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Protecting Your Community from Wildfire

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Protecting Your Community from Wildfire FireSmart Protecting Your Community from Wildfire PARTNERS IN PROTECTION Working Together for Safer Communities in the Wildland / Urban Interface Parks Parcs Natural Resources Ressources naturelles Canada Canada Canada Canada SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE Canadian Forest Service canadien DEVELOPMENT Service des forets FireSmart Protecting Your Community from Wildfire PARTNERS IN PROTECTION SECOND EDITION Second Printing © Partners in Protection July 2003. FireSmart: Protecting your Community from Wildfire is published in Edmonton, Alberta, by Partners in Protection, an Alberta-based coalition dedicated to raising awareness and providing information that will reduce the risk of wildfire losses in the wildland/urban interface. The information may be copied and distributed for any non-profit, public education purpose. Please credit Partners in Protection when you include any of the material in a print or online publication. For any other use, or to obtain copies of this publication, please contact: Partners in Protection PO Box 45047 Lansdowne Postal Station Edmonton, Alberta T6H 5Y1 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data FireSmart : protecting your community from wildfire Second Edition Includes abstract in French Includes bibliographical references ISBN 0-662-34064-7 Cat. no. Fo42-291/2003E 1. Wildfires — Canada — Prevention and control. 2. Forest fires — Canada — Prevention and control. 3. Ground cover fires — Canada — prevention and control. 4. wildland/urban interface I. Partners in Protection (Canada) II. Title: Protecting your community from wildfire SD420.73C2 1999 634.9’618 C99-980220-8 Editor: Maryhelen Vicars, Maryhelen Vicars & Associates, Edmonton, Alberta Design and layout: John Luckhurst, J. Luckhurst Graphic Design Limited / GDL, Edmonton, Alberta Original artwork: Toby Foord, John Luckhurst, J. Luckhurst Graphic Design Limited / GDL Tracy Scanks, Prints Charming Publishing (Appendix 3) Source for diagrams – British Columbia Forest Service Printing: Capital Colour Press Ltd., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Printed in Canada ABSTRACT – FIRESMART Abstract The wildland/urban interface is any area where industrial or agricultural installations, recreational developments, or homes are mingled with flammable natural vegetation. This illustrated guide focuses on how individuals and communities can work together to reduce the risk of loss from interface fires in Canada. It provides practical tools and information for use by interface residents, municipal officials, land use planners, structural and wildland firefighters, and industries that operate in the wildland/urban interface. Primary topics include a description of interface issues, evaluation of interface hazards, mitigation strategies and techniques, emergency response for agencies and individuals, training for interface firefighters, community education programs, and regional planning solutions. FireSmart: Protecting Your Community from Wildfire was produced by Partners in Protection, an Alberta-based coalition of professionals representing national, provincial and municipal associations and government departments responsible for emergency services, land-use planning, and forest and resource research and management. FireSmart is based on the best available scientific information at time of publication. Research in this area is ongoing. Résumé Les zones d’interaction villes–milieux naturels désignent tout endroit où l’on retrouve des installations industrielles ou agricoles, des établissements récréatifs ou des habitations situés près d’une végétation naturelle inflammable. Ce guide illustré a été conçu afin d’enseigner aux gens et aux agglomérations à travailler de concert afin de réduire les risques liés aux feux dans ces zones au Canada. Le présent ouvrage propose des conseils pratiques et des informations pour les résidents de ces zones à risque, les intervenants municipaux, les gestionnaires du territoire, les pompiers qui combattent les feux de végétation et les industries qui gravitent autour des dites zones. Les principaux thèmes développés sont la description des enjeux et l’évaluation des dangers dans ces zones, les lignes directrices recommandées pour réduire les pertes associées aux feux, l’intervention par les sociétés de protection et les particuliers, la formation des pompiers, les programmes éducatifs communautaires et, finalement, les solutions de planification régionale. FireSmart: Protecting Your Community from Wildfire a été réalisé par ‘Partners in Protection’, un regroupement de professionnels de l’Alberta, représenté par des membres d’associations nationales, provinciales et munici- pales, et de départements gouvernementaux responsables des services d’urgence, de la gestion des forêts et des parcs et de la gestion du territoire. FireSmart s’appuit sur les meilleures informations scientifiques disponibles au moment de la publication. La recherche dans ce domaine est encore en évolution. Disclaimer Partners in Protection does not warrant or guarantee the accuracy or completeness of the information, statements and opinions expressed in this publication, and assumes no liability for any damage or loss incurred as a result of the use of the information, statements, or opinions contained in this publication. CONTENTS – FIRESMART CONTENTS Acknowledgements Using the Area Hazard Assessment Form – 2-18 Contributors –Factor 12 – Forest Vegetation (Overstory) – 2-18 Foreword –Factor 13 – Surface Vegetation – 2-18 Introduction –Factor 14 – Ladder Fuels – 2-18 –Factor 15 – Slope – 2-19 Chapter One: –Factor 16 – Position on Slope – 2-20 The Issues Using the Fire Ignition and Prevention Checklist – 2-21 Wildland/Urban Interface Fire: Background – 1-2 – Ignition Potential (Area) – 2-21 – What Is the Wildland/Urban Interface? – 1-2 – Ignition Potential (Structure and Site) – 2-22 – How Does Fire Threaten the Wildland/Urban Interface? – 1-2 Using the Fire Suppression Checklist – 2-25 – Fire Management and Wildland/Urban – Fire Service – 2-25 Interface Fires – 1-5 – Access to Structure – 2-26 – Water Supply – 2-27 What Does Wildland/Urban Interface Mean? 1-3 – Suppression Equipment on Site – 2-28 Interface Case Studies – Salmon Arm – 1-4 Structure and Site Hazard Assessment Form – 2-29 Interface Case Studies – Prairie Fire – 1-6 Area Hazard Assessment Form – 2-30 Interface Case Studies – Saskatchewan – 1-8 Fire Ignition and Prevention Checklist – 2-31 Interface Fire: Community Impacts - 1-10 Fire Suppression Checklist – 2-31 – What Can and Will Happen – 1-10 Interface Case Studies – Spokane – 1-11 Chapter Three: Interface Tragedies – 1-12 Solutions and Mitigations Wildland/Urban Interface Fire Challenges – 1-13 – Know Your Opponent – 1-13 Introduction – 3-2 – Wildland/Urban Interface Fire Vegetation Management – 3-3 Suppression Challenges – 1-15 – Establishing Priority Zones – 3-4 – Wildland/Urban Interface Fire – Solutions – 1-15 – Priority Zone 1: Area Within 10 Metres FireSmart Landscapes – 1-16 of a Building – 3-5 – Priority Zone 2:Area 10-30 Metres Chapter Two: from a Building – 3-9 – Priority Zone 3:Area 30 – 100 Metres Wildfire Hazard Assessment System from a Building – 3-13 The Wildfire Hazard Assessment System – 2-2 – Fuel Modification for Communities: – When to Conduct an Interface Wildfire Community Fireguards – 3-13 Hazard Assessment – 2-2 – Disposal of Forest Debris – 3-16 The Wildfire Hazard Assessment Forms – 2-3 Structural Options – 3-19 – Guidelines for Completing the Wildfire – Roofing – 3-19 Hazard Assessment Form – 2-3 – Chimneys or Stovepipes – 3-23 Using the Structure and Site Hazard – Exterior Siding – 3-23 Assessment Form – 2-4 – Window and Door Glazing – 3-24 –Factor 1 – Roofing Material - 2-5 – Eaves, Vents, and Openings – 3-25 –Factor 2 – Roof Cleanliness – 2-6 – Balconies, Decks, and Porches – 3-25 –Factor 3 – Building Exterior – 2-7 – Trailers and Manufactured Homes – 3-26 –Factor 4 – Eaves, Vents, and Openings – 2-8 – On-site Firefighting Equipment – 3-27 –Factor 5 – Balcony, Deck or Porch – 2-9 Infrastructure – 3-28 –Factor 6 – Window and Door Glazing – 2-10 – Access Routes – 3-28 –Factor 7 – Location of Nearby Combustibles – 2-11 – Open Spaces – Greenbelt Areas – 3-32 –Factor 8 – Setback from Edge of Slope – 2-12 – Water Supply – 3-32 –Factor 9 – Forest Vegetation (Overstory) – 2-14 – Utilities – Electric and Gas – 3-37 –Factor 10 – Surface Vegetation - 2-16 – Summary – 3-39 –Factor 11 – Ladder Fuels – 2-17 PROTECTING YOUR COMMUNITY FROM WILDFIRE – v FIRESMART – CONTENTS Chapter Four: The Target Audience – 6-3 Emergency Measures – Who Do You Need to Talk to? – 6-3 Interface Fire Characteristics and Effective Messages – 6-4 Response Strategy – 4-2 Effective Media Relations – 6-6 – Interface Fire – Disaster or Fire Event? – 4-2 Sample Interface Fire – Interface Fire Characteristics and Suppression Communications Plan – 6-8 Response Challenges – 4-3 Incident Command System (ICS) – 4-6 Chapter Seven: – Incident Command System – Brief Outline – 4-6 Land Use Planning – Incident Command System – Components – 4-7 Part One: The Challenges – 7-2 – Emergency Site Management – Brief Outline – 4-8 – Country Living Carries Risks – 7-2 – Emergency Site Management – System – Similar Issues in Planning – 7-5 Structure – 4-9 – Planning with Realistic Limits – 7-5 Municipal Emergency Structures – 4-12 Part Two: How to Use What We Know – 7-7 – Municipal Emergency Structures – Using Land Use Planning –7-7 across Canada – 4-12 – Using Policy Planning – 7-8 – Municipal Emergency Structure – – Using Subdivision Development and the Alberta Example – 4-12 Design
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