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NOBLE WORKERS and UGLY OERL.ORDS Class and Politics in The NOBLE WORKERS AND UGLY OERL.ORDS Class and Politics in the Editorial Cartoons of Three Toronto Newspapen During the Early 1930s Bv SCOTT CUNSTON VOKEY Queen's University Kingston, Ontario, Canada Septembzr, 1993 Copyright O Scott Kinston Vokry. 199s. National Library Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive pennettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loaq distn'bute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thése sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts f?om it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiek may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.............................................................. iv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION.................................................... 1 CHMER TWO:PRUDENT WORKERS AND BIG BUSINESS CHISELERS: THE REPRESEWATION OF CLASS AND POLTICS.. ......................... -32 CHAPTER THREE:FLOWERS FOR THE DEAD,NEGLECT FOR THE LIVTNG: UNEiMPLOYMENT, RELIEF, AND OTKER CLASS-EhBEDDED ISSUES.. .................................................. -6 CHAPTER FOUR: TOP WTS, WALKING STICKS, AND DEAL WOMEN: CARICATURES OF INDIVIDUAL POLITTCIANS AND OTHER SOCIAL GROLT S.................................................................................... -94 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION.................................................... 133 FIRST APPENDIX: Map of Toronto Neighbourhoods.. ........................... 147 SECOSD APPENDIX: The Telegram's 1930 election pamphlet................ .148 THIRD APPENDIX: Relief Regiaration Form.. .................................... 1 52 FOüRTH APPENDIX: Suggestions for Further Research.. ....................... 1 53 - - BIBLIOGRAPHY.. ...................................................................... lx During the earIy 1930s Toronto, like the rest of the courury, was mired in the mÏdst of an econornic crisis so dom that it forever altered the socio-economic and political order of bvth societies. During the Great Depression the normal mains between the different classes, political social and ethnic goups were severely aggravated, rdting in physical and emotional conflicts, as well as the solidification of geographical divisions or ghettos within the city. These antagonisms were clearly evident in the editonal cartoons of the Evening Telegram, Toronto Star. and The Worker. The rnanner in *ch these crises marrifested themseives hothe intense ideological and class conflicts of the period was exemplified in the cartoons of Toronto's three polemically opposed newspapers: the Telegram, Slm, and Worker. The editorial cartoons of the three papers contained political, economic, gender, racial, and unkpdy urbm Toronto elements and bisses tbt refleeted the contemporary socio-economic, political, and cultural order, as well as the artists' own set of prejudices and stylistic codes. These codes and biases were inhefently political and were inevitably linked to the class basis and belief systerns of their newspapers' staffand target audieme- This project focuses on what the content and the code of the editorial cartoons of the Tekgram, Star, end Wwkrr disclose about Toronto, adthe larger Canadian society during the early 1930s. The cartoons demonarate that there were distinct visions ofthe different dasm, ethic groups, genders, politicians, political doctrines and parties, as well as the significant issues of the day. These difierences were a reçult ofthe phical and class basis of each pctper: bec= they respectively represented the conservative, liberal, and radical press within the eity, the Telegram, Star, aiid Wmkw ge~erally eddressed theire conceni3 in ways consistent with their political tenets. The resultant cartoon clash represented one example of the battk of legitirnation within the media of a given society. This thesis was completed with the indispensable asustance of fàmil y, friends, colleagues, Memonal and Queen's Universities, as well as other mdmduals and wgttnkatiOh4. My supenkor Dr. Bryan Palmer, has strongly influencrd my academic perspective and has functioned as an ideal mentor by showing me the path and allowing me the personal autonomy to learn nom the expenence. His intellectual guidance and persona1 challenges were only matched by his deep sense of empathy and hk hand of f%endship. Similady, Dr. Gerald Tulchinsky exemplified both the ideal pedagogue and the philanthropie sage, showkg an inipett~)~4gming man the true meaning of wisdom ïhe embodiment of integrity and diligence, both men only offered support and encouragement when I fded to do the same. A Merthanks is exîended to Dr. Gregory Kealey and the naat LabdLe Travail who peaked my interest in this area and have eontnKlously acted as niendiy allies. My coHeaguesktheMAprogramme,h Carneron, Amanda Crocker, Erin Melvin, and David Regeczi among others, offered unfailingly open ears, h+fbl advice, as weil as the more important gifts of compassion and fkiendship. Their personal and professional aid played a very important role in the completion of tk project. My f&y, e4 dways, Mpteyeda vital rote in enabhg nie to punue my audies and to survive a personally trying year. Although they have not dways understood exactly what prompted me to wander down this road each and every one of them never failed to offer encouragement at just the rigbt moment. My parent's direct ciue and cormm was only edipsed b y their position aç honest, diligent, exemplary role models; whiie my sisters and their families were also quite kind and considerrite to their k off punwsibling. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ne Workr 20 June 193 1 The Worker 7 January 1933 131e Worker 23 December 1933........................ TororrtoStar 30 October 1933 TorontaStnr HlJune 1933 ............................................... ktween50-51. Evetlhg Telegram 29 November 1930 Evmirig Telegram 25 Qril 1932. ...................................... .between 5 1-52. The Worker 8 Apd 1933................................................ .benveen 53-54. Evenirzg Telegram 20 July 1 932 Tomm Srar 7 December 1929. ......................................... between 54-5 5. Evenitzg Telegram 9 Jul y 1 93 3 Evening Telegram 14 August 1 93 3 ...................................... between 75-76. Torobzto Star 24 April 1 93 0 ToronfoSm 29 September 1932.. ...................................... between 76-77. me Worker 17 Decernber 1932 me Worker 22 March 1 93 0 7he Worker 4 April 193 1 The Worker 8 .Jdy 1933. .............................................. ..-berneen78-79 Toror~toStar 24 September 193 1 îororilo Sfm 16 September 1 932......................................... between 80-8 1 . Evettitzg Telegram 9 October 1930 Everzhzg Telegram 1 4 Apri 1 Everzing Telegram 27 November 193 0.. ................................between 8 1 -82. The Worker 26 April 1930 17te Worker 30 Decernber 1 932. ....................................... between 85-86. Toroilto Star 1 8 September 1 929 TororzfoStar 17 January 1933 Toronto Sm 1 9 September 193 3 ....................................... between 87-88. Evetzitg Telegram 1 5 August 1 929 Eveniizg Telegrmn 24 January 193 1 Evetzi~gTelegram 1 1 May 1932. ...................................... .between 90-9 1. Evenirrg Telegram 23 April 1933 Evenitzg Tekgram 13 December 1 93 0.....-...................am...... between 120- 12 1. Toronto Star 9 April 1930 Toronlo Slar 20 Apd 193 1 .......................................... ..berneen 17 1- 127. Toronto Star 29 March 1932. ....................................... between 122- 123. The Worker 2 1 February 193 1 71re Worker 9 Apd 193 2............................................. between 174- 1 25. Evening Telegram 29 March 1 93 2 Evenhg Telegram 20 October 1933 Toronto Star 6 Apnl 193 1 ............................................ .between 127- 138. Toronto Stca 13 January 1933 ......................................... between 129-130. ne Worker I 1 October 1930 The Wwker 19 November 1932,...................................... between 130- 13 1 The Worker 3 December 1932 The Worker 24 December 1933....................................... between 13 2- 13 3. Evening Telegram 3 0 November 1 93 3 Everzing Telegram 27 December 1933 Evenirg Telegram 12 January 1933 .................................. between 1 33- 134. Tororrto Sm27 December 1929 TororzfoSm 4 January 1 93 2.. ....................................... between 134- 1 3 5. Torortro Star 1 1 October 1930 Tororzto Star 27 December 1930...................................... between 13 5- 13 6. Evenb~gTelegram 19 December 193 1 Evetzing Telegram 23 December 1 93 0 Evenh~gTelegram 27 December 1929 Everrilzg Telegram 10 December 1 93 0................................ between i 3 6- 13 7. ABBREWATIONS AFL-herican Federation of Labor Ald.-*!derUm CCF-Co-operative Commonwealth Federat ion CLDGCanadian Labour Defence League CPC-Communist Party of Canada CLP-Canadian
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