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Yangtze River Marine Geology 416 (2019) 105976 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Marine Geology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/margo Changes in environment and provenance within the Changjiang (Yangtze T River) Delta during Pliocene to Pleistocene transition ⁎ Wei Yuea,b, Shouye Yanga, , Baocheng Zhaoc, Zhongyuan Chenb, Junjie Yud, Xianbin Liub, ⁎ Xiangtong Huanga, Bingfu Jine, Jing Chenb, a State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China b State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China c Shanghai Institute of Geological Survey, Shanghai 200072, China d Nanjing Center, China Geological Survey, Nanjing 210016, China e College of Geography and Planning, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Editor: Shu Gao This study investigates heavy mineral assemblages in sediments of the modern Changjiang Delta (Yangtze River) Keywords: and the Quaternary/Pliocene (Q/N) boundary strata within the delta area with the aim of deciphering changes in Heavy minerals sediment provenance and the depositional environment during the Pliocene to Pleistocene transition. Major Sediment provenance heavy mineral assemblages in the modern Changjiang sediments originate from their provenance rocks, while Paleoclimate the distribution of unstable (amphibole), ultrastable (zircon, tourmaline, and rutile), and altered minerals (li- Q/N boundary monite, leucoxene) are closely related to the climate and the hydrodynamic environment within the catchment. Changjiang (Yangtze River) The ratio of a certain unstable mineral (amphibole) to an altered mineral (limonite) is considered to be a sen- sitive indicator of the chemical weathering intensity that is largely affected by climate conditions. Heavy mineral data of core sediments reveal distinctly different environments and provenances between the upper (Quaternary) and lower (Pliocene) sedimentary strata in the Changjiang Delta. The Pliocene sediments are characterized by abnormally high contents of limonite (42%), leucoxene (8%) and zircon (15%), but an extremely low amphibole content (5%). Enrichment of zircon is indicated from the mid-lower Changjiang catchment, where granitoid rocks are widely distributed. The strong enrichment of altered minerals and the considerable great loss of un- stable minerals suggest that Pliocene weathering was much stronger than it is nowadays. In contrast, high contents of amphibole, garnet, and pyroxene, and the low stable mineral content in the Quaternary strata in- dicate that sediment provenances may have extended to the upper Changjiang catchment, which underwent weak chemical weathering. These results imply that Changjiang as a large river system might have drained the East China's continental margin prior to the Q/N transition. The distinct heavy mineral assemblages found at the Q/N boundary in the Changjiang Delta are indicative of a drastic environment with provenance changes in response to intensive neotectonics. It is thus inferred that sensitive heavy mineral indices can be used to indicate the Q/N boundary in the Changjiang Delta, where reliable geochronological proxies have rarely reached an agreement. 1. Introduction to transport huge Tibetan Plateau-derived terrigenous sediments, which were buried in continental margins (France-Lanord and Derry, 1997; With the intensive uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and drastic climate Owen et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2006a; Clift et al., 2008; Van Hoang change during the transition from the Pliocene to Pleistocene, the East et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2017, 2018). Therefore, the evolutionary his- Asian continent and marginal seas witnessed significant landscape tories of tectonics, landscape, and paleoclimate are well preserved in evolution and terrigenous material cycling (Raymo and Ruddiman, the late Cenozoic fluvial sediments that accumulated in large deltas and 1992; Peizhen et al., 2001; Clark et al., 2004; Clift, 2006; Shen et al., marginal seas. These major depocenters and sinks of fluvial sediments 2017). In addition, the interaction between neotectonics and the in continental margins are thus ideal archives that can be analyzed to monsoon climate during the late Cenozoic enabled large river systems reconstruct paleoenvironmental evolution and land-sea interactions on ⁎ Corresponding authors. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (S. Yang), [email protected] (J. Chen). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2019.105976 Received 13 February 2018; Received in revised form 16 June 2019; Accepted 27 June 2019 Available online 02 July 2019 0025-3227/ © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. W. Yue, et al. Marine Geology 416 (2019) 105976 Fig. 1. The Plio-Pleistocene magneto-stratigraphy of the Changjiang Delta (Lithology and paleo-magnetic dating of cores SK10, Pd, SG7, LQ11, and LQ24 were respectively from Chen et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2009; Yue et al., 2016, Liu et al., 2018; and Yue et al., 2018; the red dotted line represents the inferred Q/N boundary based on paleo-magnetic dating result; Mz = median size, N = Neocene, Q = Quaternary, BHS = Bohai Sea, YS = Yellow Sea, ECS = East China Sea, SCS = South China Sea). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) multiple temporal scales (Clift et al., 2002; Giosan et al., 2006; Bishop, layers prevent direct and reliable comparisons with the Standard Geo- 2007; Yang et al., 2008; Bianchi and Allison, 2009; Gao et al., 2016; magnetic Polarity Schedule, especially with respect to the boundary of Gugliotta et al., 2017). Pleistocene and Pliocene (Q/N). The magnetostratigraphy of the Chi- The Changjiang (Yangtze River) is the longest river in Asia; it ori- nese Loess Plateau has been well studied (Nat et al., 1990; Spassov ginates in the eastern Tibetan Plateau and drains through central China et al., 2001; Liu et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2016), but the sedimentary before entering the East China Sea. The large Changjiang Delta is one of environments of the delta and coastal regions are different from the major depocenters in eastern China during the late Cenozoic, and has successive sedimentation of the Loess Plateau. As they are complex and been continuously fed by riverine sediments since the Pliocene, with very dynamic, this has resulted not only in great sedimentary facies thicknesses of ~300 m siliciclastic sediment overlain above bedrocks diversity, but also ubiquitous sedimentary hiatus in the strata (Fig. 1). (Fig. 1; Chen et al., 1997; Gu et al., 2014). Over the last two decades, In addition, the well-developed coarse sediment layers are not suitable the sediment provenance, paleoenvironment and river system evolution for paleomagnetic dating. Therefore, the Q/N stratigraphic boundary in during the late Cenozoic have been widely studied by sedimentary the Changjiang Delta has yet to be reliably reconstructed due to these stratigraphy, geochemistry, heavy-mineral analysis, and single mineral factors. geochemistry (e.g. monazite, zircon, feldspar, muscovite and magne- However, climate change occurring during the transition from the tite), with the major target areas including the First Bend and Three Neogene to Quaternary is likely to have made an imprint on fluvial Gorges in the upper reaches, Jianghan Basin and delta area in the mid- sediments (Shackleton and Opdyke, 1977; An et al., 2001; Ravelo et al., lower reaches (Kirby et al., 2002; Fan et al., 2004; Yang et al., 2006b; 2004; Clift and Blusztajn, 2005), which thus provides an alternative Van Hoang et al., 2010; Richardson et al., 2010; Zheng et al., 2013; solution to the establishment of Q/N boundary. In addition to being Zhang et al., 2014; Tada et al., 2016; Wei et al., 2016; Yue et al., 2018). used to indicate sediment provenance and depositional environments, Such researches have greatly improved our understanding Changjiang detrital minerals have been successfully applied in paleoclimatic re- River system evolution in the late Cenozoic; however, it has yet been construction (Foucault and Stanley, 1989; Dill, 1995; Schirrmeister clarified how the delta region responded to the river evolution. Pre- et al., 2002; Sinha et al., 2006; Peng et al., 2016; Song et al., 2018). vious studies on the provenance and environmental changes in the Strong chemical weathering in a warm and wet climate generally re- Changjiang Delta focus on the late Quaternary, and long and con- sults in relatively high mineralogical maturity, which is shown as a high tinuous sedimentary records have rarely been investigated. In parti- content of stable minerals (such as quartz, ilmenite, zircon, tourmaline, cular, there is a lack of integrated investigations on the relationship and rutile); but also by a significant decrease in unstable minerals between sediment transfer process in the catchment and paleoenvir- content (such as pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite) (Morton, 1982; onmental changes since the Pliocene. Hessler and Lowe, 2017; Garzanti, 2017). In contrast, weak chemical However, the reconstruction of Plio-Pleistocene chronostratigraphy weathering in a low temperature environment (such as glacial period) is a challenging problem when using the long sedimentary records in results in the relative enrichment of unstable minerals. In this respect, the Changjiang Delta, and it is almost impossible to apply biostrati- therefore, heavy-mineral analysis can be used as a potential indicator of graphy because the lack of index fossils.
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