DOCUSEIT RESUME
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AUTHOR Pedrini, D. T.; Pedrini, Bonnie C. TITLE Freud, Adler, Jung: From Womb to Tomb. PUB DATE 6 Apr 76 NOTE 14p.; Not available in hard copy due to marginal legibility of original document
EDRS PRICE MF-$0.8' Plus Postage. HC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS *Adult Development; *Development; *Developmental Psychology; Gerontology; *Human Development; *Individual Psychology; Maturation; State of the Art Reviews; *Theories
ABSTRACT This paper briefly introduces outlines of psychoanalysis (Freud), individual psychology (Adler), and analytical psychology (Jung). Freud focused on problems of adults as they related to childhood; Adler on problems of adults as they related to adulthood; and Jung on problems of adults as they related to middle and later years. Jungian analytical psychology is singularly applicable to the entire life cycle with special meanings fOr gerontology. In all this theorizing, however, we should always consider reality, and towards this end research is recommended. Included is a select bibliography with authorized translations of original sources, definitive sources, and explanatory sources. (Author) FREUD, ADLER, JUNG: FROM WOMB TO TOMB
D. T. Pedrini and Bonnie C. Pedrini
University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska 68101
Abstract
This paper briefly introduces outlines of psychoanalysis (Freud), individual psychology (Adler), and analytical psychology (Jung). Freud, focused on prob- lems of adults as they related to childhood; Adler, on problems of adults as they related to adulthood; and Jung, on problems of adults as they related to middle and later years. Jungian analytical psychology is singularly applicable to the entire life cycle with special meanings for gerontology.
In all this theorizing, however, we should always consider reality, and towards this end research is recommended. Included is a select bibliography with authorized translattnns of original sources, definitive sources, and explana- tory sources. Freud
Freud, in trying to understand humans, leaned heavily upon analogies,
metaphors, and reified abstractions. His words were steeped with sexual and
mythological taints. Nevertheless, his resulting psychology (theoretical
though it may have been) opened up humankind to systematized investigation.
He considered persons in terms of dynamics (conscious, pre-conscious, and
unconscious), topography (id, ego, and superego), and economics (repression,
projection, etc.--the mechanisms of adjustment, the defendants against
anxiety).
He took mankind through developmental stages--the oral, anal, phallic,
latent, and genital; paying particular attention to the bipolarities of
eros and the death drive, reality and pleasure, as well as the problems of
progression, fixation, and regression. The energy for human nature was
libido; and cathexis was the process by which this libido, this energy was
used. Of crucial importance was the Oedipus complex (sometimes called the
Oedipal stage or Oedipal situation, beginning during the phallic stage and
for some never resolving). The libido was defined as the sex impulse or
more accurately the love and/or affection impulse. Libido could be sentient,
sensuous, or sensual.
Freud in trying to understand humans leaned heavily upon Occidental,
Central European, Austrian, and Viennese cultures. Yet he considered the
development of humans everywhere to be based upon a drive (rather than
instinct) network and the behavior of humans to be manifest of this drive
(rather than instinct) network. The society, the culture, and the social
milieu were artifacts based upon sublimation of animalness (and included
repression, reaction formation, displacement, etc.). These artifacts (the
society, etc.) resulted from personal struggles against biologic nature; and though the artifacts could modify behavior, they could not modify
progression through the developmental stages (oral, anal, phallic [including
Oedipal], latent, and genital). Humans, then, were understood in terms of dynamics, topography, and economics, with libidinal energy cathecting to
bipolarities and going through the developmental stages with progression, fixation, and regression. This, of course, is only a simplified overview of the brilliant insights Freud mastered. Nonetheless, this overview, this outline can serve to show Freud and his biologic and psychologie emphasis.
For gerontology, all of psychoanalysis serves, howèver, not much of it has been specified in context. The death drive, regression, and other conceptualizations are critical, but there is little focus on old age, per se. What is needed is a psychoanalysis of and for the aged.
Adler
Adler in trying to understand humankind utilized, in part, the primary
Freudian concepts of dynamics, topography, and economics. He did not use the breakdown or the areas in toto, however, and selected, modified, and elaborated only the components he considered irtoortant.
Adler considered the unconscious and conscious but not as antagonists.
He emphasized the conscious. In many instances, Adler considered the con- scious and unconscious as directed toward the same goal. He emphasized the ego in his system and did much pioneer work with the bahavioral referents of this hypothetical construct. The "will to power" was stressed, the urge for dominance and superiority. Adler in his conceptualizations, histori- cally and developmentally, began with organ inferiority; but he carried this biologic-psychologie concept to its logical conclusion, the conclusion being a psychologie-sociologic context. Interestingly, his system if called
"individual psychology." The mechanism most considered by Adler was compensation. The other
mechanisms were described as processes, at times, but they did not have the
singular strength of compensation.
The first five years of life were particularly important, according
to Adler, for a nuclear form of the "style of life." Adler de-emphasized
the oral and anal stages of Freud and stressed the balance between the
individual and social drives. Social adjustment, later work adjustment,
and adjustment to love and marriage were emphasized. Libido as Freud
understood it was not the energy behind the movement of personality, but
self-assertive impulse was. Libido for Adler was a libido of power. The
Oedipus complex was not crucial, was not considered a fundamental fact of
human development; again he used it in a context of "will for power" and
considered it symbolically.
For gerontology, all of individual psychology serves, however, there
is little focus or old age. The young adult and adult years are emphasized
with notions of social adjustment including work, marriage, love, etc. But,
what is needed is an individual psychology of and for the aged.
Jung
Jung accepted some aspects of Freudian theory and rejected others. He continued with the conscious, unconscious paradigm but carried it ever fur-
ther. He envisioned a personal and a collective unconscious. 'The personal unconscious was the forgotten, the repressed, the subliminal; the collec- tive unconscious was an inheritance from primitive ancestors. These primi- tive ancestors influenced us in terms of archetypes--primitive ways of thinking. This collective unconscious included both primitive thinking and
Freud's id.
Jung noted two directions of mental interests (attitudes)--extraversion and introversion, as well as four kinds of mental activities (functions)-- thinking. sensing, intuiting, and feeling. Eight main types of individuals
were seen (combining interests and activities), but intermediate types were
also admissible, and what an individual was not consciously, he was uncon-
sciously. An ideal type had rhythmic alternations of the two directions
of interest--extraversion and introversion.
There were three phases of development for Jung: the first, the
pre-sexual, included the first three to five years and was characterized by
nutrition, growth, dependency; the second, the pre-pubertal stage, covered
the period from three-to-five to puberty and was characterized by sociali-
zation; and the third, the age of maturity, was from puberty onward and
was characterized by dependability, self-actualization. The middle (-age)
years were especially important in his system. And Jung, in contrast to
most psychologists, gave women prominence and importance in his analytical
psychology.
Jung utilized the concept of libido, but he included Freud's libido,
Adler's "will for power," and the whole range of motives. It was a life
libido. The Oedipus complex was given importance, and it had both a
semiotic (sign, token--Freud) and symbolic (Adler) meaning. Jung included
more of Freud than Adler did.
For gerontology, all of analytical psychology serves, and there is a
focus on the middle years and beyond. What is needed is application in
research paradigms. Jung considered his system empirical and scientific,
but most psychologists consider it nicht Wissenschaft (not science). How- ever, analytical psychology does give us a theoretical foundation of and for the aged.
Freud, Adler, Jung
Freud was the founder and master of psychoanalysis. The psychologie system of psychoanalysis, as a theoretical schema, has given us great insights into the nature of man (especially mankind). Organized, systema-
tized investigation led to these insights. Freud was the "father" and
teacher. Adler and Jung were not pupils of Freud in the strict sense of
the word. Each had started on his career before coming under the influence
of Freud. For a time they did accept his leadership, but soon some of their
opinions diverged enough for Freud to ask them not to call themselves psycho-
analysts. They had learned many things from Freud. Freud learned some
things from them Through Adler he was able to get some information as to
ego psychology and possibly some information as to aggression. Through Jung,
Freud was able to get some information as to libido and hence incorporated
his sex libido and ego libido into libido proper And placed it in a life
drive context. Freud, a brilliant investigator of the nature of man, was
able to change, modify, and redefine concepts into ever more meaningful
constructs.
Of course, these three great men used ideas of their period as well
as the historical past. Jung's concept of "libido" was similar to Schopen-
hauer's "will to live" or to Bergson's "elan vital." Adler's "will for
power" was Nietzsche's. And Freud's conceptualization of ideas "as dynamic
mental entities" were inherited from Herbart and others.
Nevertheless, these men--Freud, Adler, and Jung--perceived human
nature in a new, clear, organized manner. The insights Freud mastered and communicated were daring departures from the popular, traditional approaches
of his time. Freud emphasized biologic and psychologie areas. Adler added sociologic (society, culture) areas and a spacial context. Jung added earthologic (a neologism--the world, not just one society, not just one culture) areas and a temporal context (not just for one's lifetime but also the historical past and the anticipated future). Freud's system emphasized his clinical and scientific nature. To his system we can add the practical, business-like Adlerianism. Then we can add Jungian philosophic pantheism. At present we accept Freud and are accepting Adler, and hopefully in the near future, we gerontologists will accept Jung. Let us go forward together. not forgetting as Cattell says, the need for objective, behavioral scales.
In gerontology. the focus ought to be on treatment rather than labeling, and on prevention (insofar as possible) rather than treatment.
And to conclude as Robert Browning began in Rabbi Ben Ezra:
Grow old along with me!
The best is yet to be,
The last of life, for which the first was made.
Our times are in His hand
Who saith "A whole I planned,
Youth shows but half; trust God: see all nor be afraid." Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961)
Notes and Select Bibliography
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Adler, A. The Practice and Theory of individual Psychology. New York:
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Adler, A. Understanding Human Nature. New York: Premier Books, 1957.
Adler, A. What Life Should Mean to You. New York: Canricorn Rooks, 105R.
Anshacher, 1!.L., & Anshacher, Rowena R. (Eds.) Alfred Adler: Suneriority
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Anshacher, P.1.., & Anshacher, Powena R. (Eds.) The Individual Psychology
of Alfreu Adler. A Systematic Presentation in Selections from Pis
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1954.
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Defense Mechanisms: A Bibliography. 1973. 8 pages. EDRS order number ED 067
578. Displacement, Substitution, Sublimation: A Bibliography. 1973. 7
pages. EDRS order number ED 067 579. Identification, Introjection,
Incorporation, Internalization: A Bibliography. 1973. 15 pages. EARS
order number 067 580. Reaction Formation: A Bibliography. 1973. 3
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4 pages. EDRS order number ED 076 898. Rationalization: A Bibliography.
1973. 4 pares. EDRS order number ED 076 920. Repression: A Bibliography.
1973. 12 pages. EDRS order number ED 076 921. Denial: A Bibliography. 1973. 4 pages. EDRS order number ED 076 922. Regression: A Biblio-
graphy. 1974. 10 pages. EDRS order number ED 089 166. These articles
on defense mechanisms include discussions and bibliographies and are
published by ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center) in RIE
(Research or Resources in Education).
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