The Breeding Bird Survey
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The Breeding Bird Survey: Its First Fifteen Years, 1965-1979 Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/jfwm/article-supplement/204272/pdf/fwma-08-01-18_ref+s02/ by guest on 25 September 2021 - ,._._._.- I I ! I ,I UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE / RESOURCE PUBLICAnON 157 RESOURCE PUBLICATIONS This series consists of separately issued popular or instructional material dealing with investigations related to wild life and sport fish published by the Fish and Wildlife Service. Each is published as a separate paper. The Service distributes a limited number of these reports for the use of Federal and State agencies and cooperators. A list of recent issues appears on inside back cover. Copies of this publication may be obtained from the Publications Unit, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/jfwm/article-supplement/204272/pdf/fwma-08-01-18_ref+s02/ by guest on 25 September 2021 Service, Washington, DC 20240, or may be purchased from National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Robbins, Chandler S. The breeding bird survey. (Resource publication / U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 157) Bibliography: p. 1. Bird populations-United States. 2. Bird populations- Canada. I. Bystrak, Danny. II. Geissler, Paul H. III. Title. IV. Series: Resource publication (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv ice) ; 157. S914.A3 no.157 333.95'4'0973 s 85-600081 [QL682] [598.2'5248'097] Cover illustration. Every major physiographic region has its own distinctive avifauna, illustrated here by its typical jay or magpie (Family Corvidae). Species, clockwise from the top, are Gray (Canada) Jay, Blue Jay, Scrub Jay, Green Jay, Mexican (Gray-breasted) Jay, Black-billed Magpie, and Steller's Jay. Michael O'Brien, artist. THE BREEDING BIRD SURVEY: ITS FIRST FIFTEEN YEARS, 1965-1979 Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/jfwm/article-supplement/204272/pdf/fwma-08-01-18_ref+s02/ by guest on 25 September 2021 By Chandler S. Robbins Danny Bystrak Paul H. Geissler I'.s. FISH & WH.m.It...: SEHVI('t: UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Resource Publication 157 Washington, D.C. • 1986 Contents Page Abstract 1 Field Procedures .............................................................. 3 Data Processing and Analysis ................................................... 4 Data Entry ................................................................. 4 Quality Control ............................................................. 4 Machine Listings and Tables .................................................. 4 Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/jfwm/article-supplement/204272/pdf/fwma-08-01-18_ref+s02/ by guest on 25 September 2021 Statistical Analysis 5 Bias Evaluation ............................................................... 6 Weather Conditions ......................................................... 6 Date and Time .............................................................. 7 Observers 7 Identification ............................................................... 8 Birds Detected .............................................................. 9 Recordkeeping 10 Changes in Routes 10 Number of Stops and Minutes Spent at Each Stop. .............................. 10 Coaxing of Birds ............................................................ 11 Species Poorly Sampled ...................................................... 11 Improvements in Editing and Analysis Techniques ................................. 11 Stratification 11 Trend Analysis 13 Bird Population Trends ........................................................ 13 Birds Observed 14 Herons and Egrets. ... .. ........................................... 14 Waterfowl 16 Vultures and Hawks..... ..................................... .. ...... .. ... 18 Gallinaceous Birds 21 Shorebirds 23 Gulls.................................................................... 25 Doves................................................................... 25 Cuckoos................................................................. 28 Owls and Goatsuckers ..................................................... 30 Swifts 30 Hummingbirds 32 Kingfishers ............................................................... 32 Woodpeckers 32 Flycatchers ............................................................... 34 Larks 39 Swallows 39 Jays, Magpies, and Crows. ................................................. 43 Chickadees, Titmice, Verdins, and Bushtits ................................ 54 Nuthatches 59 Creepers and Wrentits ..................................................... 59 Wrens................................................................... 59 Mockingbirds and Thrashers 67 Thrushes 71 Gnatcatchers and Kinglets .................................................. 83 Waxwings, Shrikes, and Starlings. ............................... ... .... ... 83 Vireos................................................................... 87 Warblers 89 Weaver Finch 98 II Page Blackbirds and Orioles ..................................................... 98 Tanagers '. .................................................... 106 Grosbeaks and Buntings ................................................... 106 Finches ........................................................ 108 Towhees and Sparrows .................................................... III Mapping of Relative Abundance. ............................................... 121 Other Uses of BBS Data. ...................................................... 122 Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/jfwm/article-supplement/204272/pdf/fwma-08-01-18_ref+s02/ by guest on 25 September 2021 Range Extensions and Contractions ........................................... 122 Effects of Severe Weather. ................................................... 122 Species Composition by Ecological Regions. .................................... 122 Habitat Correlations 123 Environmental Evaluations. .................................................. 123 Island Biogeography Applications. ............................................ 123 Breeding Bird Atlases. ....................................................... 123 Continental Bird Population Estimates ........................ 128 Conclusions 128 Acknowledgments 129 References 129 Tables....................................................................... 133 Appendix A. Common and Scientific Names ofAvian Species Mentioned. .......... 160 Appendix B. Instructions for Conducting Breeding Bird Survey Routes. ............ 171 Appendix C. BBS Field Sheet. ................................................ 175 Appendix D. BBS Summary Sheet............................................. 176 Appendix E. New Method of Computing Long-Term Trends ...................... 177 Appendix F. Reference List of Published Maps Showing Relative Abundance. ....... 178 Appendix G. BBS Cooperators. ............... .. ......................... .. ... 182 Appendix H. BBS Coordinators. .............................................. 195 11l The Breeding Bird Survey: Its First Fifteen Years, 1965-1979 Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/jfwm/article-supplement/204272/pdf/fwma-08-01-18_ref+s02/ by guest on 25 September 2021 By Chandler S. Robbins, Danny Bystrak, and Paul H. Geissler Patuxent Wildlife Research Center U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Laurel, Maryland 20708 Abstract The Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) is an ongoing cooperative program sponsored jointly by the U.S. Fish and Wildife Service and the Canadian Wildlife Service. Its main purpose is to estimate population trends of the many species of birds that nest in North America north of Mexico and that migrate across interna tional boundaries. This survey provides information, both locally by ecological or political regions and on a continental scale, on (1) short-term population changes that can be correlated with specific weather incidents, (2) recovery periods following catastrophic declines, (3) normal year-to-year variations, (4) long-term population trends, and (5) invasions of exotics. The BBS also permits detailed computer mapping of relative abundance of each species, either year by year to show changes in distribution and relative abundance, or the average over a period of years. It pro vides base-line data with which more intensive local studies can be compared. For biogeographic studies it provides uniform sampling of bird populations by major physiographic regions across the continent. In conjunction with the Audubon Christmas Bird Count, it permits com parison of summer and winter distribution of species that winter in the United States. Most species of North American birds migrate across international boundaries, especially those shared with Canada, Mexico, and the Soviet Union. As part of our responsibility under treaties with these na tions, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has developed the BBS to monitor avian population changes so that any adverse trends can be detected early. This provides the opportunity to determine the reasons for any increase or decrease, to define geographic areas in which changes are greatest, to study correlations between avian population changes and land-use changes, and to make recommendations for controlling undesirable bird population trends. For example, the BBS can be used to detect and estimate the extent of losses resulting from widespread use of pesticides,