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Saskatchewan Phanerozoic Fluids and Petroleum Systems Assessment: Hydrogeology and Geothermics Update, 2011

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Saskatchewan Phanerozoic Fluids and Petroleum Systems Assessment: Hydrogeology and Geothermics Update, 2011 Saskatchewan Phanerozoic Fluids and Petroleum Systems Assessment: Hydrogeology and Geothermics Update, 2011 A. Melnik 1, T. Lengyel 1, B. Rostron 1, M. Yurkowski, and S. Whittaker 2 Melnik, A., Lengyel, T., Rostron, B., Yurkowski, M., and Whittaker, S. (2012): Saskatchewan Phanerozoic fluids and petroleum systems assessment: hydrogeology and geothermics update, 2011; in Summary of Investigations 2011, Volume 1, Saskatchewan Geological Survey, Sask. Ministry of Energy and Resources, Saskatchewan Geological Survey, Misc. Rep. 2011-4.1, Paper A-1, 14p. Abstract The Saskatchewan Phanerozoic Fluids and Petroleum Systems (SPFPS) assessment project is an interdisciplinary collaborative project aimed at improving the understanding of hydrocarbon generation, migration, and entrapment in the subsurface of Saskatchewan. Results obtained in 2010/11 for the hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of southwestern Saskatchewan sub-project include: chemical and hydraulic cross sections, hydrochemical facies maps, and density-corrected water-flow maps. For the Saskatchewan geothermics sub-project, results include: development of a new thermostratigraphic framework for Saskatchewan, compilation of a province-wide geothermal database of temperature data (BHT, DST, TEMPL, and WPS measurements), and development and testing of a methodology for integrating/mapping the different temperature data types. Keywords: SPFPS, hydrochemistry, hydrogeology, geothermics, maps, cross sections, fluid flow, temperature, data. 1. Introduction The Saskatchewan Phanerozoic Fluids and Petroleum Systems (SPFPS) assessment project, initiated in 2009, is a five-year interdisciplinary collaborative project aimed at improving the understanding of hydrocarbon generation, migration, and entrapment in the subsurface of Saskatchewan. Compilation and interpretation of previously existing and new data will facilitate more accurate subsurface resource assessments by government and industry, formulation of ongoing exploration and development strategies, and further evaluation of Saskatchewan’s CO2 storage capacity. The SPFPS program has been outlined previously (Whittaker et al., 2009), and consists of several multi-disciplinary studies: stratigraphy, regional hydrogeology, regional geothermics, petroleum geochemistry, and quantitative analysis of petroleum generation and migration. Results obtained by the University of Alberta and previously reported (Melnik et al., 2010) have included preliminary hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of deep aquifers in southwest Saskatchewan. This paper presents an update on University of Alberta studies of the regional hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of southwestern Saskatchewan, and the geothermics of Saskatchewan. 2. Regional Hydrogeology and Hydrochemistry of Southwestern Saskatchewan a) Study Overview Petroleum migration studies, geothermal energy exploration and development, assessment of CO2 sequestration potential, and groundwater management and allocation all require the knowledge of regional hydrogeology. Previous studies have provided an overview of the regional hydrogeology in Saskatchewan (Bachu and Hitchon, 1996), and as part of the SPFPS project, this study will provide an updated and more detailed hydrogeological characterization of the southwestern portion of Saskatchewan (Townships 1 to 38, Ranges 12 to 30W3; Figure 1). Tasks include: 1) Developing a hydrostratigraphic framework based on: geologic framework provided by Saskatchewan Ministry of Energy and Resources (SMER); scientific literature; data availability and quality; and previous regional hydrogeological studies in the province (e.g., Khan, 2006; Palombi, 2008). Twelve major aquifers have been identified (Figure 2). 2) Mapping and characterizing formation-water chemistry and fluid flow for each aquifer using the developed hydrostratigraphic framework. 1 University of Alberta, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T2G 2E3. 2 Petroleum Technology Research Centre, 6 Research Drive, Regina, SK S4S 7J7. Saskatchewan Geological Survey 1 Summary of Investigations 2011, Volume 1 s A A' SASKATCHEWAN Ed ge o f ALBERTA Pr ec a m MANITOBA b r i an Sh ield Edmonton South Calgary Saskatoon River Regina Winnipeg MONTANA NORTH DAKOTA Helena Bismarck Cypress Hills Williston Basin outline Previously mapped detailed hydrogeology (Khan, 2006; Palombi, 2008) This study 0 10 20 30 40 50 miles 0 10 20 30 40 50 kilometres UTM Projection NAD 83 Figure 1 – Illustrated on the map on the right are the locations of the SPFPS study area in southwestern Saskatchewan, and of other areas covered by University of Alberta hydrogeological studies in the Williston Basin. Shown on the left is a topographic map of the SPFPS study area, together with the location of cross-section A-A' (Figures 3 and 6), and locations of areas A and B for which pressure-elevation plots are presented (Figure 7). 3) Identifying regions of, and quantifying, density-dependent flow. 4) Delineating preferential flow paths and examining their influence on hydrocarbon migration and entrapment. Melnik et al. (2010) presented initial results including total dissolved solids (TDSs) and fresh-water flow maps from selected aquifers in southwestern Saskatchewan. This paper presents additional results from the hydrogeological characterization including: density-corrected water-flow maps, TDSs and hydraulic-head cross sections, pressure- elevation plots, and hydrochemical facies maps for selected aquifers. Preliminary interpretation of the regional fluid flow of southwestern Saskatchewan based on these results is briefly discussed in this paper. For the final stage of the project, this study will be merged with existing hydrogeological studies (Figure 1) completed by the University of Alberta’s Hydrogeology Group (e.g., Khan, 2006; Palombi, 2008) to produce a complete hydrogeological characterization of Saskatchewan. b) Methodology Data Collection and Processing Data utilized in this study consist of: a) extrapolated formation pressures obtained from drill stem tests (DSTs), and b) water chemistry analyses from DSTs and production tests. The data were compiled into a Microsoft® Excel spreadsheet from commercially available sources (AccuMap®, geoSCOUT™, Geovista, and GeoFluids). Additional data for the Belly River aquifer were obtained from the Saskatchewan Watershed Authority and integrated into the spreadsheet. Pressure and chemistry data were allocated (‘interval-tested’) into the corresponding formations (Khan, 2006; Palombi, 2008) based on the geological framework provided by SMER. Data were culled for poor quality and Saskatchewan Geological Survey 2 Summary of Investigations 2011, Volume 1 production-influenced pressures Era System Lithostratigraphy Hydrostratigraphy (e.g., after Toth and Corbet, Quaternary 1986; Barson, 1993; Rostron, 1994) and contaminated Tertiary chemical water samples (e.g., Cenozoic Hitchon and Brulotte, 1994) to Bearpaw Formation BEARPAW AQUITARD ensure that only values Belly River Group BELLY RIVER AQUIFER SYSTEM representative of in situ Lea Park to base conditions were used in further Second White Specks COLORADO SHALES AQUITARD analyses. Only 20% of the Cretaceous Belle Fourche to base Westgate original data were utilized in this Viking Formation VIKING AQUIFER study; the final number of data Joli Fou Formation JOLI FOU AQUITARD points in each aquifer is Mesozoic Mannville Group UPPER MANNVILLE AQUIFER SYSTEM summarized in Table 1. Success LOWER MANNVILLE AQUIFER SYSTEM Roseray Vanguard Group RIERDON / RUSH LAKE AQUITARD Data Analysis Jurassic Shaunavon Formation SHAUNAVON AQUIFER SYSTEM Gravelbourg Formation WATROUS / GRAVELBOURG AQUITARD Triassic Watrous Formation TDSs, i.e., the sum of all cations Permian and anions, and ionic species Pennsylvanian percentages were calculated for each data point and mapped. In MISSISSIPPIAN situ formation water densities Madison AQUIFER SYSTEM Mississippian were estimated to be Group incorporated in further analyses. Bakken Formation Freshwater hydraulic heads were Big Valley/Torquay Formation TORQUAY / BIG VALLEY AQUITARD calculated using: Birdbear Formation BIRDBEAR AQUIFER Duperow Formation DUPEROW AQUIFER Devonian 1 Souris River Formation MANITOBA AQUIFER Dawson Bay Formation SYSTEM Paleozoic Prairie Evap. PRAIRIE EVAPORITE AQUICLUDE where: is the hydraulic head, Winnipegosis Formation WINNIPEGOSIS AQUIFER is the extrapolated (true) Ashern Formation ASHERN AQUITARD formation pressure, is the water 3 Silurian Interlake Formation density (1000 kg/m ), is the Stonewall Formation ORDO-SILURIAN gravitational constant, and is Stony Mountain Formation AQUIFER SYSTEM the recorder elevation (m). Ordovician Red River Formation This study uses water driving UPPER DEADWOOD AQUITARD Deadwood Formation Cambrian forces (WDFs) (Davis, 1987) to BASAL DEADWOOD AQUIFER investigate density-dependent + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Precambrian + + + + Precambrian + + + + + + PRECAMBRIAN AQUITARD flow in southwestern + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Saskatchewan, a parameter not SANDSTONE CARBONATE RED BEDS often considered in previous AQUIFER regional studies. WDFs and SHALE EVAPORITE + + PRECAMBRIAN AQUITARD freshwater gradients were calculated using Equation (2) and GAS/OIL UNCONFORMITIES plotted as vectors. Figure 2 – Lithostratigraphy (modified from Saskatchewan Ministry of Energy and Resources, 2011) and corresponding hydrostratigraphy of strata in southwestern ∆ Saskatchewan from the Bearpaw Formation to basement. Units above the
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