnard, Christopher. 2. Landscape architects—British Colombia— Biography. 3. Modern movement (Architecture) 4. Landscape design—England—History—20th century. 5. Landscape design—United States—History—20th century. I. Woudstra, Jan. II. Title. SB469.386.C2J33 2009 712.092—dc22 [B] 2008054732 ISBN13: 978-0-415-49720-6 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-49722-0 (pbk) To Karen and Laurence, without whose patience this book would have been finished long ago Contents Illustrations ix Abbreviations xvii Acknowledgements xviii Preface xxi Foreword xxiii 1 Prolegomena 1 The landscape profession in Britain in the 1930s 3 The landscape architectural and city planning professions in the USA in the 1930s 8 PART I Biography 13 2 Britain 15 Tunnard’s background and character 15 Working with Percy Cane and Frank Clark 16 Articles in Landscape and Garden 20 St Ann’s Hill and the landscape garden 20 Christopher Tunnard, landscape architect 23 The Architectural Review articles 29 London life 33 Gardens in the Modern Landscape 34 The ILA and the offer by Harvard 36 3 America 48 The ethos of Harvard GSD 48 Teaching at GSD 51 What kind of new landscape? 53 viii Contents The shift to city planning 57 The City Planning section at Yale 60 The Graduate Program in City Planning 62 The Department of City Planning 71 PART II Landscape and urbanism 81 4 A technique for the twentieth century 83 Constructivism and the landscape garden 83 The Functional Approach 85 The Empathic Approach 95 The Artistic Approach 105 The Planter’s Eye 112 Space arrangements 115 5 Landscape design 123 Landscape designs in England 123 Landscape designs in America 165 6 Civic art and design 181 History and continuity 182 The social landscape 191 Experimentation and collaboration 202 Civic design 208 Intangibles and values 222 7 From Wisley to A World with a View: the metamorphosis of a landscape architect 232 Annex A: Brief biographical facts 241 Annex B: Tunnard’s principal landscape designs 243 Annex C: Tunnard’s writings 245 Annex D: Bibliography 249 Index 255 Illustrations 1 Christopher Tunnard, landscape architect, town planner and preservationist during his days as a professor at Yale University ii 1.1 The dustjacket of Christopher Tunnard’s Gardens in the Modern Landscape (1938) which was the first book in English which crossed the boundary from traditional garden architecture and made links with Modernist architecture 2 1.2 ‘A plan for a one-and-a half-acre garden’ by Percy Cane, 1936: a typical garden by Cane would be inspired by Arts and Crafts motifs 6 2.1 From 1932 to 1934 Tunnard was first articled to and later employed by Percy Cane, then the leading garden designer and well known for his publications 17 2.2 Percy Cane attempted to update his garden designs to suit ‘modern’ architectural design in the 1930s 17 2.3 Herbert Francis (Frank) Clark met Tunnard whilst articled to Percy Cane: chalk portrait by Kenneth Martin (1905–1984), first shown at Agnews Gallery in 1940 19 2.4 Stable block at St Ann’s Hill, shortly after demolition of the main house 21 2.5 Eighteenth-century pavilion with grotto at St Ann’s Hill, c. 1936 22 2.6 View to south-east from position of house at St Ann’s Hill 23 2.7 At his former home at ‘Salcott’ on Fairmile Park Road in Cobham, Surrey, Tunnard continued to extend the gardens for a new owner in a manner reminiscent of that of Percy Cane 24 2.8 Walled garden at Salcott with centrally placed sundial and traditional flower borders, designed by Tunnard in an Arts and Crafts manner 25 2.9 ‘Rose garden and shelter, Printstyle Place, Bidborough, Kent’: Tunnard’s design for this garden included a traditional rose garden and a small enclosed one 26 2.10 ‘Paris Exhibition: Garden of the Swiss Pavilion … ’ at the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie x Illustrations Moderne in Paris in the Spring of 1937; this coincided with a landscape exhibition and a four-day International Congress of Garden Architects, which opened Tunnard’s eyes to landscape Modernism 27 2.11 The architect Jean Canneel-Claes’s design for his own house and garden, near Brussels, made a great impression on Tunnard and completed his rejection of the Arts and Crafts style 28 2.12 Joldwynds, Surrey, designed by Oliver Hill, was one of the most publicised Modernist houses and defined the new aesthetic for the larger house in the country 30 2.13 ‘Garden Lay-out by Christopher Tunnard, A.I.L.A., and J.M. Richards, A.R.I.B.A.’: an early spinoff from Tunnard’s series of articles in Architectural Review was a BBC television programme, broadcast on 7 March 1938 35 2.14 The ‘standard garden problem’ as represented in the suburban plot was shown on television and later illustrated in Architectural Review 37 2.15 One of Tunnard’s models for a garden shown on television bore a resemblance to one of Canneel-Claes’s of 1936 or 1937 for a garden at Liedekerke in the Valley of the Dendre, Belgium 38 2.16 Tunnard’s proposals for a small garden plot shows the idea of the gradual development of the gardens; it was illustrated with ink sketches by Frank Clark 39 2.17 The initial exhibition, ‘Garden and Landscape: an Exhibition of the Work of a Landscape Architect’ held in Broadway in 1938 included illustrations of ‘Garden work’ by Tunnard at St Ann’s Hill 40 2.18 ‘The Man-Made Landscape’, one of the panels designed by Tunnard and Clark for the Institute of Landscape Architects exhibition of 1939, held at Broadway and later at the RIBA building in Portland Place, London 41 2.19 The 1939 ILA exhibition, held at the Royal Institute of British Architects, Portland Place, included a large photo mural of the end of the terrace at Bentley Wood, with the Henry Moore sculpture positioned in front on a zinc container dressed with turf, one architects’ plant and a large tree trunk positioned in a separate flowerpot 42 3.1 In 1936 Joseph Hudnut had become Dean of the School of Architecture at Harvard, and was to be a significant influence on Tunnard 49 3.2 American Housing Reform schemes such as Radburn, NJ, designed by Henry Wright and Clarence Stein in 1929 anticipated several of Tunnard’s views 56 3.3 In the classroom Tunnard called for the intelligent integration of man-made and natural environments. The project in 1946/7 was Illustrations xi an expansion plan for Westport, CT 61 3.4 Yale students explored the viability of historical typologies, such as the crescent and circus, instead of the American ideal of detached housing 62 3.5 Zoning plan for large-scale planning proposals for Barranquilla in northern Columbia by Christopher Tunnard & Associates, 1951, which encourages finance, new housing and industry 65 3.6 Proposal for a new type of industrial town designed at Yale in 1953 67 3.7 A brownstone house in New York City was the sort of property given new public esteem through the campaigns by Henry Hope Reed and other preservationists 68 3.8 In 1958 Tunnard identified the aggregation of eastern American cities as a super-city 70 3.9 The super-city was subsequently a topic of a lecture for Rotary International ‘One Big City – Maine to Virginia’, on 17 February 1958 71 3.10 One of Tunnard’s projects at Yale was the Monroe Planning Study c.
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