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The Brighton & Hove Local Biodiversity Action Plan

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The Brighton & Hove Local Biodiversity Action Plan The Brighton & Hove Local Biodiversity Action Plan The Brighton & Hove Local Biodiversity Action Plan Adopted: 6 th February 2012 Page 1 of 102 The Brighton & Hove Local Biodiversity Action Plan Acknowledgements Many thanks to the following who have contributed to this document: Brighton and Hove Allotment Federation Brighton and Hove's Wildlife Forum Chris Davis, Sussex Ornithological Society CityWildlife Naturewardens Dave Bangs Gerald Legg Graeme Lyons Hove Civic Society Howard Matcham John Patmore, Eco-Logically Martin Allison Martin Robinson Paul Harmes, Sussex Botanical Recording Society Simon Davey Steven Falk, Warwickshire Museum Tony Hutson, Sussex Bat Group Sussex Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority This document was adopted as council policy at Environment and Sustainability Committee on 6th February 2013 Contents Summary Part 1: Introduction Section 1: A Short Natural History of Brighton and Hove p5 Section 2: An Introduction to Biodiversity p6 Section 3: Making Biodiversity Happen p8 Section 4: How this Action Plan is set out p13 Part 2: The Species of Importance in Brighton & Hove Plants 1. Arable Annual Group p16 2. Hoary Stock Matthiola incana) p19 3. Red Star-thistle ( Centaurea calcitrapa) p20 4. Sea Heath Frankenia laevis p22 5. White Helleborine ( Cephalanthera damasonium) p24 Invertebrates 6.Brown-banded Carder Bee ( Bombus humilis) p26 7. Dingy Skipper ( Erynnis tages subsp. Tages) p29 8. Hornet Robberfly ( Asilus crabroniformis) p31 9. White-letter Hairstreak ( Satyrium w-album) p33 Page 2 of 102 The Brighton & Hove Local Biodiversity Action Plan Fish 10. Short-snouted Seahorse ( Hippocampus hippocampus) p35 Reptiles 11. Adder ( Vipera berus) p37 Birds 12. Herring Gull (Larus argentatus subsp. Argenteus) p39 13. Peregrine ( Falco peregrinus) p41 14. Starling ( Sturnus vulgaris subsp. Vulgaris) p43 15. Swift, Swallow and House Martin p45 Mammals 16. Bats Group p49 17. Hazel Dormouse ( Muscardinus avellanarius) p53 Other 18. Lichen : (Physcia clementei) p56 Part 3: The Habitats of Importance in Brighton and Hove The Coast and Sea 1. Coastal Vegetated Shingle p58 2. Fragile Sponge and Anthozoan Communities on Subtidal Rocky Habitats p61 3. Intertidal Underboulder Communities p64 4. Intertidal chalk p65 5. Maritime cliff and slopes p67 6. Sheltered Muddy Gravels – subtidal sediments p70 7. Subtidal chalk p72 8. Subtidal sands and gravels p74 The Urban Area 9. Parks and gardens p75 10. Urban Commons (incorporating Open Mosaic Habitats on Previously Developed Land national HAP) p78 Downland 11. Farmlands [incorporating Arable Field Margins national HAP] p81 12. Hedgerows p85 13. Lowland calcareous grassland (including chalk scrub and waxcap colonies) p88 14. Lowland Mixed Deciduous Woodland p94 15. Ponds p97 References and Further Reading p102 Page 3 of 102 The Brighton & Hove Local Biodiversity Action Plan Summary 1. Biodiversity (‘the variety of life on earth’) is an integral part of Brighton and Hove. Over half the administrative area of the city is open downland, most of it within the South Downs National Park. Most of the coast of Brighton and Hove is also of national wildlife importance. Within the urban area, natural features such as the National Elm Collection and the network of natural habitats in the urban green space are essential to the character of the city and are highly valued by residents and visitors. 2. Biodiversity is widely recognised as being in serious decline. Co-ordinated action needs to be taken to reverse this and to maintain biodiversity at sustainable levels. Biodiversity action planning emerged from the 1993 Rio Earth Summit, where the ‘Convention on Biological Diversity’ was signed by 193 states, including the United Kingdom. Biodiversity Action Plans (BAPs) define the actions needed to conserve the most important elements of our biodiversity. 3. This draft Local Biodiversity Action Plan (LBAP) addresses the species and the habitats of particular importance in Brighton and Hove. These have been identified after considering the nationally important species and habitats which occur in the city, together with additional recommendations made by local naturalists. The LBAP also takes full account of the objectives and priorities of current national biodiversity policy and local interest groups. 4. The LBAP will be included in a forthcoming bid to UNESCO for Brighton and Hove, parts of Lewes District and the surrounding areas to be designated a Biosphere Reserve. Biosphere Reserves are world-class natural environments which promote a balanced relationship between people and nature. 5. Successful implementation of the LBAP depends on contributions from the business, public and voluntary sectors as well as environmental organisations. Broad community involvement is important so that local values are fully reflected in the final document. 6. The overall aim (or ‘vision’) for biodiversity in Brighton and Hove is that by 2020, ‘biodiversity will be integrated into decision-making by the Brighton and Hove Strategic Partnership and its member organisations. Local communities will be fully involved in developing and progressing biodiversity conservation and there will be a common understanding of the value of biodiversity and the action needed to maintain and enhance it. The habitats and species of importance in Brighton and Hove will be successfully conserved. Brighton and Hove will be richer in biodiversity, with healthy ecosystems delivering essential benefits for people.’ 7. Five principles have been defined to ensure the vision for biodiversity is achieved and the action taken to conserve it is successful. These are: Principle 1: Mainstream biodiversity in society Principle 2: Integrate the conservation of biodiversity across other land uses Principle 3: Conserve Important habitats and species on a landscape scale Principle 4: Share the benefits of biodiversity and ecosystem services Principle 5: Establish a strong evidence base 8. These five principles are applied to the action plans of all the habitats and species in this draft LBAP. Page 4 of 102 The Brighton & Hove Local Biodiversity Action Plan 9. The main body of the draft LBAP comprises separate action plans for habitats and species. Action plans have been prepared for 15 habitats, mostly of national importance but with the addition of some habitats of particular value locally. 10. There are 115 species of national biodiversity importance which have viable populations in Brighton and Hove. Most of these can be catered for by conserving the habitat on which they depend. However some nationally important species have specialist needs which require specific action and the draft LBAP comprises separate action plans for 18 species (or groups of species). 11. Each action plan comprises: • A description of the ecology of the habitat or species. • An assessment of the threats and opportunities to it. • A list of conservation objectives to ensure the habitat or species is conserved. • A description of the actions which need to be taken, by when and by who, to achieve the conservation objectives. Section 1: A Short Natural History of Brighton and Hove 1. Brighton and Hove contains the largest conurbation in Sussex, with a population of nearly quarter-of-a-million people, squeezed into about 40 km 2 (about 15 square miles) of urban area along the coast. Population densities in some parts of the city meet or exceed those of central London. In contrast, the northern half of the administrative area is open and empty chalk downland, part of the South Downs National Park, most of it farmed and under the ownership of the city council. 2. Brighton and Hove has an exceptional natural environment. Its beauty and quality and the proximity to the sea were very important factors in the rapid development of Brighton and Hove during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The chalk Downs and coast remain a major asset today. 3. The character of the city centre is defined as much by the ancient English Elms which line its streets and green spaces as by its distinguished architecture. Brighton and Hove, which hosts the National Elm Collection, is one of the few places in Europe where majestic avenues of ancient Elm can still be seen. 4. In landscape terms, the city is characterised by large areas of ‘encapsulated countryside’ on the urban fringe. Severed from the open downland by development, these fingers of natural green space are of only marginal agricultural value but support large areas of important semi-natural habitat and are popular for quiet recreation. 5. To the north of the by-pass, the Brighton and Hove downland supports significant parcels of ancient, species-rich chalk grassland as well as important colonies of rare arable plants, farmland birds and other downland wildlife. 6. The urban coast, although greatly modified by centuries of intensive recreation, still retains fragments of important coastal habitat along the Volks Railway, Black Rock and at Shoreham beach. The Marina supports a remarkable mix of sea life in its shallow lagoons and the cliffs and foreshore directly to the north and east of the Marina are all part of a nationally designated Site of Special Scientific Interest. Page 5 of 102 The Brighton & Hove Local Biodiversity Action Plan 7. So in Brighton and Hove, if anywhere, it is not difficult to see why biodiversity is an integral part of daily life. In fact people living in Brighton and Hove value their natural environment more highly than shopping or nightlife 1, although perhaps because nature is free and apparently abundant, it is all too easy to take it for granted. In fact, just like the city’s exceptional architecture, conserving the natural environment needs to be planned and resourced to ensure it remains healthy for future generations to enjoy. 8. Section 2: An Introduction to Biodiversity 1. The term ‘biodiversity’ encompasses the whole variety and complexity of life at all scales, including genetics, species, ecosystem and landscape. As well as the rare or threatened species, it also includes the whole of the natural world, from the commonplace to the critically endangered. 2.
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