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The Great Middle East Empires

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The Great Middle East Empires 1 The Middle East Empires MES 20 Reflections on the Middle East Prof. Hesham Issa Mohammed Abdelaal History and Conflicts 2 Ethnical Classification This Lecture will use Ethnical Classification to Explain the great empires of the middle east from the seven century to the Eighteen century. S02.key - September 18, 2014 3 Related current events: September 10th, 2014: Obama authorize the Air attack on ISIS September 16t, 2014 Dempsey Testify to senate on ISIS: There will be ground forces as advisors. Who is ISIS? How the historical analysis of this lecture contribute to the current conflict? 4 • Lecture and Reading Intent outcomes: In this lecture • Knowledge • List the name of Empires in the Middle East from The Middle East empires 632-1700 1.Arabs: The Rise of Islamic Civilization ·The Islam Expansion During Muhammed and the four Caliphs • Summarize the Development of the Islamic ·The Umayyad Empire ·The Abbasid Empire civilisation. 2.Turkic: Ottoman Empire • Comprehension 3.Persian: Safavid Empire • Explain the raise and fall of many Middle East empires. • Identify the origin of ethnic groups of the later modern Middle East • Synthesis • Relate many contemporary Middle east issues to many historical facts and incidents. S02.key - September 18, 2014 7 • After the first four Rashidun (People of Wisdom) caliphs, the Umayyad Caliphate became the dominant force in Islam • The Umayyad's moved the capital to Damascus (modern Syria) and began to act more like European (Byzantine) rulers Arabs: The Islamic Empire The spread of Islam 8 Early Islamic Expansion: • Muhammad had not appointed a successor before he died in 632 • He had not even established a procedure by which to appoint/elect/ pass leadership. • Opinion in Muslim community is deeply divided as to who shall lead next • The leader who would succeed him would be known as the Rashidun caliphs, the political and religious successor to Muhammad. - First Rashidun Caliph 632–634 Abu Bakr Alsadeeq - Second Rashidun Caliph 634–644 Umar Ibn Alkhatab - Third Rashidun Caliph 644–656 Uthman Ibn Affan - Fourth Rashidun Caliph 656–661 Ali Ibn Abi Talib S02.key - September 18, 2014 Arabs: The Islamic Empire The spread of Islam 9 Reasons of islam Expansion success to the end of the Fourth caliphs • The unify under the religion of faith. • Exhaustion of Rome and Persia • End of a 400 year war • Nationalist sentiments in the Egyptian and Assrayan kingdoms. • Arguments among Christian factions. • Speed and size of Muslim armies. • Simplicity and uncomplicated nature of Islam. • Acceptance of the Old and New Testament of People of the Book. After the Fourth caliphs • After Ali the fourth caliphs and the last of Rashidun, the Umayyad Caliphate became the Jerusalem and Islam 10 Why Jerusalem is Important to Muslims: The Siege of Jerusalem was part of a military conflict which took place in the year 637 between the Byzantine Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate. S02.key - September 18, 2014 Jerusalem and Islam 11 For Muslims Al-Aqsa Mosque • A small prayer house built by the Rashidun caliph Umar, where it is believe that the prophet Mohamed night Transported from the Sacred Mosque in Mecca to al-Aqsa during the Night Journey. • It was the 1st led prayers towards this site until the seventeenth month after the emigration, when God directed him to turn towards the Kaaba • It Becomes the First Islamic empire capital after Mecca-and - Madinah under Maawiya Ibn Sofian the Umayyad caliph Jerusalem and Islam 12 For Jewish • Solomon's Temple, also known as the First Temple, was the Holy Temple (Hebrew: n ancient Jerusalem, on the Temple Mount in the same site of Al-aqsa Mosque before its destruction by Nebuchadnezzar II after the Siege of Jerusalem of 587 BCE. • There is no direct archaeological evidence for the existence of Solomon's Temple S02.key - September 18, 2014 The Sunnah and Shia 13 Sunni The Development of the Islamic Civilization • Those who remained loyal to the Umayyad are called Sunni (means Majority) • Sunni make up over 85% of Muslims today The Sunnah and Shia 14 How the division of Sunnah and Shia created: The Development of the Islamic Civilization • Spark of violence: Murder of the 3rd caliph, Uthman Who was a decent of Bnu Umayyad tribe , by warriors returning from Egypt • His death was the signal for the supporters of Ali the decent of Bnu Hashim tribe, Muhammad tribe, to proclaim him as caliph • Uthman had not been popular among many tribes, especially the early followers, because he was the first caliph chosen from the Umayyad clan. • Umayyad tribe reject Ali’s claims • Mawayah Ibn Sofian in 660- proclaimed leader (caliph) in Jerusalem • Directly challenges Ali’s position • In 661- Ali assassinated • From this point on Sunnis- back the Umayyad and Shi’a- supporters of Ali/anti-Umayyad S02.key - September 18, 2014 The Sunnah and Shia 15 Shia Believes, • Ali, was Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law and he should be the successor and the first caliph after Muhammed Death. He became the fourth Rashidun caliph, but was assassinated by Umayyad. • There were some Muslims who believed the Umayyad’s were corrupting Islam • One of those was Ali’s son (Muhammad’s grandson), Hussein who refused to pay allegiance to the Umayyad. • At the Battle of Karbala, Hussein was beheaded • The people who were loyal to Hussein believed that the caliph should be a descendent of Muhammad • They are called Shi’a (Shiite) – means “Party of Ali” • Almost all of them live in South-east Iraq and Iran • Karbala is a holy site to which they pilgrimage today Umayyad Caliphate 16 • Umayyad conquests reached: The Umayyads ruled 661- 750 CE • Middle East • Persia • North Africa • Spain and Portugal • Afghanistan and Pakistan • Stopped by the Franks in 732 or they would have taken Europe. • Damascus was the Capital • Only Muslim Arabs were first class citizens S02.key - September 18, 2014 The Abbasid Caliphate 19 The Islamic Empire Golden Age The Abbasid Caliphate • The golden Age of Islam, Abbasid Caliphate • Seed Of Rebellions against Umayyad led by Abu al- `Abbās `Abdu'llāh ibn Muhammad as-Saffāḥ, • During the reign of late Umayyad Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik this unrest led to revolt in Kufa • In 750’s 50,000 Muslim warriors had settled in Iran and intermarried with the local people. • Damascus seemed very distant to them. • They considered the Umayyan elite corrupt and decadent. • They called themselves the Abbasid after Muhammad’s uncle al-Abbas – they picked up the support of Ali’s supporters and the Mawali The Abbasid Caliphate 20 The abbasid Development of Arabic text and calligraphy: • Abou Alabas Alsafah developed the Kufi with Diacritic dots and accent • The New Abbasid Style (NS) began at the end of the 9th century and was used for copying the Qur'an until the 12th centuries, and maybe even as late as the 13th century. Unlike manuscripts copied in Early Abbasid scripts, NS manuscripts Kufi Manuscripts from 2nd century H had vertical formats. • During this time, Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi (died 786) Ma‘ili manuscript from 1st century H devised a tashkil system to replace that of Abu al-Aswad. His system has been universally used since the early 11th century, and includes six diacritical marks: fatha (a), damma (u), kasra (i), sukun (vowel-less), shadda (double consonant), madda (vowel prolongation; applied to the alif) • Another central figure during this time was Abū Bakr b. Mud̲ jā̲ hid (died 324/936). His goal was to restrict the number of reliable readings and accept only those based on a fairly uniform consonantal text. S02.key - September 18, 2014 The Abbasid Caliphate 21 The abbasid Development of Arabic text and calligraphy: • He chose seven well-known Qur'an teachers of the 2nd/8th century and declared that their readings all had divine authority, which the others lacked. He based this on the popular ḥadīth̲ ̲ in which Muhammad says the Qur'an was revealed to him in “seven aḥruf”. During this time there was strong 7th century The Arabic Kufi 9th century Qur'an, an early consisted of about 17 letters kufic example from the Qur'anic traditions in Kūfa, Baṣra, Medina, Damascus, without diacritic dots or accents Abbasid period. and Mecca. The Abbasid Caliphate 22 The abbasid Development of Arabic text and calligraphy: • Perhaps the most predominant style of Arabic calligraphy, the Thuluth Style was created in the Abbasid period. This style was used particularly when writing official documents of the king or Sultan. • The style may have gotten it’s name “thuluth” (“a third”) because the thuluth writing was about one third of the size of the other well known The New Abbasid Style Naskh and Thulth contemporary writing style. As depicted in the picture to the right, the script is a combination of lines & curves, a cursive flow, and intricate proportions. Some still consider it the most vital of all the ornamental scripts today. S02.key - September 18, 2014 The Islamic Civilization 29 30 Ottomans The raise of the Ottoman Empire 1299 (AC) • The Osman Turks started on the Anatolian Peninsula in Turkey. • They started on land granted them by the Seljuk Turks. • They were a pastoral and peaceful people at the start. • As the Seljuk Turks began to decline, the Osman began to expand, and the Ottoman dynasty began. • In the 14th century, the Ottomans moved into the Balkans. • They took the title of sultan and began to build a strong military by developing the “janissaries.” • Janissary were an elite military guard recruited from Christians, converted to Islam, and trained as foot soldiers or administrators to the sultan. S02.key - September 18, 2014 31 Siege to the city of Constantinople.
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