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The Presence of Virtue Ethics in the Thought of Karol Wojtyła/John Paul II

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The Presence of Virtue Ethics in the Thought of Karol Wojtyła/John Paul II THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA The Presence of Virtue Ethics in the Thought of Karol Wojtyła/John Paul II A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of the School of Theology and Religious Studies Of The Catholic University of America In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Doctor of Philosophy © Copyright All Rights Reserved Paweł Tomczyk Washington, D.C. 2017 The Presence of Virtue Ethics in the Thought of Karol Wojtyła/John Paul II Paweł Tomczyk, Ph.D. Director: John S. Grabowski, Ph.D. The last fifty years have seen an impressive revival of interest in virtue ethics. Many prominent figures, including Catholic theologians, have contributed to the restoration of the pivotal role of virtues in Christian moral life. Unfortunately, Wojtyła/John Paul II is rarely considered one of them. The Polish philosopher and Pope is often credited with reconnecting Scriptures and philosophy with morals, but not with using virtues as a central category for moral reflection. This dissertation argues that such an interpretation is inaccurate. A careful analysis of Wojtyła/John Paul II’s writings suggests that there is, in fact, virtue ethic operative in his work. One can come to the conclusion that the key elements of virtue ethics are essential to the overall coherence of his moral system. The study offers a comparison of the traditional account of virtue theory, as developed by Aristotle and Aquinas, with the writings of Wojtyła/John Paul II. It identifies the basic ideas and concepts which are considered essential for the building of comprehensive virtue ethics, and then determines their presence in the writings of the Polish philosopher and Pope. The results of the investigation point to Wojtyła/John Paul II’s deep appreciation for the virtue-centered approach to morality. Although often scattered and disorganized, the references to virtues and other virtue-related concepts are frequent and intentional. The virtues, according to Wojtyła/John Paul II, are essential for developing the good moral character and are indispensable for effectively pursuing authentic moral good. Even though the moral theology of the Polish philosopher and Pope resists being unequivocally virtue-centered, much of its character coheres with the traditional model of morality inspired by virtues. By locating the key elements of virtue ethics in the writings of Wojtyła/John Paul II, the study ultimately shows that the contribution of the Polish philosopher and Pope to the broader renewal of moral theology is greater than previously thought. This dissertation by Paweł Tomczyk fulfills the dissertation requirement for the Docto of Philosophy degree in Moral Theology/Ethics and is approved by John S. Grabowski, Ph.D., as Director, and by Paul Scherz, Ph.D., and Thomas Petri, O.P., S.T.D., as Readers. ______________________________________ John S. Grabowski, Ph.D., Director ______________________________________ Paul Scherz, Ph.D., Reader ______________________________________ Thomas Petri, O.P., S.T.D., Reader ii Table of Contents General Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter One: The Influence of Thomism .............................................................................. 13 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 13 1. The Thomism of Karol Wojtyła ........................................................................................................... 14 1.1. Seminary Years (1942-1946) .......................................................................................................... 14 1.2. Studies in Rome (1946-1948) ......................................................................................................... 15 1.3. Parish Priest (1948-1951) ............................................................................................................... 17 1.4. Habilitation Thesis (1951-1954) .................................................................................................... 18 1.5. Professor at Lublin (1954-1960) .................................................................................................... 20 1.6. Love and Responsibility (1960) ..................................................................................................... 25 1.7. The Second Vatican Council (1962-1968) ................................................................................... 27 1.8. Osoba i Czyn (1969) ....................................................................................................................... 29 1.9. After Osoba i czyn (1970-1978) .................................................................................................... 32 2. The Thomism of John Paul II .............................................................................................................. 33 2.1. Theology of the Body (1979-84) ................................................................................................... 34 2.2. Speech at the Angelicum (1979) .................................................................................................... 37 2.3. Address to the Eighth International Thomistic Congress (1980) ............................................ 38 2.4. Laborem Exercens (1981) .............................................................................................................. 40 2.5. Veritatis Splendor (1993) ................................................................................................................ 41 2.6. Crossing of the Threshold of Hope (1994) ................................................................................. 44 2.7. Fides et Ratio (1998) ....................................................................................................................... 45 2.8. Inter Munera Academiarum (1999) .............................................................................................. 47 2.9. Christian Humanism in the Third Millennium (2003) ............................................................... 47 2.10. Memory and Identity (2005) ........................................................................................................ 48 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................... 49 Chapter Two: The Key Elements in Aristotelian-Thomistic Virtue Theory .......................... 51 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 51 1. Eudaimonia .............................................................................................................................................. 52 1.1. Nature in Search for Happiness .................................................................................................... 53 1.2. Human Action in the Pursuit of Happiness ................................................................................ 57 1.3. Happiness in the General Sense .................................................................................................... 58 1.4. Happiness in the Specific Sense .................................................................................................... 62 2. Habit ......................................................................................................................................................... 66 2.1. The Nature of Habit ....................................................................................................................... 67 2.2. Good Operative Habit .................................................................................................................... 72 2.3. The Mean of Virtue ......................................................................................................................... 74 3. Prudence ................................................................................................................................................... 77 3.1. Practical Reasoning and Human Action ...................................................................................... 77 3.2. Prudence and Skills: Virtues in Need of Prudence ..................................................................... 82 3.3. Cleverness vs. Prudence: Prudence in Need of Moral Virtues ................................................. 85 3.4. The Unity of Virtues: Virtues in Need of One Another ........................................................... 89 4. Virtues and Emotions.......................................................................................................................... 103 4.1. The Positive Attitude toward Emotions ................................................................................... 104 4.2. The Relationship between the Virtues and Emotions ............................................................ 109 iii 5. Virtues and Grace ................................................................................................................................ 111 5.1. Theological Virtues ...................................................................................................................... 111 5.2. Acquired vs. Infused Virtues .....................................................................................................
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