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Anecdotes of Aurangzib, Translated Into English with Notes And

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Anecdotes of Aurangzib, Translated Into English with Notes And 1^. 'NST/TUJtOPjaAA..^ •=^JSUMiCSTUDi6s ANECDOTES Of < ACRANeZIB AND HISTORICAL ESSAYS. — — WORKS BY Professor JADUNATH SARKAR, M.A. 1. History of Aurangzib, based on Persian sources. Vol. I. Reign of Shah Jahan, pp. 400, —Rs. 3-8. Vol. II. War of Succession, pp. 328, —Rs. 3-8. Vol. III. North India, 1658 — 1681, pp. 461,—Rs. 3-8. 2. Anecdotes of AuPang-zib (English translation and notes) and Historical Essays, pp. 248,—Re. 1-8. 3. Ahkam-i-AlarngfiPi, Persian text with an English trans- lation {Anecdotes of Aurangzib^ and notes, pp. 72+ 146, Re. 1. 4. Chaitanya's Pilgrimag-es and Teaching's, being an English translation of his contemporary biography, Chait- anya-charit-amrita, Madhya lila, pp. 338, —Rs. 2. 5. India of AurangfZib, Statistics, Topography and Roads, with translations from the Khulasat-tit-tatvarikh and the Chahar Gulshan. (Not a history), pp. 300, —Rs. 2-8. 6. "Ilconomics of British India, 4th Edition, (191 7), thoroughly revised and enlarged, pp. 384, Rs. 3. SOLD B V M. C. SARKAR & SONS, 90/2A, Harrison Road, Calcutta. G. A. NATESAN, 3, Shunkurama Chetti Street, Madras. D. B. TARAPOREVALA SONS & Co., 103, Medows Street, Bombay. HEFFER & SONS, Cambridge, England. ANECDOTES OF AURANGZIB with Notes) ( Translated into English AND HISTORICAL ESSAYS 'NSTftUT^ OP ,5UU.,c STUO,.S BV JADUNATH SARKAR, M.A., Professor^ Patna College. M. C. SARKAR & SONS. 90 2A HARRISON ROAD, CALCUTTA I917. Re. t-8. ——— p^ ^(.1 HISTORY OF ACRANGZIB. ^ j'j^2^ I Oi] fj Vol. I. Reign of Shah Jahan Lesson of Aurangzib's reign — materials—Aurangzib's boyhood and edu- cation—early viceroyalties—marriage and family—war in Central Asia sieges of Qandahar—viceroyalty of the Deccan—invasions of Golkonda and Bijapur—Rise of Mir Jumla— Rise of Shivaji and his early conflict with Aurangzib—illness of Shah Jahan—Murad crowns himself— Aurangzib'*- preparations for contesting the throne. Vol. II. War of Succession. Defeat of Jatwant Singh—defeat to Dara— pursuit, capture and execu- tion of Dara— capture of Dara's eldest son—struggle with Shuja—war in Bengal— tragic end of Shuja— captivity and execution of Murad—grand coronation of A urangzib—long and critical bibliography of authorities in Persian. Vol. III. Northern India during 1658-1681. Aurangzib's sons, sisters, and chief ministers—relations with the outer Muslim world—strict moral and religious regulations,— "burial of Music" captivity, sufferings and death of Shah Jahan—conquests of Kuch Bihar, Assam, Chittagong, etc. — Mir Jumla's last campaigns— relations between Bengal and Assam—rebellions of frontier Afghans— persecution of the Hindus, —temple destruction, —^Jaziya tax fully discussed—war with the Rajputs—Maharana Raj Singh—Durgadas and Ajit Singh —Hindu reaction —Satnamis—Sikh Gurus Tegh Bahadur and Govind Singh—Shiva- ji's letter on religious toleration—Tod's Rajasthan criticised —correct chronolc^y, of Aurangzib's reign, ist half—second Persian bibliography. Vol. IV. Southern India, \(n^-\t&<i preparing. Decline of Bijapur and Golkonda— reign of Ali Adil Shah II.—Jai Singh and Shivaji invade Bijapur—internal anarchy at Bijapur—siege and fall of Bijapur— fall of Golkonda—Shivaji the Maratha : his rise—his war with Jai Singh —his visit to Aurangzib and romantic escape— his struggle with the Mughals—his conquests in the Karnatak —climax of his career death and character—Shambhuji's reign, capture and execution—third bibliography mainly Marathi and Hindi sources. ECONOMICS OF BRITISH INDIA. 4th Edition. 1917. Rs. 3. The book has l>een throughly revised and enlarged in this edition. There are about 100 pages of absolutely new matter and about too other pages have been re-written or modified, so that only 184 pages of the previous edition remain unchanged. The satistics have been all brought up to 1913-14, the last year of peace, but in many cases the figures for 1917 also have been given for comparison. A new chapter on the Economic effects of the War on India, added. // gives the best and most correct information on Indict s economic condition andproblems in a single volume, and is an indispensable hand- book to tvery Indian politician^ ivriter and student of eeonomirs. CONTENTS Life of Aurangzib... ... ... .., i Anecdotes of Aurangzib Introduction ... ... ... ... 32 I. About Aurangzib himself ... ... 34 II. About his sons and grandsons ... ... 56 III. About his officers ... ... ... 83 IV. About the Shiahs and the Hindus ... 137 Who built the Taj Mahal ? ... ... ... 145 JThe Companion of an Empress... ... ... 151 The Wealth of Ind, 1650 ... ... ... 157 Daily Life of Shah Jahan ... ... ... 162 Aurangzib's Daily Life ... ... ... 177 A Muslim Heroine... ... ... ... 185 The Feringi Pirates of Chatgaon ... ... 192 The Conquest of Chatgaon ... ... ... 205 Khuda Bakhsh, the Indian Bodley ... ... 227 Errata ... ... ... ... vi LIFE OF AURANGZIB. I. EARLY LIFE. MUHIUDDIN Muhammad Aurangzib, the third son of the Emperor Shah Jahan and his famous con- sort Mumtaz Mahal, was born on 24th October, 1618, at Dohad, now a town in the Panch Mahal fa/ug of the Bombay Presidency and a station on the Godra- Rutlam railway-line. The most notable incident of his boyhood was his display of cool courage when charged by an infuriated elephant, during an elephant combat under his father's eyes on the bank of the Jumna outside Agra Fort, (28 May, 1633). The victorious beast, after putting its rival to the flight, turned fiercely on x'\urangzib, who firmly kept his horse from running away and struck the elephant on "the forehead with his spear. A sweep of the brute's tusk hurled the horse on tlie ground Aurangzib leaped ; but down from the saddle in time and again faced the elephant. Just then aid arrived, the animal ran away, and the prince was saved. The Emperor rewarded the heroic lad with his weight in gold. On 13th December, 1634, Aurangzib, then 16 years of age, received his first appointment in the Imperial army as a commander of ten thousand cavalry (nominal rank), and next September he was sent out to learn the art of war in the campaign against Jhujhar LIFE OF AURANGZIB Singh and his son Vikramajit, the Bundela chiefs of Urchha, who were finally extirpated at the end of the year. From 14th July, 1636 to 28th May, 1644, Aurangzib served as Viceroy of the Deccan, —paying several visits to Northern India during the period to seethe Emperor. This his first governorship of the Deccan, was marked by the conquest of Baglana and the final extinction of the Nizam -shahi dynasty of Ahmadnagar. He was married, first to Dilras Banu, the daughter of Shah Nawaz Khan Safawi, (8th May, 1637), ^.nd at some later but unknown date to Nawab Bai, and began to have children by them, his eldest offspring being Zebunnissa, the gifted poetess, (born 15th February, 1638). In May, 1644 the prince gave up his duties and took to a life of retirement, as a protest against Dara Shukoh's jealous interference with his work and Shah Jahan's partiality to his eldest son. At this the Emperor was highly displeased, and at once deprived him of his governorship, estates, and allowances. For some months the prince lived at Agra in disgrace. But on 25th November, when Jahanara, the eldest and best- beloved daughter of Shah Jahan, recovered from a terrible burn, her joyful father could refuse her nothing, and at her entreaty Aurangzib was restored to his rank. On i6th February, 1645, the viceroyalty of Guzerat was given to him ; his vigorous rule suppressed law- lessness in the province and won rewards from the Emperor. EARLY LIFE 3 From Guzerat Aurangzib was recalled two years later and sent to Central Asia to recover Balkh and Badakhshan, the cradle of the royal house of Timur. Leaving Kabul on 7th April, 1647, he reached Balkh on 25th May, and battled long and arduously with the fierce enemy. The bravest Rajputs shed their blood in the Van of the Mughal army in that far off soil ; immense quantities of stores, provisions and treasure were wasted ; but the Indian army merely held the ground on which it encamped ; the hordes of Central Asia, ' more numerous than ants and locusts," and all of them born horsemen,—swarmed on all sides and could not be crushed once for all. The barren and distant conquest could have been retained only at a ruinous cost. So, a truce was patched up : Nazar Muhammad Khan, the ex-king of Balkh, was sought out with as much eagerness as Sir Lepel Griffin displayed in getting hold of the late Amir xA.bdur Rahman, and coaxed into taking back his throne, and the Indian army beat a hurried retreat to avoid the dreaded winter of that region. IMany krores of rupees of Indian revenue were thus wasted for absolutely no gain ; the abandoned stores alone had cost several lakhs, and much property too had to be sacrificed by the rearguard for lack of transport. During this campaign Aurangzib did an act which made his fame ring throughout the Islamic world. While the Mughal army was fighting desperately with the vast legions of Abdul \z\z Khan, King of Bukhara, LIFE OF AURANGZIH the time for the evening prayer {suhar) arrived. Dis- regarding the prohibitions of his officers, Aurangzib dismounted from his elephant, knelt down on the ground, and deliberately and peacefully went through all the ceremonies of the prayer, in full view of both the armies. Abdul Aziz on hearing of it cried out, ' To- fight with such a man is to ruin one's self,' and sus- pended the battle. From Balkh, Aurangzib returned to Kabul on 20th October, 1647, ^^^^1 was afterwards appointed Vicerov of Multan (15th March, 1648).
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