Chapter 27: Glossary

A Division service One of the two types of train service in the NYCT subway system. A Division has its origin in the Interborough Rapid Transit (IRT) company. These vehicles are 51 feet long and 10 feet wide. Most of the A Division lines operate with 10-car trains, except the Flushing (7) line, which regularly operates 11-car trains, and the No. 3 line on the Seventh Avenue line, which operates 9-car trains. All of the A Division lines are labeled with numbers. A Division tunnels were built to smaller specifications than those for B Division and, in general, the lines were built so that their rights-of-way conformed to city streets. A-weighting The system of modifying measured sound pressure levels to simulate the actual response of the human ear to different sound frequencies. AADT Average annual daily traffic, or the total volume passing a point or segment of a roadway, in both directions, for one year, divided by the number of days in the year. Accessibility A measure of the ability or ease of all people to travel among various origins and destinations. ADT Average daily traffic, the amount of traffic using a roadway segment over a typical weekday. AFC Automated fare collection. Air pollution The presence of unwanted material in the air in sufficient amount and under such circumstances as to interfere signifi- cantly with human comfort, health, or welfare, or with full use and enjoyment of property. National and state ambient air quality standards identify pollutant concentrations not to be exceeded over a specified time. Alignment A route of a railroad, highway, or fixed guideway transit. Alternate side parking To permit street cleaning, motorists in posted areas are re- regulations quired to move their car to the “alternate” side of the street on specified days of the week (e.g., Monday and Thursday) and for specified periods of time on those days (e.g., 8-11 AM).

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AM peak period Peak morning travel period (usually from 7 AM to 10 AM). Ambient air quality A physical and chemical measure of the concentration of various pollutants in the outside air, usually determined over a specified time period (e.g., 1 hour, 8 hours). Area of Potential Effect Area of potential effect. As defined by 36 CFR Part 800 (APE) (which contains regulations of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation), these are the geographic area or areas within which an undertaking may cause changes in the character of use of historic properties, if any such properties exist. Arterial Signalized streets that serve primarily through traffic and provide access to abutting properties as a secondary function. Articulated bus A bus with more than one segment. B Division service One of the two types of train service in the NYCT subway system. B Division has its origin in two separate systems, the BMT and the IND, which were built to similar specifications and use similar rolling stock. B Division lines are labeled with letters instead of numbers. B Division vehicles are longer than A Division vehicles (60 or 75 feet in length, as opposed to 51 feet), and are wider (9 feet 9 inches, as opposed to 8 feet 9.5 inches) and heavier than A Division trains. B&T Bridge and Tunnels, a division of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Base year The first year of a planning or forecast period and the year for which existing conditions are assessed. The base year of the planning period for the Manhattan East Side Transit Al- ternatives study is 1995. BID Business Improvement District. BMT Brooklyn Manhattan Transit, one of the two privately operated subway companies that operated in New York City in the late 19th and early 20th century. The Brooklyn- Manhattan Transit Corporation, formerly the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, or BRT, merged with the IRT and IND in 1940 to form one unified system. The BMT routes (now B Division, I) include the J, L, M, N, and Z lines, the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, and portions of the B, D, F, Q, and R lines. BPC Battery Park City.

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Broadway Line The N and R subway routes that enter Manhattan from Queens at the Lexington Avenue/59th Street station and provide service to the Fifth Avenue/59th Street station in East Midtown. These trains then enter West Midtown, traveling along Broadway. South of the 23rd Street/Broadway station, service on the Broadway line parallels the Lexington Avenue line as it continues through the Lower East Side and Lower Manhattan. Build Alternative 1 One of the options analyzed in this MIS/DEIS. Build Alter- native 1 includes a new subway line on the East Side of Manhattan, extending from 125th Street to 63rd Street predominantly under Second Avenue and then continuing southward to Lower Manhattan primarily on the currently unused N and R line express tracks. Build Alternative 2 One of the options analyzed in this MIS/DEIS. Build Alternative 2 includes the new subway proposed in Build Alternative 1 (see above) and a new light rail system on the Lower East Side, extending between 14th Street and Lower Manhattan. Build year The year for which traffic and population projections have been made and transportation needs analyzed; 2020 is the Build year for this project. Bus lane A traffic lane for primary or exclusive use by commuter buses. Bus bunching The situation that occurs when later buses catch up to de- layed buses, so that they all arrive in a bunch at the next bus stop. CAAA Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (see below). Canal Street Flip As part of Build Alternative 1, the N and R subway tracks at the Canal Street station would have to be modified to allow express trains onto the local tracks and local trains onto the express tracks. By making this switch (called the “Canal Street flip”), the Second Avenue subway trains would connect directly to Lower Manhattan, with no transfer required.

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Capacity The physical ability of a transportation system, or any of its elements, to carry travelers from one point to another. For streets, capacity refers to the maximum number of vehicles that can pass through their intersections with other streets. Capacities are typically calculated on an hourly basis and expressed in passenger car equivalents per hour (pcph). For subways, capacity is expressed as trains per hour (tph). Capital costs The cost of designing, constructing, purchasing equipment (e.g., vehicles), and implementing a transit system. Catenary power system An electric power system and overhead contact wire that is supported from one or more longitudinal wires or cables used to provide a power source for vehicles via a pantograph (contact mechanism) on the roof of the vehicle. CBD Central business district (see below). CBTC Communication based train control system (see below). Central Business District The primary downtown area of a city, or an area of concen- (CBD) trated retail activity. Also characterized by high land valuation and traffic flow. Manhattan has two CBDs: Midtown and Lower Manhattan. CEQR City Environmental Quality Review, the local New York City law set forth by Executive Order No. 91 of 1977, governing environmental review for actions undertaken by New York City agencies. CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980. CFR Code of Federal Regulations. Clean Air Act Amend- A federal law enacted in 1990 that places new federal con- ments (CAAA) of trols on all sources of air pollution, including mobile sources 1990 (automobiles). The CAAA includes an implementation stra- tegy and establishes air quality improvement requirements. CMAQ Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality, a program set forth in the federal Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) and continued in the 1998 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) that provides funding for projects that help meet the requirements of the Clean Air Act. CMS Congestion Management System. CO Carbon monoxide.

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Communication based A system of subway line signals that uses computers and an train controls (CBTC) independent communication network to determine safe train separation and permissible speeds of following trains. Cordon An imaginary line drawn around an area, usually used to de- fine an area being studied or an area through which traffic volumes are being counted or surveyed. In the MESA study, this is the same as the “screenline.” CPC New York City’s City Planning Commission. Cross over An arrangement of track switches that enable a train to cross from one track to another. CTPP Census-Transportation Planning Package. CTTS Comprehensive Telephone Travel Survey. Cut and cover A tunnel construction technique in which a tunnel is dug ver- tically from the street level downward, and a roof is then constructed above the site. dB Decibel, a unit of sound level. dBA A-weighted decibel. A sound pressure level that incorporates the human ear’s sensitivity to pitch. DCP New York City Department of City Planning. De minimis criteria The minimum incremental increase in 8-hour average carbon monoxide levels that constitutes a significant adverse air quality impact as defined by New York City. Deadhead train A train movement that does not carry passengers. DEC New York City Department of Environmental Conservation. Decibel The unit for measuring noise, which is 10 times the logarithm of the ratio of the sound pressure squared to a standard re- ference pressure squared. Deep bore tunneling Any tunnel construction technique in which the tunnel is excavated far below the ground surface, without excavation of the ground surface above. DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement. DEP New York City Department of Environmental Protection. Determination of The decision of the State Historic Preservation Officer Eligibility (SHPO) on whether properties or resources are qualified for the State and/or National Register of Historic Places.

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Direct fixation A system of track construction whereby the rail is fixed directly to a concrete bed without the use of crossties and stone ballast. Dual Contract Pair of contracts signed by the City of New York in 1913 for the construction of subway lines, resulting in new subways throughout Manhattan and the extension of elevated lines in the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens. Dwell time The time when a train is fully stopped in a station. Easement The right to use someone else’s property. East Side subway The new subway component of Build Alternatives 1 and 2, as extension described above and in Chapter 2, “Project Alternatives.” Providing a new option in rapid transit service to East Harlem and the Upper East Side, this line would travel south between 125th and 63rd Streets along Second Avenue. South of 59th Street, the new line would follow the route of the Broadway line and run on its express tracks to Lower Manhattan. ECS Empire City Subway (see below). EIS Environmental Impact Statement. Elevated Train Lines Elevated train lines (els) served Manhattan from the 19th (ELs) century to the early 20th century. Specifically, the Sixth and Ninth Avenue els served the west side, and the Second and Third Avenue els served the east side. All lines offered connections to the Bronx and were supported by surface transit in the form of trolleys. A separate network of els in Brooklyn served Lower Manhattan via the Brooklyn Bridge (see page 1-2). Empire City Subway Buried conduits for telephone and communication lines. They (ECS) duct bank range in size from 84 to 108 ducts, with an average of 96 ducts (referred to as 96 ECS). Each of these ducts typically contains thousands of pairs of communication wires. Express service Transit to/from a destination with limited or no stops along its route. FAR (Floor Area Ratio) The ratio of building floor area to the area of the lot. For example, a building with an FAR of 10 has a floor area 10 times greater than its area. Federal Highway The federal agency responsible for the approval of transpor- Administration tation projects that affect the federal highway system. Ad- (FHWA) ministratively, it is under the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT).

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Federal Transit The federal department of mass transportation. Administra- Administration (FTA) tively, it is under United States Department of Transportation (USDOT). Feeder routes Routes on which most of the passengers have a common origin or destination. FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement. FFGA Full Funding Grant Agreement. FIRE Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate. FHWA Federal Highway Administration (see above). Flexibility The adaptability of a transportation system to accommodate the travel demands within the system if one component of the system fails, as well as its ability to accommodate future growth. FTA Federal Transit Administration (see above). Fugitive dust Airborne dust particles resulting from construction, demolition, and other induced activity. GCT Grand Central Terminal. Hazardous waste A substance, as defined under the federal Resource Conser- vation and Recovery Act, that is chemically reactive, ignitable, corrosive, or toxic. Headway The scheduled time between transit vehicles operating on a particular transit route. High-level platforms Station platforms that allow users to enter or exit the vehicle at the same level as the train floor. Household income The total combined income of all members of a single household. HOV (High Occupancy A vehicle carrying two or more passengers (for example, a Vehicle) bus, vanpool, or carpool). HOVs are encouraged as a means of decreasing vehicle miles traveled (VMTs). HPD New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development. Hub In this study, the area south of 60th Street in Manhattan.

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I&M (Inspection and A New York State program that requires annual inspections maintenance program) of automobiles and light trucks to determine if CO and hydrocarbon emissions from the vehicles’ exhaust systems are below emission standards. Vehicles failing the emissions test must undergo new maintenance and pass a re-test to be registered in New York State. IND Independent Subway System, the third underground railway system in New York City. The IND merged with the other two, the IRT and BMT in 1940 to form a unified system. The IND routes (now B Division, II) include today’s A, C, E, and G lines, and portions of the B, D, F, Q, and R lines. Infrastructure The physical support network—such as roads, railroads, and utilities—of a given geographical area. Interlocking A system of switches used to move trains from one track to another. Intermodal transfer A transfer from one mode of transportation (such as auto, taxi, bus, and walking) to another. IRT Interborough Rapid Transit Company, operator of the first subways in New York City. The IRT was later followed by the BMT and the IND, and these three merged in 1940 to form one unified system. The IRT routes (now A Division) include the Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9 lines, and the 42nd Street Shuttle. The IRT also operated the former Manhattan elevated lines (els). ISTEA (Intermodal Sur- Legislation enacted by Congress in 1991 that makes funds face Transportation available to aid metropolitan areas throughout the United Efficiency Act) States in the development of transportation systems that are not harmful to the environment and will bring metropolitan areas into compliance with the Clean Air Act.

Ldn Day-night sound level.

Leq Equivalent sound level, or an energy average sound level, usually specified over a period of time. This is the constant sound level that, in a given period, conveys the same sound energy as the actual time-varying sound. Leave-load A visual observation of the number of people in a subway car as the train leaves a station.

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Level of service (LOS) A set of descriptive characteristics used to indicate the quality of transportation service provided, including characteristics that are quantifiable (e.g., frequency, travel time, vehicle delay, travel cost, number of transfers, safety) and those that are difficult to quantify (e.g., availability, comfort, conven- ience), and conditions of the roadway. Levels of service are usually qualified with letter designations, ranging from “A” (LOS A) with the least amount of congestion to “F” (LOS F) with the greatest amount. Lexington Avenue Line The number 4, 5, and 6 subway routes that provide full north- south rapid transit service to Manhattan’s east side. Light Rail Transit (LRT) Electrically powered vehicles that operate on tracks on city streets and either share the roadway with autos or travel in separate rights-of-way. Limited truck zone An area where truck drivers cannot enter streets, except to make deliveries. In Manhattan, these zones include the Lower East Side, Chinatown, and Little Italy. Link A section of a transportation system network that connects two nodes. It may be one- or two-way. LIRR Long Island Rail Road.

Lmax Maximum passby sound level. LMM Lower Manhattan Mixed-Use District, a special zoning district set forth by the Zoning Resolution of the City of New York. Local bus Bus service with multiple stops along a fixed route. Local truck route A route that can be used by drivers making pick-ups and deliveries. LOS Level of service (see above). Low-floor vehicle A transit vehicle that permits passengers to board from low- level platforms. Low-level platforms Station platforms located at-grade or several inches above grade; stairs located in the train are used to board. LPC New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. LRP Long Range Plan. LRT Light Rail Transit (see above). LUST Leaking underground storage tank.

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MAC Municipal Assistance Corporation. Married pair Two LRT cars that are joined together. Mass transportation Shared transportation services (either bus, rail, or other conveyance) either publicly or privately owned, provided to the public on a regular and continuing basis (not including school bus, charter, or sightseeing services). Master plan Public document adopted by a local government as a policy guide for decisions about the physical and/or economic development of the community. MCTA Metropolitan Commuter Transportation Authority. Mesoscale analysis Analysis of air pollution on a regional or areawide basis. Microscale analysis Analysis of air pollution at discrete locations (e.g., sidewalks, particular street intersections). MIS Major Investment Study. Mitigation Measures designed to lessen or eliminate the negative im- pacts resulting from a proposed project or action. MLD Special Manhattan Landing Development District, a special zoning district set forth by the Zoning Resolution of the City of New York. MMTOA Metropolitan Mass Transportation Operating Assistance. MNR Metro-North Railroad. Mobile source Vehicular sources of air pollution, such as automobiles, trucks, and buses. Mode The form of travel (e.g., walking, automobile, bus, train). MPO Metropolitan Planning Organization (NYMTC, see below). MTA Metropolitan Transportation Authority. NAAQS (National Standards established by Congress under the Clean Air Act Ambient Air Quality for six major air pollutants (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, Standards) photochemical oxidents or ozone, inhalable particulates, sulfur dioxide, and lead). These are also New York State’s air quality standards. Nassau Street Line The J, M, and Z subway routes that connect from Brooklyn to Manhattan via the Williamsburg Bridge. After six stops, from the Lower East Side to the financial district, the Nassau Line returns to downtown Brooklyn.

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National Register of His- The federal list of buildings and sites determined to have historic Places toric significance, established by the National Historic Preser- vation Act. NEPA National Environmental Policy Act. New York Bus Lanes A priority bus lane concept developed by NYCT. With this concept, most of the right curb lane of a given avenue is designated for goods deliveries, taxi pickups and dropoffs, and metered parking, and the next lane (or two lanes) is dedicated primarily for buses. On blocks with bus stops, the right curb lane would be reserved for those stops, with the sidewalk built out to protect that area. New York Metropolitan A 31-county area that includes New York City and the sur- Region rounding counties in New Jersey, Connecticut, and New York State. NHL National Historic Landmark. NHS National Highway System.

NO2 Nitrogen dioxide.

NOX Nitrogen oxides. No Build Alternative Those improvements in the city’s transportation system after 1995 (the base year of the MESA study) that would be in place by the year 2020 without implementation of any of the options identified by MESA. Non-attainment area A geographical region that fails to attain or conform to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). NR National Register of Historic Places (see above). NYCDEP New York City Department of Environmental Protection. NYCDOT New York City Department of Transportation. NYCL New York City Landmark. NYCT New York City Transit. NYMTC New York Metropolitan Transportation Council (the MPO). NYSDEC New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. NYSDOS New York State Department of State. NYSDOT New York State Department of Transportation. OCS Overhead contact system.

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ODME Origin-Destination Matrix Estimator. Off-peak period The periods of the day that are not during the peak periods. OPRHP New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. OSHA U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Overcrowded Above standing capacity guidelines established by NYCT for bus and subway ridership. Oversaturation When vehicle arrival flow rates exceed the capacity of a street intersection. Ozone An unstable form of oxygen formed by a photochemical reac- tion of atmospheric gases with solar ultraviolet radiation. It is a harmful air pollutant in the lower atmosphere and con- tributes to the formation of smog. PAC Public Advisory Committee. PAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. PANY/NJ Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Particulate matter Airborne dust. Passenger miles The total number of miles traveled by passengers on transit vehicles; determined by multiplying the number of unlinked passenger trips times the average length of their trips. Passenger platooning The tendency of travelers to amass in groups and move together at a particular point in time, as when a traffic light turns green. PATH Port Authority Trans Hudson. PBT Petroleum Business Tax. PCB Polychlorinated biphenyl. PCE Passenger Car Equivalent. Peak hour factor (PHF) An arithmetical value used to adjust average hourly counts for peaking that occurs during peak travel hours. Peak period The period during which the maximum amount of travel occurs. It may be specified as the morning (AM), or afternoon/ evening (PM) peak. It is the period when demand for transportation services is the highest.

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Per capita income The total combined income of a household, block group, or census tract, divided by the total number of persons in that group. PHF Peak hour factor (see above).

PM10 Particulate matter of 10 microns or less. Particulates of this size are small enough to be respirable.

PM2.5 Particulate matter of 2.5 microns or less. Particulates of this size show consistent and coherent associations with severe health effects. PM peak period The afternoon rush hours, approximately 4 to 7 PM. Pollutant burdens The total expected quantities of pollutant emissions for a region for a defined time period. Portal The entrance to or from a tunnel. ppm Parts per million. Project corridor The area immediately adjacent to the proposed routes of the project alternatives. Public transportation Regular transportation service (bus, rail or other conveyance) to the public using a route or routes from one fixed point to another. Can be either publicly or privately owned. Rapid transit A transit mode that operates on exclusive right-of-way; characterized by high speed, capacity, reliability, and safety. Resource Conservation A federal law (1976, 1984) regulating management and dis- and Recovery Act posal of hazardous wastes currently generated, treated, (RCRA) stored, disposed of, or distributed. Response time The time period between the placement of an emergency call and the arrival of emergency vehicle(s) at the location of the call. Right-of-way A corridor of land acquired by reservation, dedication, pre- scription, or condemnation, and intended to be utilized as a road, rail line, utility service, buffer, or similar use. Rolling stock Train cars. S/NR State and National Registers of Historic Places. Scoping The process of defining the studies to be undertaken for an Environmental Impact Statement. Service capacity rating This indicates, on a percentage basis, how close occupancy is to the guidelines established by NYCT.

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SHPO State Historic Preservation Office (see below). Signal block A defined length of track on which train movements are con- trolled by signals. SIP (State Implementation The Clean Air Act requires each state to demonstrate in a Plan) SIP the manner in which it will attain compliance with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Slab track A system of track construction whereby the rail is fixed directly to a concrete bed without the use of crossties and stone ballast.

SO2 Sulfur dioxide.

SO3 Sulfur trioxide. State Historic The state administrative agency responsible for compliance Preservation Office with historic preservation rules, laws, and regulations. (SHPO) State Register of Historic The state list of buildings and sites determined to have historic Places significance, established by the New York State Historic Preservation Act. STP Surface Transportation Program. Superblock Blocks that interrupt the city’s street grid, typically occupied by major development complexes. TA Special Transit Land Use District, a special zoning district set forth by the Zoning Resolution of the City of New York. TAC Technical Advisory Committee. TBM Tunnel boring machine (see below). TCLP (Toxicity Charac- A test for determining whether or not debris is hazardous teristic Leaching based on its pollutant leaching characteristics. Procedure) TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century, adopted in May 1998. This federal legislation reauthorizes and amends ISTEA, which was adopted in 1991. Through truck route A route that can be used by a truck driver who does not have an origin or destination in a defined area. In Manhattan, these include Canal Street and 34th Streets. Throughput The number of subway trains that travel the length of a route during a specified period. TIP Transportation Improvement Program (see below).

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Toll surplus The amount remaining from tolls and other operating reve- nues after payment of operating, capital, administrative, and other bridge-and-tunnel-related expenses. Trainset A group of train cars joined together (as opposed to a single train car). Transit accessibility The distance that a resident, worker, or visitor is from rapid transit. Transitway The portion of a right-of-way on a public street that is reserved for use by transit vehicles. TRANPLAN A transportation modeling system. TransCad A transportation modeling software package. Transportation Improve- As set forth by ISTEA, a document prepared by states and ment Program planning commissions citing projects to be funded under federal transportation programs for a full-year period. Without TIP inclusion, a project is ineligible for federal funding. Transportation Manage- A comprehensive plan or program to more effectively use ment Plan existing transportation resources or reduce the future need to expand transportation infrastructure. Transportation System Transportation improvements that seek to maximize the utility Management (TSM) of the current transportation investments without a major Alternative investment in new facilities. For MESA, this includes Lexington Avenue lane signal improvements; New York Bus Lanes; and new bus routes and route modifications on the Lower East Side. Travel time The time it takes to travel from one point to another. Trip A single or one-way movement to or from a location. Trip ends The total number of trips entering and leaving a specific location within a designated period of time. Each trip has two trip ends. Trip generation The total number of trip ends (person trips or vehicle trips) produced by a specific land use or activity. Trip linking Visiting several destinations during one journey. Trip table A matrix of all the passenger volumes between each origin and destination zone. TSM Transportation systems management (see above).

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Tunnel boring machine Tunneling machine used in the construction of railway, road, (TBM) sewer, water main, mine access, and tele-cable tunnels. Generally consists of a circular rotating cutter head and spoil removal system. Underpin A procedure for permanently re-supporting a load-bearing structural foundation element to allow new work to proceed under, or adjacent to, the existing foundation element. USDOT (United States The department of the federal government that includes the Department of Trans- Federal Highway Administration and the Federal Transit portation) Administration. USDOT is headed by the Secretary of Transportation, a cabinet-level post. USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency. UST Underground storage tank. v/c Volume-to-capacity ratio (see below). VHT (Vehicle hours A measure of the total number of vehicles and their related traveled) travel time for a given area and time period. VMT (Vehicle miles The total number of miles traveled by motor vehicles for a traveled) given area and time period. VOCs (Volatile organic A family of highly evaporative organic materials used in a compounds) variety of industrial applications, such as paints and solvents. Volume-to-capacity (v/c) To determine the severity of crowding in a transportation sys- ratio tem, volumes (the amount of passengers or vehicles) are compared with capacities (the ability of such a system to carry travelers from one point to another during a specified time frame). vph Vehicles per hour. Wayside signaling A system in which signals along the side of the track control train movements between fixed signal blocks. v

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