Karakter Lothar Dan Lobo Dalam Komik Amerika

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Karakter Lothar Dan Lobo Dalam Komik Amerika Lingua XV (1) (2019) LINGUA Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya Terakreditasi Sinta 3 berdasarkan Keputusan Dirjend Penguatan Riset dan Pengembangan, Kemenristek Dikti No 21/E/KPT/2018 http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/lingua IDENTItaS dan REPRESEntaSI: KARAKTER LothaR dan LOBO dalam KomIK AMERIKA Tisna Prabasmoro Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Padjadjaran Jln. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21 Jatinangor, Sumedang Jawa Barat, Indonesia Telepon (022)7796482 Faksimile (022) 7796482 Info Artikel Abstrak Sejarah artikel: Komik bergenre jawara adidaya dapat menjadi sumber inspirasi dan Diterima mendemonstrasikan penanda moral yang berfaedah bagi masyarakat. Mengabaikan September 2018 beberapa aspek identitas yang problematis akan menjauhkan usaha-usaha konstruktif Disetujui yang diperlukan. Sementara penggambaran karakter perempuan, kelompok minoritas, dan homoseksual terus meningkat dari waktu ke waktu dalam hal representasi dan Desember 2018 karakterisasi nonstereotip, kontrol baku karakter jawara adidaya tetap saja berkulit Dipublikasikan putih. Karakter dari kelompok minoritas yang muncul di era awal buku komik Januari 2019 Amerika diperankan sebagai penjahat, bukan jawara adidaya/pahlawan. Penelitian ini menceritakan dan mengkaji representasi rasial dan perusakan budaya jawara Kata Kunci: adidaya berkulit hitam bernama Lothar dan Lobo yang muncul pada komik-komik identitas; perdana jawara adidaya Amerika. Penelitian ini berargumen bahwa representasi representasi; berfungsi sebagai templat untuk menggambarkan bagaimana jawara adidaya yang jawara adidaya; tidak berwarna kulit putih terus menerus tidak dihargai dan dikendalikan terlepas Lothar; Lobo dari ingatan kolektif mereka yang dalam perspektif sejarahnya sangat kompleks. Bagian akhir penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Lothar dan Lobo secara retoris Keyword: mengalami perlakuan rasis agar tetap berterima dengan denyut konsep-konsep identity; supremasi. representation; superhero; Lothar; Lobo Abstract The superhero genre comics can be inspirational and demonstrate moral codes that benefit society. To ignore some of the problematic aspects of identity of the genre would prevent necessary correctives from taking place. While the portrait of female, minority, and homosexual characters has improved through time in terms of representation and nonstereotypical characterizations, the default superhero remains a white character. Minority characters that appeared in the earlier eras of American comic books were much more likely to be villains than heroes. The research describes and anaylizes the racial representations and cultural destruction of colored superheroes named Lothar and Lobo from the earliest American comics. The research argues that representations provide a template for how colored superheroes are actively disvalued and controlled regardless of their collective memory authentic to their historically complex experience. Finally, it suggests that Lothar and Lobo are rhetorically racialized to better fit with with the basic premise of supremacy concepts. (C) 2019 UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SEMARANG * Alamat korespondensi P-ISSN 1829 9342, E-ISSN 2549-3183 [email protected] 63 Lingua. Volume XV. Nomor 1. Januari 2019 PENDAHULUAN atau jenis teks lainnya, meskipun diciptakan Dalam perjalanan sejarahnya untuk alasan hiburan dan keuntungan, adalah hingga kini, komik telah dipublikasikan dan artefak budaya; representasi dari nilai-nilai, dipasarkan dalam berbagai genre dan bentuk mitos, ideologi dan asumsi budaya (Howard untuk memenuhi kebutuhan selera pembaca. & Jackson II, 2013). Sebagai karya yang Dari segi bentuk cetaknya, terdapat paling menjadi cerminan budaya, teks-teks tersebut tidak dua jenis format komik format: Strip dapat membantu penikmat karya dalam komik (comic strip) dan comic book (Chute, 2008, hal. 453). Beberapa dari sekian banyak atau ciri-ciri kepribadian kelompok-kelompok memperkenalkan karakter fisik, geografis genre komik yang paling banyak ditemukan lain sehingga masing-masing kelompok adalah jawara adidaya (superhero), manga, dapat memahami dan menghargai identitas science fiction/ kebudayaan yang berbeda dalam masyarakat laga, petualangan, horor, humor, dan romantis yang plural. Dan lagi-lagi, karya-karya yang fiksi ilmiah ( sci-fi), fantasi, (Witek, 1992) yang ditampilkan dalam gambar berperan penting dalam memfasilitasi dialog statis berwarna atau hitam putih dalam antar kebudayaan dalam dunia tersebut kerap penceritaan yang serius, kompleks, mengkritisi, dimonopoli oleh kekuatan kalangan yang lebih banyak dalam jumlah, mereka yang lebih kuat dari segi keuangan, atau bahkan oleh kelompok menghibur, atau filosofis seperti halnya pada ras yang dalam perjalanan sejarahnya berasal karya sastra atau film. Meskipun dibesarkan jawara adidaya menjadi sandaran imajinasi dari kelompok yang lebih superior. dalam karya-karya fiksi, karakter-karakter Di negara di mana kelompok warga lagi, dengan jenis yang beragam dan tema- berkulit hitam sering diabaikan atau tidak dan refleksi kebudayaan pembacanya. Terlebih tema yang mengilutrasikan kekuatan-kekuatan diakui dalam hubungannya dengan keberadaan pada jamannya, tidak mengherankan jika atau kontribusi dan perjalanan historis yang kemudian komik menarik perhatian pembaca membanggakan, penikmat karya berkulit dan peneliti. Menyebut beberapa penelitian, hitam justru menjadi kawatir ketika mereka komik dan dan jawara adidaya telah diteliti dalam beberapa perspektif: mitos (Ferrell, ditawarkan dan terus disebarkan namun mengartikulasikan representasi fiktif yang 2000), kejahatan dan kebudayaan (Phillips tidak berkesesuaian. Mereka juga menjadi & Strobl, 2006), identitas nasional (Dittmer, gugup dan berkarut ketika harus bercermin, 2012), perang dan propaganda (Dipaulo, mengeksplorasi, atau mengartikulasikan diri mereka di tengah-tengah kekuatan yang secara 2016) dan pendidikan dan komunikasi hegemonis mendesain dan mengatur pelbagai 2011), artefak kebudayaan (Kapetanović, (Spiegel, McQuillan, Halpin, Matuk, & Diamond, aspek kehidupan mereka. Untuk dengan cepat 2013). Namun demikian, penelitian-penelitian membuktikan hal ini, satu pertanyaan yang tersebut acap kali membahas karakter- kerap diajukan adalah: apa persamaan karakter- karakter jawara adidaya berkulit putih dan karakter jawara adidaya yang termasuk dalam tidak banyak penelitian yang secara khusus karakter komik arus utama (mainstream) membahas karakter-karakter jawara adidaya seperti Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, berkulit hitam. Hulk, dan Spiderman? Mereka semua berkulit Sebagai tambahan penting, karya- putih. Pun ketika penikmat komik yang tidak berkulit putih mencoba mencerna komik- karya kreatif seperti sastra, komik, kartun, film 64 Lingua. Volume XV. Nomor 1. Januari 2019 komik berkarakter jawara adidaya berkulit sebagai suatu usaha untuk dapat berimajinasi, hitam kebingungan adalah keniscayaan. Hal ini menemukan cerminan diri mereka, atau dapat terjadi karena dalam penyajian identitas memenuhi kebutuhan idolisme mereka. dan representasi kelompoknya oleh kelompok lain, baik secara sadar atau tidak sadar, para METODE sutradara/penulis/produse mencekoki Secara umum penelitian ini membahas pembacanya dengan banyak hal yang secara pentingnya komik sebagai karya yang umum justru mengirimkan pesan-pesan sosial memiliki potensi integral untuk menenun dan politis yang negatif atau, paling tidak, tidak narasi imajinatif pembaca dan menawarkan akurat. kemungkinan untuk melihat kepahlawanan Media massa yang juga seharusnya orang-orang berkulit hitam atau ‘Black “extending the rights of individuals and heroism’ seperti yang disebutkan oleh Bernier groups” (Klaus, 2009) tidak secara merata (2012). Secara khusus penelitian ini akan mempraktikkan hal tersebut. Beberapa membahas karakter jawara adidaya bernama informasi yang disajikan media massa Lothar dan Lobo dalam perspektif identitas dan hanya lebih cenderung ke arah penggiringan representasi. Dua karakter ini muncul dalam pendapat yang bermuara pada pembangunan sejarah awal komik Amerika dan diposisikan pemufakatan dan ‘power relations’ (Curran, sebagai karakter-karakter yang dipinggirkan 2012, hal. 110) golongan. Media massa terus Untuk sampai pada tujuan penulisan, menerus menyuguhkan tayangan-tayangan penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif stereotip negatif dari kelompok masyarakat/ analisis yang membahas karakterisasi Lothar etnis/ ras tertentu secara , dan pada waktu dan Lobo melalui konsep-konsep identitas, yang sama menyajikan terlalu sedikit tayangan stereotip ras, dan politik ras dan representasi dari kelompok masyakat tertentu yang lainnya. yang dikaji oleh Plous dan Williams (1995), Kurangnya representasi pada media yang Cosby dan Poussaint (2009), Howard pada umumnya menimpa kelompok minoritas dan Jackson (2013), dan Fields (2018). adalah hasil dari suatu praktik yang dikenal Implementasi metode ini didukung oleh dengan istilah penghancuran/ pengabaian studi pustaka, yang pada praktiknya adalah simbolik atau symbolic annihilation (Gerbner & penelitian kepustakaan yang menganalisis Gross, 1976). data yang terdapat pada Mandrake the Direncanakan atau tidak, rasialisme Magician dan Lobo (terbitan perdana) dan muncul dalam cerita-cerita jawara adidaya menghubungkannya dengan konsep-konsep berkulit hitam dan karakter-karakter berkulit identitas untuk dapat memunculkan tafsiran hitam diciptakan dan disesuaikan dengan cerita dan mendedahkan konsep identitas dan konsep-konsep yang secara historis telah representasi pada komik tersebut. seperti menjadi stereotip yang baku. 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