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Gettysburg Address Gettysburg Address For the text of the Gettysburg Address, see the Gettys- seven years ago”—referring to the start of the American burg Address at Wikisource. Revolution in 1776—Lincoln examined the founding See also: Consecration of the National Cemetery at Get- principles of the United States as stated in the Declaration tysburg of Independence. In the context of the Civil War, Lincoln The Gettysburg Address is a speech by U.S. Pres- also memorialized the sacrifices of those who gave their lives at Gettysburg and extolled virtues for the listeners (and the nation) to ensure the survival of America’s rep- resentative democracy: that “government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” Despite the speech’s prominent place in the history and popular culture of the United States, the exact wording and location of the speech are disputed. The five known manuscripts of the Gettysburg Address in Lincoln’s hand differ in a number of details, and also differ from con- temporary newspaper reprints of the speech. Modern scholarship locates the speakers’ platform 40 yards (or more) away from the Traditional Site within Soldiers’ Na- tional Cemetery at the Soldiers’ National Monument and entirely within private, adjacent Evergreen Cemetery. 1 Background Following the Battle of Gettysburg on July 1–3, 1863, re- One of the two confirmed photos of Abraham Lincoln[1][2][3] burial of Union soldiers from the Gettysburg Battlefield (sepia highlight) at Gettysburg, taken about noon, just after Lin- graves began on October 17. David Wills, of the com- coln arrived and some three hours before the speech. To Lincoln’s mittee for the November 19 Consecration of the National right is his bodyguard, Ward Hill Lamon. Cemetery at Gettysburg, invited President Lincoln: “It is the desire that, after the Oration, you, as Chief Executive ident Abraham Lincoln, one of the best-known in [4] of the nation, formally set apart these grounds to their sa- American history. It was delivered by Lincoln during cred use by a few appropriate remarks.”[9] Lincoln’s ad- the American Civil War, on the afternoon of Thursday, dress followed the oration by Edward Everett, who sub- November 19, 1863, at the dedication of the Soldiers’ Na- sequently included a copy of the Gettysburg Address in tional Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, four and a his 1864 book about the event (Address of the Hon. Ed- half months after the Union armies defeated those of the ward Everett At the Consecration of the National Cemetery Confederacy at the Battle of Gettysburg. At Gettysburg, 19th November 1863, with the Dedicatory Abraham Lincoln’s carefully crafted address, secondary Speech of President Lincoln, and the Other Exercises of to other presentations that day, was one of the greatest the Occasion; Accompanied by An Account of the Origin and most influential statements of national purpose. In of the Undertaking and of the Arrangement of the Ceme- just over two minutes, Lincoln reiterated the principles tery Grounds, and by a Map of the Battle-field and a Plan of human equality espoused by the Declaration of Inde- of the Cemetery). [5] pendence and proclaimed the Civil War as a struggle for During the train trip from Washington, D.C., to Gettys- the preservation of the Union sundered by the secession burg on November 18, Lincoln remarked to John Hay that crisis,[6] with “a new birth of freedom"[7] that would bring [8] he felt weak. On the morning of November 19, Lincoln true equality to all of its citizens. Lincoln also redefined mentioned to John Nicolay that he was dizzy. In the rail- the Civil War as a struggle not just for the Union, but also [5] road car the President rode with his secretary, John G. for the principle of human equality. Nicolay, his assistant secretary, John Hay, the three mem- Beginning with the now-iconic phrase “Four score and bers of his Cabinet who accompanied him, William Se- 1 2 2 PROGRAM AND EVERETT’S “GETTYSBURG ORATION” thus seems highly likely that Lincoln was in the prodro- mal period of smallpox when he delivered the Gettysburg address.[10] 2 Program and Everett’s “Gettys- burg Oration” Letter of David Wills inviting Abraham Lincoln to make a few remarks, noting that Edward Everett would deliver the oration Edward Everett delivered a two-hour oration before Lincoln’s few minutes of dedicatory remarks. The program organized for that day by Wills and his com- mittee included: Union soldiers dead at Gettysburg, photographed by Timothy H. Music, by Birgfeld’s Band[11] (“Homage O'Sullivan, July 5–6, 1863 d'uns Heros” by Adolph Birgfeld) Prayer, by Reverend T. H. Stockton, D.D. Music, by the Marine Band (“Old Hundred”), ward, John Usher and Montgomery Blair, several foreign directed by Francis Scala Oration, by Hon. officials and others. Hay noted that during the speech Edward Everett (“The Battles of Gettysburg”) Lincoln’s face had 'a ghastly color' and that he was 'sad, Music, Hymn (“Consecration Chant”) by B. mournful, almost haggard.' After the speech, when Lin- B. French, Esq., music by Wilson G Horner, coln boarded the 6:30 pm train for Washington, D.C., sung by Baltimore Glee Club Dedicatory Re- he was feverish and weak, with a severe headache. A marks, by the President of the United States protracted illness followed, which included a vesicular Dirge (“Oh! It is Great for Our Country to rash and was diagnosed as a mild case of smallpox. It Die”, words by James G. Percival, music by Al- 3 fred Delaney), sung by Choir selected for the from the written versions prepared by Lincoln before and occasion after his speech. It is the only version to which Lincoln Benediction, by Reverend H. L. Baugher, affixed his signature, and the last he is known to have D.D.[9] written.[18] While it is Lincoln’s short speech that has gone down in Four score and seven years ago our fa- history as one of the finest examples of English public thers brought forth on this continent a new na- oratory, it was Everett’s two-hour oration that was slated tion, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the to be the “Gettysburg address” that day. His now seldom- proposition that all men are created equal. read 13,607-word oration began: Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. Standing beneath this serene sky, over- We are met on a great battlefield of that war. looking these broad fields now reposing from We have come to dedicate a portion of that the labors of the waning year, the mighty field, as a final resting place for those who here Alleghenies dimly towering before us, the gave their lives that that nation might live. It is graves of our brethren beneath our feet, it is altogether fitting and proper that we should do with hesitation that I raise my poor voice to this. break the eloquent silence of God and Nature. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, But the duty to which you have called me must we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this be performed;—grant me, I pray you, your in- ground. The brave men, living and dead, who dulgence and your sympathy.[12] struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world And ended two hours later with: will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. But they, I am sure, will join us in saying, It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated as we bid farewell to the dust of these martyr- here to the unfinished work which they who heroes, that wheresoever throughout the civ- fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It ilized world the accounts of this great war- is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great fare are read, and down to the latest period task remaining before us—that from these hon- of recorded time, in the glorious annals of ored dead we take increased devotion to that our common country, there will be no brighter cause for which they gave the last full measure page than that which relates the Battles of of devotion—that we here highly resolve that Gettysburg.[13] these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, Lengthy dedication addresses like Everett’s were com- by the people, for the people, shall not perish mon at cemeteries in this era. The tradition began in from the earth. 1831 when Justice Joseph Story delivered the dedication address at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Mas- sachusetts. Those addresses often linked cemeteries to the mission of Union.[14] 4 Lincoln’s sources In Lincoln at Gettysburg, Garry Wills notes the par- 3 Text of Gettysburg Address allels between Lincoln’s speech and Pericles’s Funeral Oration during the Peloponnesian War as described by Thucydides. (James McPherson notes this connection Shortly after Everett’s well-received remarks, Lincoln [19] [15] in his review of Wills’s book. Gore Vidal also draws spoke for only a few minutes. With a “few appropriate attention to this link in a BBC documentary about remarks”, he was able to summarize his view of the war oration.[20]) Pericles’ speech, like Lincoln’s, begins with in just ten sentences.
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