Un Approccio Femminista E Multidisciplinare

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Un Approccio Femminista E Multidisciplinare UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA “LA SAPIENZA” DIPARTIMENTO DI COMUNICAZIONE E RICERCA SOCIALE Tesi di Dottorato in: METODOLOGIA DELLE SCIENZE SOCIALI IL GENERE NELLE SCIENZE SOCIALI Un approccio femminista e multidisciplinare Tutor: Maria Concetta Pitrone Sergio Mauceri Dottorando: Angelo Palazzolo XXIII Ciclo Anno Accademico 2010/11 Alla memoria di mio nonno Angelo e di mia nonna Maria. Ringraziamenti Ringrazio mio padre e mia madre per il sostegno morale e materiale che mi hanno dato durante questo lungo percorso di studio. Senza il loro sostegno non avrei avuto la serenità necessaria per affrontare e concludere questo dottorato. Ringrazio anche Francesca, Willy e Michele che, in modi diversi, sono stati sempre al mio fianco. Un ringraziamento è dovuto a tutti coloro che hanno contribuito a questa ricerca dedicandomi la loro energia e il loro tempo, senza ricevere nient’altro che la mia gratitudine. C’è chi sostiene che in un lavoro di tesi il tutor non vada ringraziato: ha fatto il lavoro per cui è pagato. Io ringrazio sentitamente i miei due tutor: la prof.ssa Maria Concetta Pitrone e il prof. Sergio Mauceri. C’è modo e modo di fare il “proprio dovere” e loro lo hanno fatto egregiamente. Ogni imprecisione e scorrettezza di questo lavoro è certamente dovuta a mia imperizia. IL GENERE NELLE SCIENZE SOCIALI Un approccio femminista e multidisciplinare Introduzione ........................................................................................................................................... 6 1. Quadro teorico di riferimento: il genere nell’approccio femminista 1.1 Il femminismo e gli studi di genere: tra antiche controversie e nuovi interrogativi .................. 17 1.2 La questione della definizione di donna: la trappola dell’Essenzialismo.................................. 25 1.3 Le epistemologie femministe .................................................................................................... 31 1.3.1 La conoscenza situata ......................................................................................................... 36 1.3.2 La Standpoint Theory .......................................................................................................... 37 1.3.3 L’empirismo femminista ..................................................................................................... 42 1.3.4 Il femminismo post-modernista .......................................................................................... 44 1.4 La relazione potere-sapere ........................................................................................................ 48 1.5 L’etica della ricerca ................................................................................................................... 53 1.5.1 Il consenso informato .......................................................................................................... 57 2. La specificazione del genere 2.1 Sesso e genere, concettualizzazioni sfuggenti ........................................................................... 60 2.2 Un genere da definire: varie teorie a confronto ......................................................................... 64 2.3 L’importanza di un approccio interdisciplinare ........................................................................ 75 2.3.1 Le società maschili e femminili .......................................................................................... 76 2.3.1.1 Statistiche di genere: Istat ed Eurostat ................................................................. 79 2.3.1.2 Ricerche sul genere: OECD, CESifo, Accenture, Ibm ......................................... 85 2.3.2 Le personalità maschili e femminili .................................................................................... 96 2.3.2.1 La formazione delle identità di genere nella teoria psicoanalitica ....................... 97 2.3.2.2 Analisi di due test psicologici: L’MMPI2 e il BSRI .......................................... 103 2.4 Il genere come struttura sociale ............................................................................................... 121 3. Il ruolo del corpo e dell’orientamento sessuale nella definizione del genere 3.1 L’insostenibile rilevanza del corpo ......................................................................................... 131 3.1.1 L’evoluzione di un concetto. Il corpo nella storia della medicina occidentale ................. 136 3.1.2 Le varianti del corpo: considerazioni statistico-mediche su transessuali ed intersessi ..... 143 3.1.2.1 La sindrome di Klinefelter ................................................................................. 148 3.1.3 La differenziazione sessuale del corpo nella teoria evoluzionista .................................... 151 3.1.4 Le tecno-scienze e la sfida al corpo: il Cyborg ................................................................. 156 3.1.5 Dal sesso biologico al corpo sessuato .............................................................................. 159 3.2 Casi studio antropologici: dai berdache americani ai femminielli napoletani ........................ 166 3.3 L’orientamento sessuale .......................................................................................................... 170 3.3.1 L’etero-normatività ........................................................................................................... 175 3.3.2 I paradossi dell’omofobia ................................................................................................. 182 4. Il genere e il sesso nella ricerca sociale: problemi di concettualizzazione e di definizione operativa 4.1 Verso un nuovo modello esplicativo sulle relazioni tra sesso, genere e orientamento sessuale191 4.1.1 Il modello classico ............................................................................................................ 192 4.1.2 Il modello dinamico .......................................................................................................... 201 4.1.2.1 Relazioni di interdipendenza tra corpo sessuato e identità di genere ................ 205 4.1.2.2 Relazioni di interdipendenza tra identità di genere e orientamento sessuale .... 207 4.1.2.3 Relazioni di interdipendenza tra corpo sessuato e orientamento sessuale ........ 210 4.1.3 Il modello dinamico individuale ....................................................................................... 213 4.2 Il problema della validità e dell’attendibilità della rilevazione sesso/genere .......................... 217 4.2.1 Pro e contro delle più comuni operativizzazioni delle proprietà sesso e genere ............... 222 4.2.1.1 Struttura del meta-questionario ......................................................................... 223 4.2.1.2 Sintesi dei risultati: i commenti e le valutazioni del campione della ricerca .... 225 Conclusioni ........................................................................................................................................ 235 Allegato 1_Standpoint (rappresentazione grafica) ............................................................................ 241 Allegato 2_Scala 5 (Mf) del Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory -2 ................................ 242 Allegato 3_Bem Sex Role Inventory .................................................................................................. 244 Allegato 4_Mercato del lavoro europeo (1983-2010) ....................................................................... 246 Allegato 5_Dal sesso biologico al corpo sessuato (rappresentazione grafica, 1° versione) .............. 247 Allegato 6_Soggetti della ricerca ...................................................................................................... 249 Allegato 7_Meta-questionario (versione finale) ............................................................................... 252 Allegato 8_Risultati delle valutazioni (versione finale delle 10 opzioni) ......................................... 256 Bibliografia ........................................................................................................................................ 258 Introduzione Introduzione Nel maggio del 2008 mi capitò di salire in uno dei pullman di un’azienda di servizi londinese che trasporta i passeggeri dall’aeroporto di Stansted fino al centro della City. All’interno di questo pullman venne distribuito un questionario per la valutazione del servizio offerto. Non si può certo dire che il tratto Stansted-Londra offra un panorama mozzafiato; cosicché, per tutta la durata del viaggio, mi ritrovai a rigirarmi tra le mani questo questionario. In altre occasioni mi sarei limitato a compilarlo e a consegnarlo a chi di dovere e poi magari avrei ingannato il tempo dormendo o chiacchierando con il mio vicino compagno di viaggio, ma in quel periodo ero stato molto impegnato con la stesura di un paper intitolato “La costruzione del dato”1 e dunque avevo in mente tutte le problematiche di carattere metodologico che accompagnano una corretta rilevazione 2 dei dati nelle scienze sociali. In particolare ero rimasto impressionato dalla quantità di errori che si possono commettere nella costruzione di un questionario3, così come ero rimasto affascinato dal lungo processo che, partendo dalla selezione di una parte finita di realtà, trasforma l’infinito flusso di informazioni in dati ordinati logicamente (o meglio: “secondo una certa logica”) all’interno di una matrice. Cosicché cominciai ad accarezzare l’idea di valutare
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