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Recorder 284.Pages RECORDER RecorderOfficial organ of the Melbourne Branch of the Australian Society for the Study of Labour History Issue No. 284—November 2015 ; IN THIS EDITION: • Melbourne Branch Annual General Mee1ng, p. 1 • Santamaria, Paul Ormonde, pp. 8-9; LW Maher, pp. 9-10 • The Pearl Froner, Heather Goodall, pp. 1-3. • Red Professor, Lachlan Clohesy, pp. 10-11 • ‘Victoria and the Great War’, Michael McKernan, pp. 3-4 • Reflec1ons on Ky’s visit, Ken Mansell, p. 11 • Australia’s Secret War, Bobbie Oliver, pp. 4-6 • Student Revolt, p. 11 • Munich Documenta1on Centre for the History of • Two recent publica1ons, p. 12 Na1onal Socialism, Chris McConville, pp. 6-7 • Obituaries, Brian Smiddy, p.12 • British Writers and MI5 Surveillance, Phillip Deery, pp. 7-8 • Branch contacts, p. 12 Notice of AGM The Pearl Frontier J Melbourne Branch AGM By Heather Goodall Julia Martinez and Adrian Vickers, The 5:30 - 7:00 pm Pearl Frontier: Indonesian Labor and Indigenous Encounters in Australia’s Northern Trading Network (University Thursday 26 November of Hawa‘ai Press: Honolulu, 2015), 240pp, $50 Cloth. Trades Hall This book should be on the ‘read urgently’ list of every Evatt Room labour historian. While it unsettles many disCiplinary conventions, it does so with a thoroughgoing analysis of Agenda the CommodifiCation of labour. The book shows how capital works across national borders and cultural Reports: President, SeCretary, Treasurer. conventions, racialising labour to slash wages where it can but just as likely to dodge racial regulations like Election of OfGice Bearers and General ‘White Australia’ where it needs to. Business. A powerful and disturbing photograph dominates the plain cover of The Pearl Frontier. Abdoel Gafoer meets the eyes of the reader direCtly, in a finely detailed image made in 1949 when he signed on for the second time in Australia as a diving tender. The authors stress the difficulties of pearl diving late in the book, when they say that this photograph shows a man ‘worn out by the hard life of pearling’ (149). But to the new reader, his steady gaze Conveys a quiet defianCe alongside his Caution and patience. Beneath the unbuttoned throat of his grimy work shirt, beside the shawl draped over his shoulder, the Ceremonial sCar on his Chest is Clearly visible. This Yawuru initiation sCar, like the assertiveness of Gafoer’s stare, demands recognition that here is someone of high standing. This whole book is stamped with Abdoel Gafoer‘s challenge: to acknowledge the workers who made the Pearl Frontier. Please also note that your 2016 membership renewal is now due. That is no easy task. There is little enough documentation of industrial workers of the 1920s, the early period of this book, and few oral accounts of what ;1 Recorder no. 284 RECORDER is now a time outside living memory. For agricultural One area which this book points to is the link therefore workers there is even less information. Abdoel Gafoer between ‘apprentiCeship’ and ‘indenture’ in Australia and was an Indonesian pearl diver who first Came to that with the broader European Colonial system. It Australia in the 1920s, working for a Company whiCh engages powerfully with the structures of indentured regarded him as a nameless ‘Coolie’ and living in an labour in the pearling industry in the Torres Straits Australia whiCh flaunted its ‘White Australia PoliCy’. This islands, where the book is able to contribute to the makes it even more unlikely that we can learn about his discussion around indenture of Indigenous Australians. world or his early Conditions. But Julia Martinez and There is a wider question here, however, to which the Adrian ViCkers have allowed us to learn muCh more than book points. Further south, the ‘Stolen Generations’ Abdoel Gafoer’s name. They open up the transnational analysis in Australia has focused largely on the intensity world of pearling, whiCh drew as muCh from the Cultures of the personal experience of removal from families and and knowledge of its Indonesian workers and their culture. This continues to be seen as a means of cultural Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander families, control and the genocide inflicted by settler economies. as it did from the profit-driven methods of the white Its origin in and continuing connections to the political company directors who straddled their bases in economy of colonialism remains poorly examined. This northern Australia and the Indonesian islands in the book is a strong reminder that the task remains undone. Timor Sea. The role of labour unions in northern Australia in the The authors, Martinez and Vickers, are each of high decades between the two World Wars has been an standing themselves, in the histories and cultures of important area of study for many labour historians, who Australia and Indonesia respeCtively, whiCh makes this have taken different positions on the roles the North collaboration of even greater importance. They bring Australian Workers’ Union and other unions took in the differing bodies of deep knowledge to a rigorous complex race relations of the industry and the broader common focus on explaining how this transnational community there. This book expands that discussion, industry worked – with innovative explorations of the drawing in much more directly the dynamics of labour complex cultures of all involved. This book is an and left wing politics in Indonesia itself and of impressive outcome, demonstrating the richness arising Indigenous Australians. This goes beyond the commonly from bringing political history, economics and accepted practice of considering the Australian unions as anthropology together with oral history. While linking if they acted in a vacuum or were connected only with broad analysis with the power of individual life story those in the USA or the UK. exploration, it reCognises from the very beginning the gendered nature of work and the intensely emotional Another of the borders The Pearl Frontier crosses is the interactions on all sides which created the world of the neat chronology still maintained by many studies, which pearling industry. compartmentalise histories into ‘before’ and ‘after’ WWII or look only at the war itself. The racial politics of the The book crosses as many disciplinary borders as it does pearl industry, like many of its other aspects, makes this national ones. It is able to draw on the anthropology of impossible. The role of the Japanese in the pearling the Cultures and traditions of the Indonesian island and industry, as both divers and as traders, is a crucial aspect maritime communities from whom the workers came, of the early industry explored in the book. This moves but also on the dynamiC politiCal history of Indonesia in directly into the history of the war in the eastern Indian the 1920s as engagements between religious and Ocean – which linked Indonesia, occupied by the communist mobilisers generated fruitful new Japanese army, and northern Australia very directly – organisations. Just as powerfully, it draws on both the with severe impliCations for the workers in pearling. At anthropology of Indigenous Northern Australians and no time does the political economy of the pearling their politiCs, along with the politiCal eConomy of the industry leave the attention of the reader – one of the colonialism of both the Dutch and the British many achievements of the book is its capacity to engage administrations, settlers and frontier adventurers. with the global politiCal eConomy of the failing industry at the same time as it grapples with the ‘structural’ level It explores the complex regulations in both colonial laws of laws and then warfare but also with the personal about ‘Indents’ as well as migration. How did two perspectives of interned and protesting workers. The European empires manage transnational labour flows, book is then able to move into the dynamiC periods after when eaCh was so determined to establish legal the war, in whiCh the people who had Come to Australia frameworks for borders and movements, as well as for initially with the pearling industry, now challenged the raCial groupings inside and outside these borders? This attempts by conservative post war governments to book not only explores the Case study here of the reimpose the ‘White Australia PoliCy’. industry which was active across the eastern Indian Ocean, but opens up the broader questions around The Pearl Frontier opens up with a most important European expansion and the Control of flows of people Introduction – it describes the moving event in 2010 across its emerging borders, as well as the flows of when Julia Martinez and Adrian ViCkers were able to take commodities into world markets. The role of ‘indenture’ the photographs and stories they had found in the was CruCial in the late nineteenth and early twentieth archives back to the people in Broome who were the centuries to this control of labour throughout European children and grandchildren of the ‘Indents’ like Abdoel colonies. Gafoer. This powerful vignette is explored in many ways ;2 Recorder no. 284 RECORDER through the book – in the anthropology of the Indonesian year before I stood at his grave’. InCreasingly, I think, it islands, in tracing the meanings of the fabrics which pass is coincidence that makes history so fascinating. between them, in the results of leafing through page after The value of this special issue of La Trobe Journal is page of the minutiae of industry and government the wide variety of themes that the journal Covers. Co- archives – but it is to these intense emotional editor John LaCk Contributes a thoughtful and moving connections that the book returns, ending on the artiCle on two families in the war, the Lewis family in struggles of Abdoel Gafour in the 1960s as he tried to Armadale and the PurCell family in Yarraville, the Girst apply for permanent residency in Australia, to live out his family Presbyterian, the seCond CatholiC.
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