DOCSLIB.ORG

Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Eucalyptus Chapmaniana Grownin Iraq

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Eucalyptus Chapmaniana Grownin Iraq American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 9 (1): 78-88, 2014 ISSN: 1557-4989 ©2014 Science Publication doi:10.3844/ajabssp.2014.78.88 Published Online 9 (1) 2014 (http://www.thescipub.com/ajabs.toc) CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES OF EUCALYPTUS CHAPMANIANA GROWN IN IRAQ 1Ghassan Mohammad Sulaiman, 1Thorria Radam Marzoog, 1Wasnaa Hatif Mohammed and 2Renzo Bagnati 1 Division of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Science, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq 2Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy Received 2013-10-31; Revised 2013-11-13; Accepted 2013-12-27 ABSTRACT The chemical composition of the essential oils extracted from immature flowers, leaves and seeds of Eucalyptus chapmaniana grown in Iraq were analyzed for the first time by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Twenty-four different compounds were identified and the predominant compound is eucalyptol, which accounted for 59.9, 55.6 and 8.6% of total compounds, respectively. To asses the possible therapeutic uses of the extracts, their antioxidant properties were assessed via DPPH free radical scavenging. The extracts showed significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Klebsiella pneumonia , Proteus volgaris , Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans . The cytoxicity of flower extract against the Human Leukemia (HL-60) cells was evaluated and the extracts significantly reduced the viability of HL-60 cells in a dose- and time- dependent response relationship. The results indicated that essential oils from immature flowers are highly cytotoxic to HL-60 cells and that their antitumor potential was confirmed. Keywords: Eucalyptus chapmaniana , Essential Oils, Antimicrobial, DPPH, HL-60 1. INTRODUCTION properties, including antibacterial and antifungal activities (Cimanga et al ., 2002; Ramezani et al ., 2002; The Myrtaceae family contains 133 genera and 3,800 Sartorelli et al ., 2007). In addition, the leaf and plant species of trees and shrubs. This family can be found in extracts of the Eucalyptus species themselves possess temperate, subtropical and tropical regions and it is antibacterial and antifungal activities (Takahashi et al ., endemic in Australia, tropical America, Africa and Asia 2004; Salari et al ., 2006). Extracts and components (Wilson et al ., 2001). One important genera of isolated from several Eucalyptus species have been Myrtaceae is Eucalyptus , which is a large genus of shown to possess cytotoxic and antitumor activities evergreen trees and shrubs containing approximately 700 (Benyahia et al ., 2005; Ashour, 2008). species (Batish et al ., 2008). Although most plants are Antioxidant agents are compounds that function as native to Australia and Tasmania (Oyedeji et al ., 1999), scavengers of reactive oxygen species or free radicals, they have been successfully introduced worldwide and which have important functions in energy production, are cultivated in many other countries, including Iraq. synthesis of several biomolecules, phagocytosis and cell The leaves of the Eucalyptus species accumulate a growth in living systems (Packer et al ., 2008). An very large number of secondary metabolites and yield imbalance in the rate of production of free radicals or hydro distilled essential oils that possess many biological their removal via antioxidant defense mechanisms leads Corresponding Author: Ghassan Mohammad Sulaiman, Division of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Science, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq Science Publications 78 AJABS Ghassan Mohammad Sulaiman et al. / American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 9 (1): 78-88, 2014 to a phenomenon referred to as oxidative stress. In µm). The injector and detector temperatures were set at diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and 200 and 270°C, respectively. The oven temperature was cancer, an aggravated imbalance may occur during gradually raised from 60 to 260°C at a rate of 5°C/min. deleterious oxidation of biomolecules, which results in cell The temperature was held for 15 min and finally raised or tissue damage (Arts and Hollman, 2005; Jung et al ., to 340°C at a rate of 40°C/min. Helium (purity 2009; Wells et al ., 2009). 99.99999%) was used as the carrier gas at a flow rate of − Numerous investigations were performed on volatile 1 mL min 1. The total analysis time was 57 min. About components of essential oils from different species of 1.0 µL of the diluted sample (1/100 in petroleum ether, Eucalyptus . Previous studies on the compositions of v/v) was injected in the split mode (ratio 1:10). several Eucalyptus spp. leaves, flowers (Giamakis et al ., Quantitative data were obtained electronically from the 2001; Tsiri et al ., 2003) and recently, stem and fruit FID area percent data without the correction factors. essential oils have been reported (Marzoug et al ., 2011). Peak integration and quantification were performed However, no previous studies on the chemistry and the automatically by using Saturn 2100 Workstation antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of software. The integration of each peak was manually essential oils from leaves, flowers and seeds of E. chapmaniana have been presented. In the current study checked and corrected when needed. the composition of essential oils obtained from adult 2.4. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry leaves, immature flowers and seeds of E. chapmaniana (GC-MS) collected in Iraq has been studied. The antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of E. Chapmaniana The essential oils were analyzed in the same were also investigated. conditions as those of GC (column, oven temperature, flow rate of the carrier gas) by using a Varian Star 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3400 (Les Ulis, France) gas chromatograph equipped with a Varian Saturn GC/MS/MS 4D mass selective 2.1. Chemicals detector in the electron impact mode (70 eV). The injector and MS transfer line temperatures were set at All chemicals used were of analytical reagent grade. 200 and 300°C, respectively. MS was adjusted with an Penicillin and streptomycin were purchased from Bio emission current of 10 µA and an electron multiplier Source International (Belgium). RPMI 1640, Fetal Bovine voltage of 1,500 V. The trap temperature was set at Serum (FBS), 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2 (MTT) and 250°C and mass scanning was performed from 40 amu S-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide were purchased from to 650 amu. The components were identified by Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). 2, 2- comparing their Kovats Indices (KI), by co-injection Diphenyl-1- Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (Sigma-Aldrich) was of standards and by MS experimental data of used for the spectrophotometrical determination of the free commercial or literature libraries (NIST 02 version radical scavenging activities of the extracts. 2.62). Alkanes (C5-C24) were used as reference points in KI calculation. The GC and GC-MS analysis 2.2. Plant Materials and Extraction of Oils results are given in Table 1 . All determinations were Plant materials, such as the leaves, flowers and seeds performed in duplicate and the average was obtained. from the E. chapmaniana , were collected from several 2.5. Antioxidant Assay specimens located in the At-Tarmyia (a region 60 km north-east of Baghdad, Iraq) in 2012. The collected leaf, The DPPH assay was measured by bleaching a purple seed and flower materials were kept at room temperature methanol solution of DPPH (Milliauskas et al ., 2004). and left to dry. After air-drying, the plant materials were About 0.5 mL of 1 mM DPPH solution was added to 3 hydrodistilled for 3 h by using a Clevenger type mL of various concentrations of sample extracts of E. apparatus. The resulting oil was collected, preserved in a chapmaniana . After 30 min of incubation at room sealed sample tube and stored until analysis. temperature, the absorbance was obtained against a blank sample at 517 nm. The decrease in the actual absorption 2.3. Gas Chromatography was measured against that of the control sample. All The essential oils were analyzed using a Varian Star experiments were carried out in triplicates and percentage 3400 (Les Ulis, France) Cx gas chromatograph equipped inhibition values were calculated based on the equation: with a Flame Ionization Detector (FID) and DB-5MS =( −) × capillary column (30m×0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 % Inhibition A0 AT /A0 100 Science Publications 79 AJABS Ghassan Mohammad Sulaiman et al. / American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 9 (1): 78-88, 2014 Table 1. Chemical composition of E. chapmaniana extracts identified by GC-MS Total ion current (%) Molecular Molecular ------------------------------------------ Compound RT min formula weight Leaves Flowers Seeds 2,5-Furandione, dihydro-3-methylene- 3.781 C5H4O3 112.083 0.26 - 1.320 Propanal, 2-methyl- 11.698 C4H8O 72.105 0.70 0.33 - 5,9-dodecadien-2-one, 6,10 11.811 C14H 24 O 208.339 - - 1.870 -dimethyl-dodecadien-2-one Nonanal dimethyl acetal 17.508 C11 H24 O2 188.307 - 0.51 - α-Pinene 20.206 C10 H16 136.230 - 0.34 - α- phellandrene 21.920 C10 H16 136.240 - 4.16 - β-Cymene 22.508 C10 H14 134.218 2.14 3.57 - Eucalyptol 22.817 C10 H18 O 154.136 55.62 59.97 8.610 γ-Terpinen 23.042 C10 H16 136.125 - 2.88 - α- Terpinolen 23.752 C10 H16 136.234 - 0.17 - Undecane 23.273 C11 H24 156.188 0.79 0.47 2.770 trans-Pinocarveol 26.215 C10 H16 O 152.230 1.30 - - Terpinen-4-ol 26.627 C10
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biodiversity Summary: Port Phillip and Westernport, Victoria
    Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Species List What is the summary for and where does it come from? This list has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. The list was produced using the AustralianAustralian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. For each family of plant and animal covered by ANHAT (Appendix 1), this document gives the number of species in the country and how many of them are found in the region. It also identifies species listed as Vulnerable, Critically Endangered, Endangered or Conservation Dependent under the EPBC Act. A biodiversity summary for this region is also available. For more information please see: www.environment.gov.au/heritage/anhat/index.html Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are notnot included included in in the the list. list. • The data used come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect. All species names have been confirmed as valid species names, but it is not possible to confirm all species locations.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the Grimwade Plant Collection of Percival St John and Botanical Exploration of Mt Buffalo National Park (Victoria, Australia)
    Report on the Grimwade Plant Collection of Percival St John and Botanical Exploration of Mt Buffalo National Park (Victoria, Australia) Alison Kellow Michael Bayly Pauline Ladiges School of Botany, The University of Melbourne July, 2007 THE GRIMWADE PLANT COLLECTION, MT BUFFALO Contents Summary ...........................................................................................................................3 Mt Buffalo and its flora.....................................................................................................4 History of botanical exploration........................................................................................5 The Grimwade plant collection of Percival St John..........................................................8 A new collection of plants from Mt Buffalo - The Miegunyah Plant Collection (2006/2007) ....................................................................................................................................13 Plant species list for Mt Buffalo National Park...............................................................18 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................19 Acknowledgments...........................................................................................................19 References .......................................................................................................................20 Appendix 1 Details of specimens in the Grimwade Plant Collection.............................22
    [Show full text]
  • The Magazine of the Arnold Arboretum VOLUME 69 • NUMBER 2
    The Magazine of the Arnold Arboretum VOLUME 69 • NUMBER 2 The Magazine of the Arnold Arboretum VOLUME 69 • NUMBER 2 • 2011 CONTENTS Arnoldia (ISSN 0004–2633; USPS 866–100) 2 One Hundred Years of Popular is published quarterly by the Arnold Arboretum Information of Harvard University. Periodicals postage paid Peter Del Tredici; with additional text at Boston, Massachusetts. by William (Ned) Friedman Subscriptions are $20.00 per calendar year domestic, $25.00 foreign, payable in advance. 11 Can Taxodium Be Improved? Remittances may be made in U.S. dollars, by David Creech, Lijing Zhou, Yin Yunlong, check drawn on a U.S. bank; by international and Teobaldo Eguiluz-Piedra money order; or by Visa, Mastercard, or American Express. Send orders, remittances, requests to 21 The Writing of New Trees: Recent purchase back issues, change-of-address notices, Introductions to Cultivation and all other subscription-related communica- tions to Circulation Manager, Arnoldia, Arnold John Grimshaw Arboretum, 125 Arborway, Boston, MA 02130- 3500. Telephone 617.524.1718; fax 617.524.1418; 29 A Year With the Apples of the e-mail [email protected] Arnold Arboretum Arnold Arboretum members receive a subscrip- Miles Sax tion to Arnoldia as a membership benefit. To become a member or receive more information, 40 The Royal Azalea: Rhododendron please call Wendy Krauss at 617.384.5766 or schlippenbachii email [email protected] Nancy Rose Postmaster: Send address changes to Front cover: This specimen of Malus sargentii (acces- Arnoldia Circulation Manager sion 20408-D), collected by Charles S. Sargent during The Arnold Arboretum 125 Arborway his 1892 expedition to Japan, has no single leader but Boston, MA 02130–3500 instead has several trunks and a uniquely intertwined branching structure.
    [Show full text]
  • DESIGN STANDARDS for URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE 23 PLANT SPECIES for URBAN LANDSCAPE PROJECTS
    DESIGN STANDARDS for URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE 23 PLANT SPECIES FOR URBAN LANDSCAPE PROJECTS Design Standards for Urban Infrastructure 23 PLANT SPECIES FOR URBAN LANDSCAPE PROJECTS 23 PLANT SPECIES FOR URBAN LANDSCAPE PROJECTS 1 23.1 Introduction 23-2 23.2 Related codes of practice and guidelines 23-2 23.2.1 Legislation 23-2 23.3 Additions to the plant list 23-2 23.4 Trees and shrubs 23-3 23.4.1 Definitions 23-3 23.4.2 Additional design clearances required 23-10 23.4.3 Special plants 23-11 23.4.4 Native trees higher than 15 metres 23-12 23.4.5 Native trees 10 to 15 metres high 23-15 23.4.6 Native trees less than 10 metres high 23-16 23.4.7 Introduced trees higher than 15 metres 23-17 23.4.8 Introduced trees 10 to 15 metres high 23-19 23.4.9 Introduced trees less than 10 metres high 23-21 23.4.10 Conifer trees 23-24 23.4.11 List of special plants: trees 23-26 23.4.12 Native shrubs higher than 4 metres 23-31 23.4.13 Native shrubs 2 to 4 metres high 23-33 23.4.14 Native shrubs 1 to 2 metres 23-37 23.4.15 Native shrubs less than 1 metre high 23-39 23.4.16 Introduced shrubs higher than 4 metres 23-40 23.4.17 Introduced shrubs 2 to 4 metres high 23-41 23.4.18 Introduced shrubs 1 to 2 metres high 23-43 23.4.19 Introduced shrubs less than 1 metre high 23-44 23.4.20 List of special plants: shrubs 23-45 23.4.21 Native ground covers 23-50 23.4.22 Introduced ground covers 23-51 23.4.23 List of special plants: ground covers 23-52 23.4.24 Native climbers 23-54 23.4.25 Introduced climbers 23-55 23.5 Grasses 23-56 23.5.1 Definitions 23-56 23.5.2 List of special
    [Show full text]
  • The City of Melbourne's Future Urban Forest
    TheThe CitCityy ofof Melbourne’sMelbourne’s 5dcdaTDaQP]5^aTbc5dcdaTDaQP]5^aTbc Identifying vulnerability to future temperatures Authors: Dave Kendal, Jess Baumann Burnley Campus School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences The University of Melbourne 500 Yarra Boulevard VIC 3010 AUSTRALIA T: +61 3 8344 0267 Contact: [email protected] Epert advice from Stephen Frank, Steve Livesley, Peter Symes, Anna Foley, David Reid, Peter May, Ian Shears and David Callow. First printed June 2016. Published online November 2016 by the Clean Air and Urban Landscapes Hub: http:// www.nespurban.edu.au/publications-resources/research-reports/ CAULRR02_CoMFutureUrbanForest_Nov2016.pdf The Clean Air and Urban Landscapes Hub is funded under the Australian Government’s National Environmental Science Programme with a mission to take a comprehensive view of the sustainability and liveability of urban environments. © The City of Melbourne 2016. Executive Summary Climate change is likely to have a significant effect on many trees in the City of Melbourne. Some species will perform better, while some will perform worse. The report describes the results of a project exploring the vulnerability of tree species currently planted in the City of Melbourne, and identifies some potential new species that may be more suitable for the City’s climate futures. A list of species combining those currently in the City of Melbourne’s urban forest with those being newly planted in the City of Melbourne was created. The global locations where species occur naturally and are in cultivation (and abundance where available) were compiled from existing datasets, such as ‘open data’ tree inventories and extracted from other published data, from approximately 200 cities around the world.
    [Show full text]
  • The Botanic Gardens List of Rare and Threatened Species
    ^ JTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES JION INTERNATIONALE POUR LA CONSERVATION DE LA NATURE ET DE SES RESSOURCES Conservation Monitoring Centre - Centre de surveillance continue de la conservation de la nature The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, U.K. BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION CO-ORDINATING BODY THE BOTANIC GARDENS LIST OF RARE AND THREATENED SPECIES COMPILED BY THE THREATENED PLANTS UNIT OF THE lUCN CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW FROM INFORMATION RECEIVED FROM MEMBERS OF THE BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION CO-ORDINATING BODY lUCN would like to express its warmest thani<s to all the specialists, technical managers and curators who have contributed information. KEW, August 198^* Tel (011-940 1171 (Threatened Plants Unit), (01)-940 4547 (Protected Areas Data Unit) Telex 296694 lUCN Secretariat: 1196 Gland, Switzerland Tel (22) 647181 Telex 22618 UNION INTERNATIONALE POUR LA CONSERVATION DE LA NATURE ET DE SES RESSOURCES INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES Commission du service de sauvegarde - Survival Service Commission Comite des plantes menacees — Threatened Plants Committee c/o Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATI6N CO-ORDINATING BODY REPORT NO. 2. THE BOTANIC GARDENS LIST OF MADAGASCAN SUCCULENTS 1980 FIRST DRAFT COMPILED BY THE lUCN THREATENED PLANTS COMMITTEE SECRETARIAT AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW FROM INFORMATION RECEIVED FROM MEMBERS OF THE BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION CO-ORDINATING BODY The TPC would like to express its warmest thanks to all the specialists, technical managers and curators who have contributed information. KEW, October, 1980 lUCN SECRETARIAT; Avenue du Mont-Blanc 1196 Gland -Suisse/Switzerland Telex: 22618 iucn Tel: (022) 64 32 54 Telegrams: lUCNATURE GLAND .
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue of Type Specimens in the Vascular Plant Herbarium (DAO)
    Catalogue of Type Specimens in the Vascular Plant Herbarium (DAO) William J. Cody Biodiversity (Mycology/Botany) Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada WM. Saunders (49) Building , Central Experimental Farm Ottawa (Ontario) K1A 0C6 Canada March 22 2004 Aaronsohnia factorovskyi Warb. & Eig., Inst. of Agr. & Nat. Hist. Tel-Aviv, 40 p. 1927 PALESTINE: Judaean Desert, Hirbeth-el-Mird, Eig et al, 3 Apr. 1932, TOPOTYPE Abelia serrata Sieb. & Zucc. f. colorata Hiyama, Publication unknown JAPAN: Mt. Rokko, Hondo, T. Makino, May 1936, ? TYPE COLLECTION MATERIAL Abies balsamea L. var. phanerolepis Fern. f. aurayana Boivin CANADA: Quebec, canton Leclercq, Boivin & Blain 614, 16 ou 20 août 1938, PARATYPE Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. var. phanerolepis Fern. f. aurayana Boivin, Nat. can. 75: 216. 1948 CANADA: Quebec, Mont Blanc, Boivin & Blain 473, 5 août 1938, HOLOTYPE, ISOTYPE Abronia orbiculata Stand., Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 12: 322. 1909 U.S.A.: Nevada, Clark Co., Cottonwood Springs, I.W. Clokey 7920, 24 May 1938, TOPOTYPE Absinthium canariense Bess., Bull. Soc. Imp. Mosc. 1(8): 229-230. 1929 CANARY ISLANDS: Tenerife, Santa Ursula, La Quinta, E. Asplund 722, 10 Apr. 1933, TOPOTYPE Acacia parramattensis Tindale, Contrib. N.S. Wales Nat. Herb. 3: 127. 1962 AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Kanimbla Valley, Blue Mountains, E.F. Constable NSW42284, 2 Feb. 1948, TOPOTYPE Acacia pubicosta C.T. White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl. 1938 L: 73. 1939 AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Burnett District, Biggenden Bluff, C.T. White 7722, 17 Aug. 1931, ISOTYPE Acalypha decaryana Leandri, Not. Syst.ed. Humbert 10: 284. 1942 MADAGASCAR: Betsimeda, M.R.
    [Show full text]
  • The Writing of New Trees: Recent Introductions to Cultivation
    The Writing of New Trees: Recent Introductions to Cultivation John Grimshaw Editor’s note: New Trees: Recent Introductions to Cultivation is an n 2002 I was living and extensive new reference manual working in the Nether- published by the Royal Botanic Ilands. One afternoon the Gardens, Kew, in 2009. In this phone rang and a richly Eng- essay, co-author John Grimshaw lish voice identified its owner describes the process of putting such as Giles Coode-Adams. Might a detailed publication together. I be interested in writing a book about recently intro- New Trees: Recent Introductions duced trees? to Cultivation Following early retirement John Grimshaw and Ross Bayton from a career in finance, Giles had devoted his time Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic to horticultural causes, first Gardens, Kew. 976 pp. 2009 fund-raising for Kew and ISBN 978 1 84246 1730 later becoming Treasurer and then President of the Royal Horticultural Society. Among his numerous SETTING PARAMETERS commitments he was also Chairman of the The assignment was to produce a book about International Dendrology Society’s Scientific all the tree species introduced to cultivation and Education Committee, reflecting his per- in recent decades, or those that had been in sonal interest in trees and woody plants in cultivation for longer but for which there was general. While involved with Kew he had been no good description. The standard reference in the occasional recipient of young specimens Britain is the venerated W. J. Bean’s Trees and grown from seed collected on expeditions, and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles, first pub- indeed had taken part in a seed-collecting trip lished in 1914 and last updated in the 1970s to to Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • Follow the Trail of the Anthousia Nymphs and Discover the History of the Plants
    Follow the trail of the Anthousia Nymphs and discover the history of the plants. The Anthousai (Ancient Greek: Ανθούσαι from ἄνθος ánthos, meaning "flower, blossom") are nymphs of flowers in Greek my- thology. They were described as having hair that resembled hyacinth flowers. Chloris the nymph is an example of a flower nymph. In 1977 a typical Cretan hotel with a unique architecture and a specious garden was built on the long and sandy beach of Amoudara on the north coast of Crete. Decades later the garden of Apollonia Beach Resort & Spa is one of the most beautiful hotel gardens of Crete with a rich vegetation. For years the management of the hotel takes great efforts to conserve the nature and taking an impact on the protection of the environment. By several environmental actions throughout the year we dedicate our efforts to set a sign against deforestation as it is our responsibility to protect our nature for future generations. Follow the trail of the Anthousia Nymphs and discover the history of the plants. List of plants No. Botanic name English Ελληνικά HE HI MY EN 1 Citrus × aurantium L. Bitter orange Νεραντζιά HI Heritage 2 Ceratonia siliqua Carob Χαρουπιά HI Environment 3 Olea europaea Olive tree Ελιά HI MY Historical 4 Musa Musa Μπανανιά HI MY Mythology 5 Ficus carica Fig tree Συκιά HI EN 6 Quercus ilex Evergreen oak Ίλεξ HI 7 Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Lemon Λεμονιά HI 8 Populus Populus Λεύκα HE 9 Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Ευκάλυπτος EN 10 Mangifera indica Mango Μάνγκο HI 11 Cocos nucifera Coconut tree Κοκοφοίνικας HI 12 Ficus benjamina
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Tablelands- Vegetation Classification
    Southern Tablelands Vegetation Classification Prepared for the Committee of The Southern Tablelands Ecosystems Park Geoff Robertson 24 February 2013 Table of Contents Introduction! 2 Alpine complex! 8 Dry forests! 15 Forested wetlands! 65 Freshwater wetlands! 70 Grasslands! 81 Grassy woodlands! 92 Heathlands! 115 Wet forests! 122 Prepared by Geoff Robertson, 4 Wellington St, Ngunnawal, 2913, [email protected] 24 February 2013 Introduction Some Southern Tablelands Treasures The information presented in this document was compiled in 2008 and 2009 and shows the NSW vegetation classification for the Southern Tablelands and was based on the then NSW Department of Environment and Climate Change’s (DECC) Detailed Data Definition of Vegetation Types for CMA areas (compiled by Danielle Ayres), and available from DECC’s website. DECC had developed the vegetation classification as part of the infrastructure to administer the Native Vegetation Act. It was broadly based on David Keith’s Ocean Shores to Desert Dunes: The Native Vegetation of New South Wales and the ACT, which should be used in conjunction with this document. It is not known what is the current status of this work. The table below provides a useful summary of the vegetation classification for the Southern Tablelands. There are eight formations: alpine, dry and wet forest, riparian (forested wetlands), wetlands, grasslands and grassy woodlands, and heathlands. In turn these formations may be divided to sub-formations (grassy and shrubby forests), vegetation class and vegetation type. At the end of this section there is a summary of the classification. 2 Summary of Vegetation Classification: Southern Tablelands of NSW Sub- Vegetation class Vegetation type formations (excluding derived types) Alpine complex 1 4 5 Dry sclerophyll forests 2 5 34 Forested wetlands 1 2 3 Freshwater wetlands 1 3 8 Grasslands 1 1 10 Grassy woodlands 1 4 22 Heathlands 1 1 5 Wet sclerophyll forests 2 2 17 Total 10 22 104 This document includes a section on each vegetation formation.
    [Show full text]
  • Identifying the Vulnerability of Trees to the City's Future Temperature Final
    TheThe CitCityy ofof Melbourne’sMelbourne’s 5dcdaTDaQP]5^aTbc5dcdaTDaQP]5^aTbc Identifying vulnerability to future temperatures Authors: Dave Kendal, Jess Baumann Burnley Campus School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences The University of Melbourne 500 Yarra Boulevard VIC 3010 AUSTRALIA T: +61 3 8344 0267 Contact: [email protected] Epert advice from Stephen Frank, Steve Livesley, Peter Symes, Anna Foley, David Reid, Peter May, Ian Shears and David Callow. First printed June 2016. Published online November 2016 by the Clean Air and Urban Landscapes Hub: http:// www.nespurban.edu.au/publications-resources/research-reports/ CAULRR02_CoMFutureUrbanForest_Nov2016.pdf The Clean Air and Urban Landscapes Hub is funded under the Australian Government’s National Environmental Science Programme with a mission to take a comprehensive view of the sustainability and liveability of urban environments. © The City of Melbourne 2016. Executive Summary Climate change is likely to have a significant effect on many trees in the City of Melbourne. Some species will perform better, while some will perform worse. The report describes the results of a project exploring the vulnerability of tree species currently planted in the City of Melbourne, and identifies some potential new species that may be more suitable for the City’s climate futures. A list of species combining those currently in the City of Melbourne’s urban forest with those being newly planted in the City of Melbourne was created. The global locations where species occur naturally and are in cultivation (and abundance where available) were compiled from existing datasets, such as ‘open data’ tree inventories and extracted from other published data, from approximately 200 cities around the world.
    [Show full text]
  • MIS 25 Plant Species for Urban Landscape Projects
    MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE STANDARDS Part 25 Plant Species for Urban Landscape Projects TCCS Transport Canberra City Services February 2021 ACT Government 1 ACT Government 2 Publication Number: MIS 25 Edition 1 Revision 0 Date of Effect: 10/02/2021 Design Standard for Urban Infrastructure Works Section xx Supersedes: Edition 1 Revision 0 September 2002 Endorsed By: Approved By: Document Information Document Key Information Document Title MIS 25 Plant Species for Urban Landscape Projects Next review date Key words AUS-SPEC Base Xxxx Document 1 Document Revision Register Edition/ Revision Clause Number Description of Revision Authorised By Date Number 1/0 ACT Government 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF COUNTRY Transport Canberra and City Services (TCCS) acknowledge that Aboriginal people are the Traditional Owners of Australia. We acknowledge and pay respect to the Ngunnawal peoples as the custodians of the land and waters that we live and thrive on today here in the ACT. TCCS acknowledge that Canberra’s cultural and natural heritage was maintained by the Ngunnawal people for many generations before colonial settlement on Australian soil. Aboriginal people’s management of the land preserved the natural balance of local plants and animals. This knowledge of the environment in which we live is critical to the protection and restoration of our land today. It is our responsibility to preserve and encourage Aboriginal cultural integrity. When using this document, consider opportunities to to incorporate Ngunnawal and Aboriginal culture into our urban landscapes by utilising the cultural knowledge identified in the plant species list. ACT Government 4 CONTENTS 1 PLANT SPECIES.......................................................................................... 7 1.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 7 1.1.1 Responsibilities ......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]